This news about low-temperature physics adds a bit of coolness to the scorching summer weather across the UK.
However, London has a temperate maritime climate, which is mild and humid all year round, and it is not too hot in summer.
Chen Muwu's laboratory once again became the center of British public opinion due to scientific factors.
Only this time he hid behind the scenes and pushed Old Bragg out to protect himself from the wind and rain.
The superconductivity of niobium was not originally a major scientific discovery.
But Old Bragg was eager to promote the David Faraday Laboratory and wanted to get more funding for the laboratory, so he asked Chen Muwu, so he could only teach him this trick.
The British led the British team to return the UK to the world's number one position in a certain field. Old Prague was discussed with far more enthusiasm than Chen Muwu, a Chinese who broke out of the industry because of science.
Both the British royal family and the government expressed their views on the "major scientific discoveries" made by Old Prague.
It's hard to say whether Old Bragg will be canonized as a Lord this time, but he should be able to receive the Medal of Merit during the royal canonization in the New Year next year.
Chancellor of the Exchequer Churchill praised Old Prague in the newspaper. According to rumors, Prime Minister Baldwin will also visit the David Ferrari Laboratory in the near future.
The Brennamond Company, which had previously made a fortune from Chen Muwu for its plexiglass patent, and received laboratory funding from Old Prague, quickly made a new response.
They began to publicize in newspapers that the reason why Davy Faraday Laboratory was able to make significant progress in low-temperature physics research was because Brennamond Company had just donated a fund to the laboratory not long ago.
Alfred Mond, the first Baron Melchett, chairman of Brenna Mond Company, even announced that he would make an additional donation to the Davy Faraday Laboratory, with his own personal investment of fifteen thousand pounds. , affiliated with the Royal Society, built a new Mond Laboratory dedicated to research on low-temperature physics.
The reason why Mond was named was not for himself, but to commemorate his father Ludwig Mond, who founded Brenna Mond with his partner Sir John Brenner. company.
The name Mond Laboratory sounded familiar. Chen Muwu thought for a long time before he figured out that there should be a laboratory with exactly the same name in the future Cambridge University.
That's because the Cavendish Laboratory, which has been established for nearly a century, is very outdated in terms of space, environment and experimental equipment. Under Kapitsa's lobbying, Rutherford applied for a grant from the Royal Society. , a new laboratory was built in the suburbs of Cambridgeshire. As a branch of the Cavendish Laboratory, Kapitsa was also appointed director of the newly built Mond Laboratory.
That money was also taken out from the Mond Foundation, which is affiliated with the Royal Society. But now the Mond Laboratory has been established in London a few years in advance. I don’t know if the University of Cambridge can still get the money in the future. Build a new laboratory.
Maybe it would be better if Cambridge University had one less laboratory, and then Chen Muwu could recruit more people to Sweden.
The discovery of the superconducting effect in niobium was just an appetizer for Chen Muwu. The next magnetic research on superconductors was his real purpose in coming to London.
Oppenheimer on the side is still gearing up. He feels that the next work must be to measure the superconducting effect of more elemental elements. Maybe he can find elements with a higher critical temperature than niobium and make a breakthrough in one fell swoop. The 10 Kelvin mark.
To this end, he secretly sent several letters to chemists and geologists in the United States, trying to obtain more metallic element materials from them.
Unexpectedly, Chen Muwu suddenly informed him that the laboratory was about to change its research direction, from searching for superconductors with higher critical temperatures to studying the magnetic effects of superconductors.
The sudden start to study the magnetic effects of superconductors was not a whim. As early as 1917, someone proposed that compared with resistivity, the magnetic effects of superconductors deserve more attention.
American physicist Francis Silsby wrote in a paper titled "Explanation of the Conductivity of Metals at Low Temperatures" that the magnetic field intensity generated by the critical current of a superconductor on the surface of the superconductor is equal to its superconducting critical magnetic field. Whether the magnetic field is greater than the critical value or the current is greater than the critical value, the superconductor will lose its superconducting state.
Since then, while people are looking for superconductors with higher critical temperatures, they have also never forgotten to study the magnetic effects of superconductors.
All papers published so far on magnetic effects have concluded that there is no time-varying magnetic field within a superconductor.
Therefore, current physicists believe that a superconductor is an ideal conductor with infinitely small resistance and can even be regarded as zero resistance.
For an ideal conductor, if an ideal conductor plate is placed on a permanent magnet, according to Lenz's law, a current will be induced in the conductor plate. The magnetic field generated by the induced current will be equal to the environmental magnetic field but opposite in direction, thus canceling each other out. .
And because an ideal conductor has no resistance, the current in the conductor will not attenuate, and the conductor plate will float permanently on the permanent magnet.
If the superconducting material is cooled to a critical temperature, then the material will be regarded as an ideal conductor. At this time, if it is placed in a magnetic field environment, it will naturally float in the magnetic field like an ideal conductor.
However, if the ideal conductor analysis method is used, the superconducting material is first placed in the magnetic field, and then the ambient temperature is cooled down to below the critical temperature of the superconductor, so that the superconducting material enters the superconducting state. In theory, it is believed that at this time There is still a magnetic field inside an ideal conductor, which means that even if it enters the superconducting state, the superconducting material will still not float in the magnetic field because the magnetic intensity inside it has not disappeared.
People have already defaulted to the concept that when a material enters the superconducting state, it will become an ideal conductor.
Therefore, physicists in the laboratory have always used the method of first cooling the material to enter the superconducting state, and then adding a magnetic field to conduct research. No one has ever thought of adding a magnetic field first and then cooling down, and the phenomenon they envisioned Will it make any difference?
The reason why Meisner was able to discover the Meissner effect named after him was because he slightly changed the order of the experiments. This change may have been intentional, but it was more like an unintentional mistake. The magnetic field, then cooled down, then opens a new door to physics.
Materials that were originally thought to no longer float actually floated up from the magnetic field after acquiring superconductivity!
This characteristic is completely different from that of an ideal conductor, that is to say, it is an effect unique to superconductors.
Later, when people studied superconductors and confirmed that a material entered the superconducting state, they not only observed whether its resistivity was zero, but also whether it would produce such diamagnetism and whether its heat capacity would change.
The third brother's room-temperature superconductivity is not only secretive, but also only provides resistance curves. As for diamagnetism and heat capacity changes, I dare not say anything about it. It is really unconvincing.
In recent days, Chen Muwu has been thinking about how to make this "mistake" of adding a magnetic field first and then cooling it down less obvious and not like he did it on purpose.
After discovering the complete diamagnetism of superconductors, he planned to propose a "two-fluid model of superconductivity", give a set of equations, provide a macroscopic theoretical explanation for this effect, and then stop.
Chen Muwu felt that after doing this, he basically said goodbye to the research of low-temperature physics. He would not get involved in this field again for at least the next twenty years.
That set of equations is the famous London equation. The reason why the equation is named is not because it was discovered in London, the capital of the United Kingdom, but because of the pair of physicists who discovered the equation, Fritz London and Heinz. ·London surnames.
Chen Muwu, a pair of German brother physicists whose surnames are from the capital of the United Kingdom, has always found them interesting.
Until a few days ago, when he asked Old Prague to buy those metal elements, he was introduced to Thomas Henry Holland, the dean of Imperial College London and a purebred Englishman.
Bang bang bang.
There was a gentle knock on the door of the laboratory.
"Dr. Chen, a gentleman named Huxley is downstairs now. He said he is your friend and wants to visit you."
The person who was knocking on the door and talking was the concierge of the Royal Institute.
If nothing unexpected happened, the Huxley he was talking about was probably the person Chen Muwu had met twice before at the Ghost Club and the Duke of York's private party.
It's just that he is a biologist who inherited his grandfather's legacy and studied the theory of evolution. What can he do if he comes to see him?
Could it be that there is another opportunity to make extra money at the Ghost Club?
But this superconductor has nothing to do with ghost research!
After giving Shi Ruwei and Oppenheimer a few words to continue their experiments, Chen Muwu followed the concierge to the reception room on the first floor of the Royal Research Institute.
"Hello, Dr. Chen!"
Seeing Chen Muwu enter the reception room, Huxley, who was sitting on the chair, quickly stood up and shook hands with him to say hello.
On the chair next to him, there was an old man who was nearly sixty years old. Chen Muwu felt that it was the first time he saw him and he didn't know who this person was.
"Professor Huxley, what brought you here today? Who is this?"
"Dr. Chen, Mr. Wells, please allow me to introduce each other to you.
"Mr. Wells, this is Dr. Chen from Cambridge University. He is also a good friend of the Duke of York. He has been doing physics research at the Royal Institution in London recently.
"Dr. Chen, this is Herbert George Wiggins. He is the most famous politician in Britain now."
H.G. Wells is an insurmountable mountain in the history of science fiction literature.
Chen Muwu's previous proposal of time travel had a huge response in the UK and even Europe and the United States. Wells had already communicated with him once in a newspaper and expressed his appreciation for Chen Muwu's idea.
But the two have never met until today.
"Are you Mr. Wells? I have read your book "The Time Machine". It was this book that inspired me in my research on the theory of relativity."
This is not a polite word from Chen Muwu. A few years ago, when he proposed the concept of time travel to Einstein in the auditorium of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce in the public concession, he quoted examples from Wells's book.
After the two shook hands and said hello, Huxley introduced to Chen Muwu the purpose of their coming to the Royal Institute today.
Although Wells has devoted his current work to social activities, he still has not left behind his old profession of creating science fiction.
Especially in recent years, there have been many blockbuster discoveries in the scientific community. Not only has time travel been theoretically supported, but wave-particle duality has also appeared. The theory of parallel universes.
These new scientific discoveries provided Wells with countless new creative inspirations.
Recently, newspapers have begun to report in large numbers that the UK has made significant progress in low-temperature physics research.
Only this time, after Wells studied for a long time, he still didn't understand what superconductivity was about.
Even if the conductor has no resistance and there is no loss in energy transmission, doesn't it cost more energy to maintain the low-temperature environment where they reach superconductivity?
What’s the use of bragging about this kind of illusory scientific research?
He raised his question in a private salon.
Wells's old friend, the enthusiastic Professor Huxley, also attended the salon. He had his own views on low-temperature physics.
"Mr. Wells, whether the newspaper mentions the Royal Institution or the David Faraday Laboratory, how much achievements do you think Lord Bragg can have?
"Although he did win the Nobel Prize in Physics, Jazz is already over 60 years old this year. Golfing at this age should be fine, but doing scientific research may not be a problem."
"Professor Huxley, what do you mean by this? Could it be that the fleet thinks that those guys are faking things to cater to the vanity of those gentlemen in the officialdom?"
"That's not what I meant. I wanted to say that there is someone else behind Sir Bragg."
Huxley did not talk about the ghost club, but specifically talked about the new piece of glass that the Duke of York showed to everyone at the party held at the Duke of York's house.
"As far as I know, that new type of glass was developed by Dr. Chen Muwu, who previously proposed 'time travel' and 'parallel universes,' and the place where he developed the glass was at the David Faraday Laboratory of the Royal Institution.
“Then I looked through recently published low-temperature physics papers and found that Dr. Chen happened to appear in the author column of the paper.
“Not only did he study superconductivity, but before that, he also discovered a new type of hydrogen.
“It was indeed under the leadership of Lord Bragg that the Davy Faraday Laboratory returned to being the number one laboratory in the world, but I think the person who contributed the most behind this should still be Dr. Chen.
"Since Mr. Wells, you have your own questions about superconductivity, why not go directly to the Royal Institution and ask the amazing Dr. Chen?
"I have a pretty good relationship with Dr. Chen. If you need it, I can make an introduction on your behalf."
Huxley finished telling the story of how two people came to the Royal Institution to look for him today. Chen Muwu did not expect that when he and Wells, who is famous for writing "The Time Machine" met for the first time, the topic of conversation was not about time. Not about travel, but about superconductivity.
But that was fine, Chen Muwu suddenly thought of how to inadvertently cause that "mistake".
Wells and Huxley came to his door, just enough to be witnesses to his discovery of the new phenomenon of superconductivity.
(End of chapter)
