"If you think of electrons as having spin, then, I think, you can easily explain the fine structure of the spectrum and the anomalous Zeeman effect."
The Zeeman effect refers to a phenomenon in which the atomic spectrum is split into three in a magnetic field. It was accidentally discovered in an experiment by Peter Zeeman of the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands in 1896.
Zeeman reported this phenomenon to his teacher Lorenz, who explained the phenomenon well with theory.
So the two jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1902.
But a year after Zeeman discovered the effect named after him, experimental physicists discovered that sometimes, the spectral lines did not split into three but became multiple, and the gaps between the spectral lines The intervals are also different.
Therefore, later people called the phenomenon of dividing the spectral line into three parts the normal Zeeman effect, while other situations were called the anomalous Zeeman effect.
Lorenz, who was sitting in seat C in the audience, sandwiched between Rutherford and Marie Curie, was very interested in the anomalous Zeeman effect mentioned by Chen Muwu in his words.
Because his theory back then could only explain the normal half, but was powerless to deal with the other half of the abnormal effects.
The theoretical explanation of this phenomenon has puzzled today's physicists for more than 20 years.
Therefore, although Lorenz has retired, his attention is still attracted by Chen Muwu, and his thoughts follow his speech carefully.
Even when he heard the rise, he raised his hand and asked: "Chen, you said that the electron's rotation, oh no, spin, can produce a magnetic moment, right?"
"That's right, Professor Lorenz, that's why a spectrum splits into multiple lines in a magnetic field."
"So what is the specific value of this spin? Is it one-half?"
"Yes, I think the spin angular momentum of the electron should be plus or minus one-half the reduced Planck constant. The previous positive and negative relationship satisfies the right-hand rule."
Lorenz knew that this value was one-half because as early as 1921, Professor Alfred Land from the University of Tübingen, Germany, when studying the anomalous Zeeman effect, believed that the magnetic quanta describing the electronic state The number m should not be an integer, but should be followed by one-half.
But what exactly this half is, no one can tell.
Now when Chen Muwu mentioned that electrons still have spin, and spin can also produce magnetic moments, Lorenz naturally thought of the tangled half.
Lorenz in the audience pondered for a while, and he began to make a qualitative and semi-quantitative calculation in his mind. Occasionally, he picked up a pen and wrote and drew on the paper.
After a long while, Lorenz said: "Chen, I think you may have made a big mistake on this issue this time."
"Please teach me, Professor."
Not only was Chen Muwu not surprised when he heard that the spin he proposed was denied by Lorenz, he was still confident.
He even knew what Lorenz was going to say next.
"You said that the electron's spin angular momentum is Planck's constant, which is 10 orders of magnitude. The spin angular momentum is the product of the electron's mass, speed and radius. The electron's mass is 10 orders of magnitude, and the electron's radius is 10 orders of magnitude.
"Calculated in this way, this electron's equator', since you said that the electron rotates like the earth, then I assume that it also has an equator. The linear speed on the equator should be of the order of 10=10. This speed is already Hundreds of times greater than the speed of light, which is 10 orders of magnitude.
“However, according to Einstein’s theory of relativity, no speed in the world can exceed the speed of light, so according to the data you gave, we got a wrong answer.
"This also shows that there are only two possible truths about the matter. One is that the electron does not have spin, and the other is that even if it has spin, its value will not be the one you gave, but should be smaller than it It’s better to have a lot.”
"But I personally prefer the first one, which means that there is no such thing as spin in electrons."
After Lorenz finished speaking, the audience nodded, showing that what the big boss said made sense.
Nothing is perfect, and no one is perfect. Chen Muwu has shocked the world of physics for so long, so it’s time for him to make a mistake, right?
Only Rutherford frowned slightly.
After spending more than a year together, especially recently, Chen Muwu personally designed experiments to prove what he originally thought was a whimsical electron wave theory.
This made Rutherford already have some acquiescence in his heart. No matter what theory Chen Muwu proposed, it was basically accurate. He had such a genius-like keen physics intuition.
Moreover, when Chen Muwu just introduced the property of electrons having spin, he also listed the atomic solar system model he proposed in the past.
When he heard this, Rutherford was still a little complacent. It seemed that his model, which had been improved by Bohr, was not without merit.
But what Lorenz said refuted Chen Muwu's spin hypothesis. Both prospered and suffered losses. He, Lao Lu, also looked a little worried.
However, the student himself in the stands remained calm and calm. Could it be that he had already thought of an answer to Lorenz's question?
Just as Rutherford thought, as soon as Chen Muwu heard Lorenz mention that there was a problem with electron spin, he immediately understood what the problem was and gave a solution to the problem.
In fact, in the original space and time, Samuel Gudsmit and Georg Uhlenbeck, who proposed the spin theory, were just two students at Leiden University in the Netherlands.
Obsessed with the Pauli Exclusion Principle, they came up with the concept of electron spin and submitted a paper less than a page long to their teacher, Paul Ehrenfest.
While Ehrenfest asked them to publish the paper in the physics journal "Nature", he also wrote to the respected Lorenz in the Netherlands to introduce the new theory.
Then Lorenz wrote back, denying this new theory on the grounds that the linear speed of electron spin exceeded the speed of light.
After Ehrenfest showed Lorenz's reply to the two students, they asked their teacher to write to the journal's editorial board requesting that the paper be withdrawn.
But maybe Ehrenfest was lazy at this time, so he advised his two students that you are still young, and it is not a big problem to make a mistake in the journal and lose yourself.
It was because of this temporary laziness that this paper was finally published, and electron spin caused an uproar in the physics community.
Unexpectedly, now that it was Chen Muwu who proposed the concept of electron spin at the Solvay Conference, Lorenz was still the first physicist to jump out and object to the fact that electrons have spin on the grounds that electrons travel faster than the speed of light.
In fact, Chen Muwu has many ways to refute Lorenz's criticism. For example, spin is actually an intrinsic property of particles, and it is not really like the earth's autobiography.
In other words, the electron should not be regarded as a solid ball model, but as a point particle with no size like the photon, etc.
But some of the above answers are too troublesome to answer, and some involve knowledge that is too advanced.
Quantum mechanics has not really been established yet. Whether it is Bohr or Sommerfeld, they are all atomic models constructed in the old quantum theory, that is, using a semi-classical and semi-quantum method to deal with problems in the microscopic world. .
Therefore, Chen Muwu could only choose to use his spear to attack his shield. Since Lorenz mentioned the theory of relativity, he could just use the theory of relativity to counterattack.
"Professor Lorenz, since you mentioned the theory of relativity, you also mentioned that if the electron has spin, its speed will exceed the speed of light.
"It's just that you forgot to consider one thing, that is, under high-speed conditions, the mass of the electron will also change. You can no longer use the rest mass m to calculate the mass of the electron. Instead, you should multiply this mass by the Luo mass named after your surname. The electron dynamic mass obtained by the Lentz factor is m=γm.
"As we all know, the greater the speed, the closer γ is to zero. In this way, under high-speed conditions, the mass of the electron will also increase as the speed increases. At this time, if we calculate the speed of the electron, we will You will find that it does not exceed the speed of light and is still consistent with the principle of the invariance of the speed of light in the theory of relativity.”
After listening to Chen Muwu's "justification", the physicists on site, including Lorenz, also felt that what he said was reasonable.
"So, in addition to the anomalous Zeeman effect, can we design another experiment to verify that electrons do have the property of spin?"
Someone in the audience asked another question.
There is no Einstein or Bohr, the audience is basically the leaders of various laboratories.
Although the electron spin proposed by Chen Muwu may be able to well explain the fine structure of the spectrum and the anomalous Zeeman effect, they always want to find an exact experiment that can completely prove that electrons do have spin.
"I'm very sorry. I only thought of the fourth quantum number because I saw Stoner, my classmate in the Cavendish Laboratory, doing this experiment. And I thought of this because Professor Land's research was ahead of me. One-half, could it be explained by the spin of the electron?
"As for how to design a new experiment to verify whether electrons have spin? I'm sorry, I don't have specific ideas or ideas on this issue at the moment."
After Chen Muwu finished speaking, he said a few concluding remarks on the stage, and finally completed his speech at this Solvay Conference.
Although the time was far longer than the twenty minutes stipulated by the conference, no one at the scene cared about it.
After all, he proposed the fourth quantum number, which is already a major progress in the atomic model.
What's more, Chen Muwu once again failed to make any surprises - no one can count how many amazing theories he has put forward in the past year or so.
Amid the applause of the crowd, Chen Muwu still returned to his own corner.
He did not continue to listen to the speeches given by the next person, and most of the people in the venue were absent-minded and thinking in their brains. They all just heard about electron spin.
A few minutes later, Rutherford, who was holding a pipe in his mouth, stood up and left the table, as if he was going to smoke a pack of cigarettes outside the venue.
When passing by Chen Muwu, Rutherford knocked on the corner of his table inadvertently, signaling Chen Muwu to follow him outside the venue.
(End of chapter)
