"Sir, you really shouldn't do this..."
Before Chen Muwu finished speaking, the staff of the embassy fired their bows left and right and gave himself two slaps.
"Mr. Chen, I'm really sorry. This time I was obsessed with lard.
"You must let me go. Please don't talk about this matter. Don't talk to Charge d'Affaires Zhu of our embassy!..."
The staff had runny noses and tears, sincerely they wanted Chen Muwu to go easy on him.
Chen Muwu, who had been pulling the banner every day before, did not expect that he would become someone else's banner this time.
But he really had no good solution for the staff of the embassy in front of him. The gourd was pressed and the ladle rose. Although Chen Muwu could definitely make this man lose his job as long as he wrote a letter to Zhu Zhaoxin, just because he left alone did not mean that other people in the legation would not repeat what this man had done. Dirty things.
In the end, Chen Muwu could only think of a stupid solution, which was to notify the embassy in advance of the list of people invited from China next time.
As long as they don't touch my people, let them take advantage of other people's rip-offs as they please!
The legation staff left Cambridge with great gratitude.
Before leaving, he made various wishes, saying that next time something good would be sent from China, he would never forget to send one to Chen Muwu.
What was different from this man's verbal promise was that Zhao Zhongyao actually brought something to Chen Muwu.
Zhao was from Zhuji, and Chen Muwu's hometown, Shiyu, was both under the jurisdiction of Shaoxing Prefecture during the Qing Dynasty, so they could be considered fellow townspeople.
During their study trip abroad, Chen Muwu's eldest brother Chen Muqiao paid for the ferry ticket to the UK, and Chen Muwu took care of the tuition and living expenses in the UK.
Therefore, Zhao Zhongyao and Shi Ruwei were very grateful to the Chen family for their help. At the suggestion of their teacher Ye Qisun, they specially brought several kilograms of good tea to Chen Muwu.
"When this tea entered British customs, it must have paid a lot of tax, right?"
Chen Muwu remembered that when he first arrived in the UK, he was charged a lot of taxes by the black-hearted British customs because he brought some tea leaves for unknown reasons.
"Teacher Chen, who can say otherwise! For just a few kilograms of tea, the British officer at the customs charged me several pounds of customs duties. They are really big talkers!"
…
After the three people communicated, Chen Muwu discovered something very embarrassing.
Those were the two students Ye Qisun introduced to him. Although they called him "Teacher Chen" each time, their real ages were actually older than him.
Therefore, Chen Muwu felt that he could not bear or agree to the title of Teacher Chen.
After he tried every possible means to persuade them, the two finally agreed to call each other either his cousin "Hanchen" or simply Mr. Chen.
Now that the two compatriots have arrived at Cambridge University, the first priority is to prepare for the entrance exams for each college.
Now another problem arises, that is, when Chen Muwu came to the UK last year, he never took the entrance examination of Trinity College.
He was given a back door by Dean Sr. Thomson. As soon as he arrived in Cambridge, he went directly to the Cavendish Laboratory and started experiments.
Therefore, Chen Muwu didn't know what the entrance exam would be like, and what questions would be asked if it was just an interview.
However, there is a ready-made solution, that is, he, Chen Muwu, has another student who just passed the entrance test of Christian College not long ago.
Chen Muwu entrusted Zhao Zhongyao and Shi Ruwei to their Oppenheimer, and asked the Chen family's senior brother to tutor them in preparing for the next entrance exam.
Oppenheimer did not refuse, because this was the first task given to him by Teacher Chen after he came to Cambridge.
He felt that he had to complete this matter well and let Chen Muwu see whether he, an honorary graduate of Harvard University, was a vegetarian.
…
The next Tuesday, after a rather sumptuous dinner, the Kapitsa Club event, which was held temporarily during the summer vacation, quietly kicked off in a room at Trinity College.
Zhao Zhongyao and Shi Ruwei, who had just arrived in Cambridge, may not have known what big moves Chen Muwu had made in the physics world during the more than a month they were sailing on the ship.
But since Oppenheimer excitedly said that he was going to attend Teacher Chen's lecture, there was no reason for the two of them not to follow suit.
However, since the two of them were not official members of the Kapitsa Club, they could only sit at the bottom of the room.
Oppenheimer, who was also not a formal member, got the job of minutes of the meeting under the arrangement of Chen Muwu.
He held the pen in his hand excitedly, thinking that he must not miss every word that came out of his teacher's mouth.
Chen Muwu thought that in this club activity, he would explain in detail what this wave function is.
The purpose of asking Oppenheimer to record it was to sort out the lecture content and make it easier to publish a paper.
Chen Muwu does not want to touch the issue of proving the equivalence of matrix mechanics and wave mechanics, because this problem is too difficult.
Some people always say that Schrödinger rigorously proved mathematically the equivalence of his wave mechanics and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in less than half a year after proposing the wave equation in 1926.
But this is just a physics myth. The proof method given by Schrödinger is to use the wave equation to solve the energy level and stationary wave function of the harmonic oscillator. The result obtained is the same as the conclusion given by matrix mechanics.
Then he boasted that his wave mechanics was equivalent to the matrix mechanics of Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan, and could be transformed from one form to another using mathematical transformations.
In fact, at best, he "demonstrated" that the two mechanics are equivalent in physics, and he could only fool many physicists who were not good at mathematics.
The final mathematical proof of the equivalence of wave mechanics and matrix mechanics had to wait until Dirac came up with the idea in 1930, and then von Neumann came up with the final conclusion in 1932.
Obviously, Chen Muwu did not want to be an unpopular mathematician at this Kapitsa Club meeting.
The paper in which Schrödinger "demonstrated" the equivalence of two kinds of mechanics can be left to Zhao Zhongyao, Shi Ruwei and Oppenheimer, as a meeting gift to the three students.
Chen Muwu thought that since he was thinking about establishing a sect in the future, he could not just rely on himself to fight alone, but also train his students to succeed one by one.
So he decided to get straight to the point and talk directly about probability waves.
“Presumably all the physics practitioners attending this conference today must have more or less read the paper I published in Nature not long ago.
"You should think that the guy named Chen Muwu standing in front of you first created something called a matrix, which made people fascinated and fell into the abyss of mathematics.
“Then he invented a wave equation, which saved people from the abyss of mathematics.
"I believe that many of you have also tried to use this new equation to calculate the spectrum of hydrogen atoms, and got good results.
"But at the same time, I also know that you can't figure out what kind of wave does this new equation, which is exactly the same as the wave equation, describe? What is it that is waving?
"As we all know, there are two kinds of waves in our world.
“One is mechanical waves like sound waves and water waves, which vibrate air molecules or water molecules on a microscopic scale, resulting in waves on a macroscopic scale.
"The other type is the electromagnetic wave proposed by Mr. Maxwell. Since the theory of relativity proposed by Dr. Einstein was widely accepted, people have abandoned the imaginary medium of 'ether' and accepted that electromagnetic waves are electric fields and magnetic fields. A vibration in itself.
"Perhaps some of you have brought this new wave equation into the existing theory, thinking that the electron is a wave packet in this equation, and then found that this explanation caused the wave to be unstable, and the electron quickly will dissipate to infinity.
"But the actual result is not like this. Electrons are electrons, and this phenomenon does not appear after calculations.
“Now, one thing I want to point out is that this wave is neither a mechanical wave nor an electromagnetic wave, but a new form of probability wave.
"As for the amplitude Ψ that you are thinking about, it is similar to the two waves mentioned above.
"In classical physics, the square of the amplitude represents the intensity of the wave. In my equation, the square of the amplitude |Ψ| represents the probability of the particle appearing at that location at a certain moment!"
Chen Muwu originally thought that he must be showing off in front of the members of the Kapitsa Club this time.
But after he talked for such a long time, the faces of everyone in the audience did not show the shocked expressions he expected, but most of them looked confused.
After a while, the club president Kapitsa raised their questions on behalf of others: "Chen, can you please explain in detail, what is this wave equation? What is the probability of the appearance of this particle? , and how should we understand it?"
I was careless and talked about a lot of theoretical knowledge. As a result, my colleagues who stayed in the laboratory all day may not have understood it at all.
He was now somewhat nostalgic for his former roommate Dirac. If the unsmiling British man were here, he would definitely understand what Chen Muwu was talking about.
"One of the simplest explanations for what this probability is is that electrons are everywhere in space. At the same moment, an electron may be at my place or at Mr. Kapitsa's place."
"Chen, your statement is really ridiculous," Kapitsa, who had not yet sat down, immediately put forward a different opinion, "At a certain moment, the position of the electron must be fixed. The example you just gave, In fact, it is very easy to know where this electron is. You only need to place Geiger counters in the entire space. If, as you said, there is only one electron in the entire space, then there can only be one counter. The leather counter makes a sound."
Kapitsa didn't know that he was on the wrong track and happened to bring up the issue of wave function collapse.
But Kapitsa raised the issue of observation, and now Chen Muwu felt that he could no longer proceed according to the original plan.
He originally planned to continue talking about the abandoned "ghost field" that Einstein proposed in order to find a wave theory for the light quanta he imagined.
But now he feels that if he talks about purely theoretical things without giving specific physical images, these experimental physicists will probably still not understand.
Fortunately, Chen Muwu had already made preparations. He turned around and erased the three- to five-line formula written on the blackboard, and instead started drawing pictures on it.
After he wrote the word "light" on the display screen, the occlusion, and the parallel straight lines with arrows, anyone with a discerning eye could already see that Chen Muwu had drawn a diagram of Thomas Young's double-slit interference on the blackboard.
"I think I can answer the question you asked with another experimental phenomenon.
"The double-slit interference experiment is a famous optical experiment done by Thomas Young, a fellow of the Royal Society, in the early 19th century. It was this experiment that finally overturned the particle theory of light proposed by Sir Newton. From then on, people began to Believe that light is also a wave.
"At the beginning of the 20th century, Dr. Einstein re-proposed the concept of light quanta in order to explain the experimental phenomenon of the photoelectric effect, and it was finally verified by Professor Millikan's precise photoelectric effect experiment and the gamma ray scattering experiment early last year.
"Now let's reconsider this experiment. Suppose we turn down the brightness of the light source as much as possible, so that the light source only emits one photon at a time, and ensure that when the photon passes through the slit and reaches the screen, it does not A new photon will be emitted.
"After accumulating photons one by one for a long time, if we develop the photosensitive film on the screen to form an image, what kind of pattern will be displayed on the photo? Will it still show light and dark? Alternate black and white interference fringes?”
Chen Muwu paused here for a moment, giving everyone enough time to think.
Everyone in the venue started a rustling discussion, and finally they reluctantly reached a unified opinion, that is, there will be no interference fringes on the photographic film.
“It’s just that, very unfortunately, the answers you gave are all wrong.
"Fifteen years ago in 1909, Geoffrey Taylor, now a Fellow of the Royal Society, then a student at Trinity College, was working as Director of the Cavendish Laboratory at what is now Trinity College The dean, Sir Thomson, was conducting an experiment on optics.
"At that time, Brother Taylor used a gas lamp as a light source, and placed several pieces of glass blackened by soot in front of the light source.
“The reason why he did this was to ensure that the light would become weaker every time it passed through a piece of glass, so as to test whether there would be fluctuations in light under low-light conditions.
“This experiment lasted for three full months, and the fluctuation phenomenon was still found in the finally developed photographic film.
"Although what Fellow Taylor did that time was not double-slit interference but needle-tip diffraction, I think that if we replicate this experiment and replace the needle tip with two slits, the corresponding experiment will also appear. Phenomenon."
"this……"
No one expected that Chen Muwu would come prepared. For a lecture at the Kapitsa Club, he would even dig out a student paper from fifteen years ago.
After a long time, it was Kapitsa who stood up to disrupt the situation: "Chen, but this experiment cannot guarantee that, as you said, there will be only one photon in the space at the same time."
"Mr. Kapitsa, in fact, this matter is guaranteed."
As Chen Muwu spoke, he turned around and drew a diagram of a box on the blackboard.
"Four years before the first experiment, Dr. Einstein had already proposed the light quantum hypothesis, but Fellow Taylor did not mention light quantum anywhere in his paper.
"But fortunately, he gave detailed experimental data, and we can make a rough estimate.
“According to his statistics, the energy reaching the photographic film per second is 5×10 joules.
"Because the light emitted by the gas lamp is light blue, we take the wavelength of the light to be approximately 500 nanometers.
"Because ε=hν, after calculation, it can be concluded that the number of photons arriving on the photographic film per second is about one million.
"Statistically speaking, that is to say, every one millionth of a second, a photon passes through layers of obstacles and hits this photographic film.
"Multiplying this time interval by the propagation speed of light, we can get the distance between the two photons one after the other, which should be about three hundred meters.
"And the length of his entire experimental camera obscura is less than two meters. This means that statistically speaking, there is only one photon in the entire experimental space at the same time."
Chen Muwu finally concluded: “As long as we can ensure that there is only one photon in the entire experimental space at the same time, the interference behavior of light is the possibility of photon interaction.
“So, the appearance of dry radiation fringes is the result of the accumulation of independent behaviors of many photons. The bright area of the interference fringe is the area where photons are more likely to arrive, while the dark area is the area where photons are less likely to arrive.
"As for the physical meaning of the arrival possibility of this photon, if I can't think of any surprises, it is what I call probability, which further explains that light waves are a probability wave.
"If the photons in this experiment were replaced by an electron source, I think the same result should occur.
"That's why I say that probability is the real meaning of this wave equation."
There is actually a loophole in Chen Muwu's speech. He just made a statistical average statement, and did not confirm with certainty that there is only a single photon in the same space and at the same time.
In fact, strictly speaking, single photon interference experiments or single electron interference experiments had to wait until single electron sources and single photon sources appeared in the 1970s before they could be used by physicists in the laboratory. Completely made.
Prior to this, the single-particle dry emission experiment could only be an ideal thought experiment.
Moreover, this thought experiment not only proves that the wave function is a probability wave, it can also obtain the uncertainty principle to a certain extent.
However, Chen Muwu felt that it was better not to bring out this thing that had caused Bohr and Einstein to argue for decades in the original time and space.
He has come up with a shocking quantum mechanics, and the physics community needs to take a few breaths and digest his recent papers.
Zhao Zhongyao, who was sitting at the end of the venue, asked Shi Ruwei: "Do you understand?"
The latter shook his head frankly: "I only know the double-slit interference mentioned by Mr. Chen in the lecture, and I also know the photon he proposed. But regarding the wave function, although Mr. Oppenheimer once mentioned it, I've been through it a few times, but I haven't had time to understand it in depth. After it's over, let's borrow Mr. Oppenheimer's notes and study them carefully. If there's anything we don't understand, we can ask Mr. Chen for advice."
Although other people in the field had understood the wave equation, they were just as confused as Zhao and Shi.
However, some people have other thoughts in mind. They are thinking about whether to conduct the single-photon double-slit interference experiment mentioned by Chen Muwu when they return to the laboratory.
Although the members remaining in the audience are still in a state of shock and confusion, Chen Muwu's lecture today has ended.
He wiped the blackboard behind him, dusted off the chalk crumbs on his body, and planned to pack up the things on the table and leave.
If you don't leave now, if these people react and completely surround you to ask questions, you won't be able to run away by then!
At this moment, the door of the conference room was suddenly pushed open.
This was the first time for Chen Muwu and everyone present to see the usually calm and composed Dirac acting so out of sorts.
And it was also the first time that they heard so many words popping out of Dirac's mouth.
Dirac was notoriously taciturn.
Because he was usually very serious about speech and speech, he spoke very little when getting along with others, only a few words each time.
So in St. John's College, the Cavendish Laboratory and the Kapitsa Club, there was a strange unit named after Dirac.
One Dirac is equal to one word spoken by a person in one hour.
One capica is probably equal to several thousand or even tens of thousands of diracs.
Chen Muwu didn't expect that he was still thinking about Dirac in the lecture just now, but his former roommate appeared in front of him in time.
Dirac came straight to Chen Muwu, took a few quick breaths, and after adjusting his breathing, he said: "Mrs. Brown said that you had moved out of her house. I found out that you were at the Kapitsa Club, so I hurried here. Got here.
"Chen, I have been reading all your previous papers at home this summer, and I, I found a mistake of yours in them!"
(End of chapter)
