The reason why human beings suffer is because their abilities and desires do not match.
Worrying things, if you just think but never act, you will never succeed.
So Chen Muwu simply didn't think about the things that bothered him, and simply put this problem that he was not able to solve now behind him.
Taking one step at a time and steadily making ourselves bigger and stronger is the top priority now.
Chen Muwu returned to the peaceful Cambridge holiday life of the past: occasionally watching a cricket match with Old Thomson, writing papers every morning, and in the afternoon when the weather was hottest, he would go to the Cam River to find the bass in the club. Especially they swim.
It doesn’t matter if you don’t have swimming goggles or your swimsuit is uncomfortable, these are all trivial problems.
The physical fitness, muscles, and technical movements that Chen Muwu brought from later generations, as well as technical movements that are a hundred years ahead of the present, are his biggest weapons for swimming in the water.
In the Kang River, he only needed to exert all his seven powers, and Chen Muwu could stand out among the crowd of swimmers, leaving others to marvel at the water splashing from a distance as he hit the water with his feet.
Best also specially measured the distance of a hundred yards in a certain long and straight section of the Cam River, and asked Chen Muwu to measure his speed.
Without jumping into the water or pushing off the wall to turn around, Chen Muwu, who was not using all his strength, still easily entered within 58 seconds, which was nearly one second faster than the winning time at the Cambridge-Oxford Joint Games. bell.
The better Chen Muwu performed in the water, the more regretful Best felt in his heart.
He complained about why he didn't persist and be flexible in the first place. Even if he tried all kinds of methods, he should have tricked Chen Muwu into the club.
If that were the case, Best wouldn't have to face the ugly smiling faces of the victors from the Oxford Swimming Club at the past sports meeting.
In other words, it should be Cambridge University who put on that mocking face after the game.
…
Not only did Chen Muwu have no opponent in the Kanghe swimming track, he was also far ahead in the particle theory of light.
After receiving the letter at the Eagle Bar, the paper Chen Muwu sent to Germany appeared on a desk at Humboldt University in Berlin a few days later.
When I opened the envelope and saw the title of Chen Muwu's paper, Planck, I felt dumbfounded.
Because at the top of this piece of paper is a line of type written on a typewriter, "Derivation of Planck's Law from First Principles."
It’s a very subtle feeling when you see your name on someone else’s paper title.
And this topic did attract Planck's interest, because this problem has troubled him for more than 20 years.
Blackbody radiation has always been one of the hot topics of research among German physicists.
In the mid-19th century, Kirchhoff, a German physicist from Königsberg who was born in the Seven Bridges Problem, got inspiration while watching a blacksmith forging iron.
From this common life phenomenon, he extracted an abstract physics concept, the black body.
Just like a "spherical chicken in a vacuum", a black body is also an ideal material. It can completely absorb thermal radiation of any frequency without any reflection.
At the same time, the black body can also achieve thermal balance with the environment through its own thermal radiation, maintaining the same temperature.
The intensity of external thermal radiation from a black body is only related to frequency and temperature, and has nothing to do with the material of the black body itself.
Therefore, as long as a temperature is given, the radiation intensity of blackbody radiation at each frequency is certain, so a universal "radiation intensity-frequency" curve can be drawn in the coordinate system.
In the decades after Kirchhoff raised this issue, German physicists have been studying blackbody radiation as an important topic.
In 1893, Wilhelm Wien of Humboldt University in Berlin summarized an empirical formula based on experiments, which could well fit the experimental data obtained at that time.
A few years later, Kirchhoff's student, Planck, who had just taken over his teacher's teaching position at the Humboldt University in Berlin, was forty years old, and the hair on the top of his head had not completely fallen out.
He gave Wien's empirical formula a thermodynamic theoretical explanation, so for a certain period of time, this formula was called the "Wien-Planck law."
In 1899, Planck even boasted at a meeting of the German Physical Society that the law named after him and Professor Wien was actually equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics.
If there is a problem with Wiper-Puer Law, then the entire thermodynamic system will also be in big trouble.
But Planck's big talk didn't even last a year.
One day in October of the following year, Heinrich Rubens from the Technical University of Berlin came to Planck's house. As an experimental physicist, he revealed to Planck that they had carried out experiments on black body radiation. It reached the far-infrared band with lower frequency, but the data obtained were very different from the results predicted by the Wei-Pu Law.
After listening to what Rubens said, Planck was deeply aware of the seriousness of the matter. He got into his study and studied the new data brought by Rubens for a whole night, and then discovered that in fact, as long as the dimensionality -Pu's law can fit this new experimental curve well with slight modifications in its mathematical form.
But this is not the key. The key is that Planck has spoken out loud. He has now modified this law that he once thought was unbreakable, which means that there is a problem in the thermodynamics building.
A few days later, at another meeting of the German Physics Society, Rubens announced experimental data that deviated greatly from the Wei-Pull Law.
This forced Planck to stand up at the meeting and apologize, saying that what he had said before might not be accurate.
Then he changed the topic and showed the new formula he came up with in the study that night to the physics colleagues present. This time it corresponded almost seamlessly with the experimental data.
Because it was still an era when experiment was king, and this new formula was too perfect, the physicists present did not worry about whether Planck's new formula had a theoretical basis or where it came from.
Since then, this new formula has been renamed "Planck's law", and the previous Wien-Plan law has been quietly changed back to its original name of "Wien's formula", as if everything that had happened before was consistent with Planck has nothing to do with it.
But Planck, who considered himself a theoretician, was very dissatisfied with the process by which he obtained this formula.
Because he guessed the conclusion after working backwards, fitting, and piecing together the experimental results, which is completely cheating.
After several months of thinking, Planck finally came up with a derivation process that was at least mathematical.
He defined an energy minimum (ε = hν) that is only proportional to the frequency ν for blackbody radiation, and called this energy minimum "energy quanta".
But what exactly is this energy quantum ε? Planck himself could not find a theoretical explanation.
Knowing this but not knowing why, this made him feel desperate.
In 1931, when commenting on his derivation of Planck's law, Planck said that it was "a desperate move... I regarded the quantum hypothesis as a purely formal hypothesis and didn't think much about anything else. I just thought: I must Get positive results, no matter what the situation, no matter what the cost.”
Later generations always respected Planck as the "father of quantum mechanics" because he was the first to propose the concept of quantum, and he was a revolutionary in new physics.
But it is estimated that Planck himself does not want this title to be forced on him. He may be more reluctant than Song Taizu who was given a yellow robe in Chenqiaoyi.
Incidentally, although Wien's formula was proven to be somewhat wrong as early as 1900, he still won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Planck won the prize for his Planck's law, but he had to wait until eight years later, in 1919, when he was nominated by Einstein and then reissued the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
On the fourth day after Planck published Planck's law, Ferdinand Kuhlbaum calculated a value of h=6.55×10J·s and called it Planck's constant.
A few years later, a clerk at the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland, used Planck's constant again in a paper and proposed a shocking light quantum hypothesis.
Einstein was of course also interested in how Planck's law was derived.
In fact, since Planck proposed this law that fits the experimental results perfectly, not only he and Einstein, but every physicist has been trying to figure out how to deduce Planck's theory from the theory. Gram's law.
Einstein derived Planck's law for the first time in his 1917 radiation paper.
However, his derivation process was not complete. He relied on Bohr's atomic model and achieved success through the thermal equilibrium of the radiator and the radiation field.
If we only consider the radiation field without relying on the atoms on the wall of the radiator cavity, we should be able to deduce Planck's law.
Einstein introduced his own light quantum theory into this radiation field, and regarded the radiation in the radiator cavity as no longer a continuously distributed electromagnetic wave, but as photons of different frequencies.
Because there is no interaction between photons, he converted this blackbody radiation problem into an ideal gas system that is more familiar to physicists. It should be easy to deduce its state using statistical means.
Because it was so easy, Einstein, Baron Rayleigh III, and others had tried it.
However, no one could deduce Planck's law. Instead, everyone got Wien's law that was similar to it, which was the one that Planck killed at the meeting of the German Physical Society in 1900.
How to derive Planck's law from first principles has become a recognized problem in the physics community.
Now, twenty-three years after Planck proposed Planck's law, such a paper is finally in front of Planck.
(End of chapter)
