There are sixteen social schools in Wanping County, scattered around Wanping, with children of immigrants as students.
Because of a "big gamble", Zhang Bozhi and Sun Juwen were sent from Zhenjiang to Beizhili to take on the important responsibility of education. Considering the importance of social studies, they were subordinate to the county, state, and government, and they were restricted in everything they did. It was easy to make the same mistake again. In the early Ming Dynasty, they made the same mistake. They wrote to Zhu Yunwen in January, proposing that social studies, county studies, and government studies should be separated into separate places, namely:
Social science is affiliated with the county school, the county school is affiliated with the state school, the state school is affiliated with the government school, the government school is affiliated with the Imperial College, and the imperial college is affiliated with the Ministry of Rites.
Zhu Yunwen wrote a personal reply to express his appreciation for their proposal, and said that he would consider it carefully. He hoped that Zhang Bozhi, Sun Juwen and others would first lay a solid foundation in social studies and recruit children from the common people, so that "those who are weak and below must enter school."
Zhang Bozhi experienced the Hongwu Dynasty and knew how many problems occurred in social studies at that time and how many unbearable things were behind them.
Subject to the high-pressure politics and bureaucratic rule of the Hongwu Dynasty, sociology was just a formality. Students did not study, and teachers did not lecture on Confucianism. It even became a major means for officials to persecute the people and gain benefits.
Is there any benefit to be gained from sociology?
Haha, so naive.
In this world, whenever officials want to get some benefits, they can get money out of them.
First of all, there are quotas for social studies, for example, fifty places.
Secondly, if there are those who are willing to study and enter social studies, ask if they have money. If they don’t have money, get out. Your family is rich, well, what, but when your children come, they don’t want to study, they want to play? It doesn't matter, you don't need to study if you have money.
Finally, oops, there are not enough places, find someone. For example, those who are farming, doing business, and those who have no time to study, force them to come to social studies, even if they don't come, they will give money, oh, what, let's go to another house and invite them, there are enough places for social studies.
Zhu Yuanzhang characterized these things as "forcing good people to have no time to study."
Of course, there were many reasons why sociology was not popular at the time. For example, the curriculum was a bit ridiculous, with "Da Gao" as the main course. Not to mention the dark and violent elements in "Da Gao", let's just talk about the book "Da Gao". The writing is really illogical, the thoughts are confused, the words are vulgar, the tone is violent, and the attitude is arrogant.
It can be concluded that the "Da Gao" was definitely not written by any Confucian scholar, but by Boss Zhu himself. What kind of diploma does Lao Zhu have, and he also writes books...
How can you take a book like this as your main subject when studying, and how can you teach your children?
The failure to run social studies is purely due to the expense.
However, Zhu Yunwen's sociology is completely different from Zhu Yuanzhang's sociology. First of all, in terms of coursework, "Da Gao" and "Da Ming Law" were cancelled, and three courses were set up:
Confucianism, mathematics, miscellaneous studies.
There are no compulsory requirements. Students are allowed to talk about the past and present, and they are allowed to teach in their own way. Hard corporal punishment is eliminated.
What makes Zhang Bozhi feel most comfortable is that Zhu Yunwen not only gave his husband corresponding treatment, but also exempted his family members from corvee labor and gave him great respect and courtesy.
Although the imperial court has not yet explicitly stipulated this, Zhang Bozhi discussed with Zhang Bing, the chief envoy of Peking, and agreed that social studies should be compared with county schools. That is, if you want to participate in the imperial examination, you must first go through special channels such as filial piety and integrity. Social studies went to the county and state schools, and then entered the Imperial College or directly participated in the imperial examination.
Only when this upward path is determined and fixed will the people really pay attention to social studies and be willing to send their children to social studies.
In fact, at the beginning of spring, many people would rather have their children work in the fields as laborers than send them to social studies. It was Zhang Bozhi who led people to persuade for a long time and said countless words and reasons, which gave social studies a new lease of life. .
Zhang Bozhi has visited many people and learned about the reasons why people are unwilling to send their children to school. They can be summarized into three categories:
One, labor, work.
Fifty acres of land. I gave birth to a child just for farming and studying. What is that? My ancestors have been farmers for eight generations, so they are not for studying.
Second, you can’t learn it.
There are countless students in the world, and the exams are so difficult. The imperial court took only a few hundred students in three years and scattered them all over the country. How many children of immigrants can there be? Instead of being a nerd, it is better to work early, save some money, get married, have children, and reproduce.
Third, I feel sorry for the children.
It is said that the husband punished the children corporally, whipped and tied them with ropes, just like being imprisoned.
Zhang Bozhi had no way to object to this, and could not object. During the Hongwu Dynasty, some county and state schools, including the Imperial College, had serious corporal punishment of students. The Imperial College received the most attention because it was in the capital, but they were relatively Fortunately, there are not many corporal punishments and many beheadings...
So that for a period of time, there was a situation where "the school was regarded as a prison and refused to enter, and the teachers were regarded as enemies and bandits and did not want to see them." However, this problem was alleviated in the later period of Hongwu because of Zhu Yuanzhang's energy It is not as good as before and has no time to take care of education.
In order to completely dispel the concerns of the people and standardize social studies, Zhang Bozhi and Sun Juwen, together with hundreds of "social teachers", compiled a "Social Studies Dogma" after more than a month of deliberations, and this became the first one in the Ming Dynasty. Initiative convention regulating the development of sociology.
Zhu Yunwen, who was in the capital, was looking through the "Social Studies Dogma", which was an initiative in the nature of a local convention. But at this moment, Zhu Yunwen decided to slightly modify it, form it into a court document, and make it public.
"This "Social Studies Dogma" was sent by Zhang Bing, the chief envoy of Peking. Zhang Bozhi, Sun Juwen and others suggested it as the main author. The content in it solves many problems in sociology. I think it is feasible. You can take a look."
Zhu Yunwen asked Xie Jin from the cabinet, Yang Shiqi from the Imperial Academy and Li Zhigang from the Imperial College.
After reading it, Xie Jin and the others nodded repeatedly.
Yang Shiqi praised: "This "Social Studies Dogma" has a clear meaning at the beginning and a clear adjustment. It also takes filial piety, loyalty, propriety, justice and integrity as its core. It is suitable for social studies students."
Li Zhigang expressed his support: "The reform of the Imperial College was the first, and the prefectures and counties all over the country followed. However, it is inappropriate for many local social studies to still follow the regulations of the Hongwu period. They should change their ways and follow the ideas of the county and government schools."
Xie Jin lowered his head and examined the "Social Studies Dogma" and said solemnly: "Zhang Bozhi and Sun Juwen advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, teaching based on children's actual conditions, and teaching without teaching. This is a sign of great talent and wisdom."
Zhu Yunwen was overjoyed and said: "You look at his talents, I look at his methods. I have seen the social studies curriculum. Although it is a bit loose, it fits Baixin's life. It should be noted that many eleven or twelve-year-old children have begun to take leading roles in the countryside. , it is a good thing to finish his studies in the evening and help the family. Although he is learning, he should not be rigid. "
"Then I will copy this "Social Studies Dogma" and send it to prefectural governments and social studies in various places?"
Yang Shiqi asked for instructions.
Zhu Yunwen shook his head slightly and said: "This "Social Studies Dogma" is good, but only three courses are not enough. I want to add one class to my coursework."
Yang Shiqi was puzzled, and Xie Jin asked: "Miscellaneous studies are already included. The reason why there is no clear explanation is because there are too few miscellaneous studies. It can only depend on the talents of the instructors."
Whatever miscellaneous subjects you have mastered, then teach them. If you know the art of war, teach the art of war, if you know agriculture, teach agriculture, and if you know business, teach business. If you don’t know anything, it doesn’t matter. The Imperial College has textbooks, so just follow the textbooks and teach the general meeting...
Zhu Yunwen took the "Social Studies Dogma" from Xie Jin and wrote two words:
Cuju.
Xie Jin frowned and reminded: "Your Majesty, Cuju is not a science..."
Zhu Yunwen did not answer Xie Jin, but said: "Not only social studies must have Cuju, but counties, prefectures, and Imperial Colleges all need to add Cuju courses. Whether you call it a class or an after-school activity, I don't care what you use. The method is that every ten days of teaching, there must be no less than three hours of Cuju training."
"this……"
Yang Shiqi was a little embarrassed.
The Imperial College is now fully booked with courses, and three hours have to be allocated to play Cuju. Where can I use this time...
Xie Jin didn't know what Zhu Yunwen was thinking. Cuju wasn't a science, and no matter how good it was, it couldn't serve the imperial examination. It was really useless.
Li Zhigang remained silent. The matter was unclear and he didn't understand it. He just followed the sacrificial wine and expressed his attitude. Whatever his attitude was, he would have his own attitude.
Zhu Yunwen knew that these people were all "knowledge-only" guys, so he had to explain it in terms of hormones, no, strong energy, physical fitness, teamwork, etc. Only then did a few people understand that education cannot only be about "morality" and "intelligence". ", you must also have "body".
If you don’t believe me, look at the physiques of the court officials. If there was a 100-meter race between civil servants and eunuchs, Zhu Yunwen was sure that 80% of the civil servants would not be able to outrun the eunuchs...
"In January, Zhang Bozhi and Sun Juwen proposed that social studies and county and state studies be independent of the local government, not subject to the jurisdiction of the county government, and directly managed by the Imperial College or the Ministry of Rites. What do you think?"
Zhu Yunwen asked.
Xie Jin hesitated and said: "It will be easier for the court to control education if it is separated from the local government. However, after all, education is the focus of local government performance evaluation. Influenced by Ji'an Prefecture being selected as one of the top ten prefectures, there is a trend of setting up private schools in various places. Dachang, social studies are now concentrated in immigrant areas..."
Yang Shiqi also disagreed with complete independence from the local area and objected: "Mr. Zhang Bozhi and Sun Juwen have good intentions and are thinking about the development of social studies. However, whether they are social studies or government studies, they are built in the local area. If they are completely separated from local counties, Government offices are likely to cause local officials to not pay attention to education, which will be harmful. I suggest that education should be paid special attention to in the assessment, and it should be regarded as the first assessment item along with population, land, etc., so as to encourage local governments to pay more attention to education."
After Zhu Yunwen thought about it, he believed that the views of Xie Jin and Yang Shiqi were reasonable. If education is not linked to local interests, the local government will not pay attention to it. It is inappropriate to set up an education department to directly manage schools at all levels.
Li Zhigang suggested: "Your Majesty, although it is inappropriate to transfer social studies, government studies, etc. directly to the Ministry of Rites, the imperial court can clarify the way out for social studies to calm the minds of the people."
Zhu Yunwen smiled.
Yes, it is not feasible for social studies and county schools to be brought under the direct control of the imperial court, but the upward path for entering county schools after graduating from social studies can be determined, and the two are not contradictory.
At this point, the education system of the Ming Dynasty has been improved, filling in the missing corner of the Hongwu period, and Zhu Yunwen's big education strategy has finally taken the first step.
Social studies (including Ming Junior College), private schools, and family schools became the main force of primary education in Ming Dynasty. County and state schools constituted secondary education. The Imperial College was the only one, standing at the pinnacle of education in Ming Dynasty.
However, after promoting the big education strategy, Zhu Yunwen encountered the biggest domestic crisis since taking office:
Drought and flood.
God doesn't give face, even if Zhu Yunwen looked up at God, it didn't give him any face.
In May, there was a severe drought in Fengyang Prefecture.
In mid-May, there was heavy rain in Songjiang Prefecture.
A huge natural disaster gradually swept across the country, catching the whole court by surprise.
Zhu Yunwen was sitting in the Fengtian Hall, shouting at the top of his lungs, and ordered the Ministry of Household Affairs and the Ministry of Works to operate at full capacity and allocate a large amount of grain to Fengyang and Songjiang Prefecture. At the same time, Xie Jin went to Fengyang, Ru Jin went to Songjiang Prefecture, and Yu Xin went to Suzhou. .
Three cabinet ministers were out at one time, which shows how big the problem is and how urgent the situation is.
ps:
Thank you Kang Laowu for your tip and support, and thank you Hangzhou-Han for your tip and support.
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