After reading this paper title with his own name, Planck looked at the thickness of the paper in his hand, which was only a few thin pages.
This made him wonder whether the problem that he, Einstein and countless physicists could not successfully solve after spending more than 20 years of time and effort could be easily solved by a Chinese genius. ?
Planck adjusted the position of his glasses on his nose and began to read Chen Muwu's paper carefully.
Leibniz, yes, he was the one who invented calculus. In addition to being a mathematician, he was also a philosopher.
He once put forward a philosophical point of view, saying that there are no two identical leaves in the world.
This means that in the macroscopic world, there are no identical things. Even if they look exactly the same, there is always a way to distinguish them.
The solution given by classical mechanics is that even two identical particles will not have the same trajectory.
Just by tracking their trajectories, you can determine the position and velocity of the two particles at a certain moment.
Therefore, in Einstein's derivation, he naturally believed that each photon follows the laws of the macroscopic world and is unique.
Even if there are only two photons in a system, photon A and photon B, if these two photons exchange positions with each other, we will get photon B and photon A.
Because each photon is unique, this two-photon system is also seen as two different states in the system before and after swapping places.
Here, Chen Muwu put forward a unique new perspective.
He believed that in the microscopic world, [photons are indistinguishable identical particles].
Because photons have no mass, as long as two photons have the same frequency, they will be exactly the same photon, and there will be no difference between photon A and photon B.
In such a two-photon system composed of "photons and photons", after exchanging positions, it is still a "photon and photon" system.
In other words, no changes have occurred in this exchange, and the state of the system remains consistent.
Just by choosing the latter on whether photons are distinguishable or indistinguishable, and using the ideal gas method, Chen Muwu easily derived the expression of Planck's law, unlike other choices. Like other former physicists, what they get is another Wien's law that can only be viewed from a distance but cannot be played with.
Chen Muwu's paper ended abruptly here.
In fact, he could have continued from this, but because when the paper was written here, he happened to receive Planck's letter from Blackett in the Eagle Bar, so he simply ended it here. , does not affect the completeness, and can still be regarded as a good paper.
As for the other content he wanted to extend, Chen Muwu left it in the next paper.
After reading Chen Muwu's paper in his hand, Planck frowned.
He seemed to understand, but he didn't fully understand. He always felt that the Chinese genius had a big problem with statistics this time.
There is a classic probability question: if two identical coins are tossed once, what is the probability that the national emblem will face up at the same time?
Because there will be four situations: "Hui Hui", "Hui Zi", "Zi Emblem" and "Zi Zi", the probability that two coins will face up at the same time with the national emblem should be one-quarter.
Chen Muwu's paper gave Planck the feeling that when calculating the probability, he regarded "Huizi" and "Huizi" as the same situation, thinking that only "two Hui", "two characters" and There are three situations of "one emblem and one word".
So according to his algorithm, the probability of two coins facing up at the same time becomes one-third.
This is a test point where it is easy to make mistakes in the college entrance examination. If Chen Muwu fills in one-third of the answer on the test paper, then he will definitely be deducted all points for this question.
But in the paper in Planck's hands, Chen Muwu used new statistical methods, which allowed him to obtain the correct Planck's law simply.
Planck's law is the most appropriate formula based on the results of a large number of blackbody radiation experiments. Physics is an experiment-based science.
Therefore, macroscopic statistical methods are not applicable in the microscopic world. In fact, is this new statistical method written by Chen Muwu in the paper the closest to the truth and the most correct?
Planck thought about it for a long time. Although he didn't understand it, he finally decided to publish this paper.
As for whether the content in this paper is correct or incorrect, just leave it to the readers to judge as usual.
…
More than a week later, Planck received Chen Muwu's second paper from Cambridge University.
This was the second half that he originally wanted to write in his last paper, but was temporarily interrupted, so he chose it separately.
This time, Chen Muwu solved another problem that has troubled physicists for a long time.
That is, according to classical statistical mechanics calculations, when the temperature of an ideal gas is infinitely close to absolute zero, its entropy will not become zero, which just violates the third law of thermodynamics.
In this regard, some physicists have found a self-deceptive explanation, that is, the reason why ideal gas is called "ideal" gas is because it only exists in idealized conditions, but does not appear in real life.
Therefore, whether an ideal model violates the third law of thermodynamics will not affect reality.
Some other physicists are worried about this, fearing that the thermodynamics building will collapse again.
But whether it was self-deception or worry, no one could give a reasonable explanation for this phenomenon.
In this paper, Chen Muwu once again used the new statistical method he proposed.
He regarded ideal gas molecules as identical particles like photons.
Then, the miracle happened again.
When the temperature approaches absolute zero, an ideal gas will undergo a peculiar phase transition: a large number of ideal gas molecules will "condensate" together and no longer exist in the form of single molecules.
This is a peculiar fourth phase that is different from the three phases of "solid, liquid, and gas". When the temperature finally reaches absolute zero, all ideal gas molecules will become this fourth phase, and there will no longer be any differences between them. any difference.
As we all know, entropy is a physical quantity that describes the degree of chaos of a system. Since everyone is exactly the same and there is no difference, then entropy naturally becomes zero.
In this way, when an ideal gas approaches absolute zero, its entropy fully meets the requirements of the third law of thermodynamics.
Chen Muwu once again saved thermodynamics.
After reading his second paper, Planck finally believed in the correctness of the statistical method proposed by Chen Muwu.
So he decided to recover the "Yearbook of Physics" that had been typed and ready for printing, and asked the typesetters to retype it, so that Chen Muwu's two papers could be published at the same time.
…
In fact, in the original time and space, the first paper written by Chen Muwu was a letter Einstein received in 1924.
This letter was sent from the University of Calcutta in India. The person who wrote the letter was named Satyendra Bose.
When Bose gave a lecture to students again, he calculated the probability problem above incorrectly, and then used the wrong probability to calculate the correct Planck's law.
Bose was ecstatic to get this result. He did not bother to find a correct theoretical explanation for this wrong calculation, so he directly compiled the process into a paper and prepared to submit it to the European Physics Journal, so that he could also do it. Make a name for yourself once and for all.
As a noble Kayastha and a loyal subject of the Empire, Bose's first choice for submission was naturally the British physics journal.
You love Dai Yingguo, but does Dai Yingguo love you?
Like Chen Muwu, Bose also sent this paper to the British Journal of Philosophy.
Then, he encountered the same problem as Chen Muwu, that is, the editor did not pay attention to the Indian papers at all, and would not even take a look at them.
In terms of attitude towards submitted papers, Bose, an Indian who brought the number one colony, was still nobler than Chen Muwu, a Chinese.
Because at least their master responded to him with a letter, even though it was just a rejection notice that had been printed in batches.
But unlike Chen Muwu, Bose did not have a nobleman named Eddington.
After being frustrated in England, he tried to forward the paper to Germany and then discovered that he did not speak German.
Finally desperate, Bose sent this paper to Einstein, the most famous physicist in the world at the time, and also attached a text message with two slightly rude requests: because he Bose did not know German, so he asked Einstein to translate this paper into German and publish it in a German physics journal.
Fortunately, Einstein, who had been troubled by the problem of "how to correctly derive Planck's law" for a long time, was very interested in the content of this paper, so he automatically ignored Bose's rudeness and not only found someone to translate the paper , and personally sent it to the editorial office of the "Journal of Physics". Yes, this journal is the competitor of the "Annals of Physics".
With Einstein's endorsement, Bose's paper was quickly published.
Einstein was able to show such sincerity to a foreigner who had just sent a letter and had never even met him in person.
This is why Chen Muwu thought he had encountered a great opportunity when he saw the news in the newspaper that Einstein was going to give lectures in Jihai when he traveled back in time.
Because he was convinced at that time that as long as he could come up with a paper that was enough to impress Einstein, the latter could definitely use his reputation and prestige to have the paper published in any of the top journals in the European physics community. superior.
A series of subsequent developments proved that Chen Muwu's move was the right one.
This new statistical method proposed by Chen Muwu in his first paper was called "Bose-Einstein statistics" in the original space and time.
The condensed state proposed in the second paper that is independent of the three phases of "solid, liquid, and gas" is called "Bose-Einstein condensation", although this condensation is completely independent of Einstein. found.
Although "Bose" is in his name, he just accidentally solved the derivation of Planck's law when he made a mistake, and he didn't even know why.
It was Einstein who single-handedly proposed the concept that photons are identical particles and developed it into a great theory.
If we use the analogy of Newton, the sage of physics, then Bose is the skull that was hit by an apple that accidentally fell from the apple tree.
And Einstein was the genius brain who thought and concluded the law of universal gravitation.
This is why the research on "Bose-Einstein condensation" later won several Nobel Prizes in Physics, but Bose himself never got involved in this highest honor of physics.
This has nothing to do with racial discrimination. After all, Bose’s fellow countryman Raman actually won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
If "Bose-Einstein condensation" had not been confirmed by physicists in the laboratory more than seventy years later in 1995, Einstein might have won a Nobel Prize for his achievement. Bell Prize in Physics.
However, there is no need to quarrel between Bose and Einstein now as to who has made greater contributions to this theory.
Because these two papers will be published in the new issue of "Annals of Physics", from now on, these two concepts will be called "Chen Statistics" and "Chen Condensation".
(End of chapter)
