Jurchen, also known as Zhu Lizhen and Nuzhen, originated from Su Shen three thousand years ago. "History of the Jin Dynasty. Century" records: "Before the Jin Dynasty, the Mohe family came out. This name is Wuji."
During the Liao Dynasty, Wanyan Aguda unified the various tribes, established the Jin Dynasty, and destroyed the Liao and Northern Song Dynasties. This is the first rise of Jurchen. Later, they were attacked and killed by the Mongolian Yuan and Southern Song Dynasties, and they were still divided into various small tribes.
During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Yongle sent people to the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers to appease the Jurchens, calling them "Zhuli Late". During the Jiajing period, because of their repeated raids on the border, they were called "Eastern captives" in court documents.
In the early Ming Dynasty, Jurchens were divided into three major groups: Jianzhou Jurchens, Haixi Jurchens, and East China Sea Jurchens. Among them, Jianzhou and Haixi Jurchen were designated by the imperial court as the Three Guards of Jianzhou and the Four Guards of Hulun respectively. They had a stable alliance and their own geographical scope, and paid tribute to the central government every year. The Jurchen tribe outside them are called East China Sea Jurchens, also known as "Wild Jurchens", and they pay tribute once every three years.
Jianzhou Jurchens are distributed in Mudanjiang, Suifenhe and Changbai Mountain areas. It was formed by Hu Ligai and Gan Duolian, two Jurchens from Wanhu Mansion in the late Yuan Dynasty who moved south. In the Ming Dynasty, the three Jisi Guards were established as "Jianzhou Guards, Jianzhou Left Guards, and Jianzhou Right Guards." The first generation commander of the Jianzhou Guards was Meng Ge Timur.
Since the Hongwu period of this dynasty, the imperial court has adopted an extremely tolerant approach, accepting and settling various Jurchen tribes with a kind of generosity and benevolence that is unprecedented and unprecedented. Later historians said that "the Ming Dynasty benefited those who belonged to the barbarians, and the Jurchens in Jianzhou were the most generous."
However, the so-called favorable treatment is compared with other barbarians, and it is far from talking about the national equality of later generations. The Central Plains Dynasty's efforts to tame the Jurchens was on the road to failure from the beginning.
Since Yongle, it has been normal for Jurchens to enslave Ming and Han people. "The custom of the savages is not to be slaves to each other, but to capture the Han people to buy and sell each other." The Jurchens are not engaged in field production, and the producers are all Han and Korean slaves.
The Jurchens allied themselves with each other through blood relations, and took revenge as their social ethics. "If we have the same first name and surname, we are very close. We are of the same mind in everything. We are brave enough to fight and rejoice in revenge. We will never forget each other for the rest of our lives." Translated into modern words: "If you treat him well, he will take it for granted. If you treat him badly, he will take it for granted." I hate you to the core."
For the Ming government, which had no clear and unified ethnic policy in the past dynasties, the good and bad treatment of the Jianzhou Jurchens had serious consequences. For example, during the Chenghua period, because they had achieved a great military victory over the Jurchens in Jianzhou, they feared the imperial court as if they were a tiger.
At this time, if the Ming Dynasty carries out the strategy of decomposition and domestication with the remaining power of victory, it will achieve twice the result with half the effort. However, the imperial court only required the Jurchens who paid tribute to provide better products: "Only those whose mink skins are pure black and whose horses are fat are allowed to pay tribute." However, the origin of pure black mink skins was not within its territory, which triggered the establishment of a civil war. The state Jurchens hated the imperial court - the policies were puzzling.
When the empire's military was strong, during the Jurchen tribute or horse market, it was considered normal for the border generals to "ask for money and humiliate the Jurchen nobles". The Jurchen nobles who paid tribute "were escorted off by officials and fed like dogs and pigs." These Rough ethnic policies made the domestication strategy completely ineffective. And Bianjiang wanted to reward the Jurchens for killing them, but the court actually gave them rewards - completely contrary to the general policy of treating the Jurchens favorably and domesticating them.
After the Tumubao Incident, the fig leaf of the Ming court was torn off, and all the captives ignored the imperial dynasty. Except for the Tatar and Mongolians, the Jurchens in Jianzhou became rebellious - and finally a hero emerged.
In the 31st year of Jiajing's reign, the 29-year-old Jurchen right-guard commander Wang Gao led his troops to kill Peng Wenzhu, the imperial guard, in Guanma City, Fushun, and plundered Dongzhou, Hoi'an and other frontier fortresses that year.
In the forty-first year of Jiajing's reign, Wang Gao again set up an ambush at Daughter-in-law Mountain, captured Hei Chun, the deputy commander-in-chief of Liaoyang, dismembered and killed him. After this battle, Wang Gao became famous among the Jurchen tribes, and gradually had the tendency to unify the Jurchen tribes.
At that time, the imperial court should have struck back with thunder. However, the military was weak and the nature of politics that bullied the weak and feared the strong was once again exposed. Wang Gao was appointed as the commander of the Jianzhou Guard Capital. Suo Chang'a, Jue Chang'an (Nurhachi's grandfather) and others were all there. Under his command. Wang Gaorang called his tribe "Mafa", and the chieftains of Jiuhe became famous outside the Great Wall.
What's even more ridiculous is that in the sixth year of Longqing's reign, Jia Ruyi, who was then the prime minister of Fushun, introduced some horse market policies that restricted Wang Gao's development. Because Wang Gao was dissatisfied, the court at that time actually arrested Jia Ruyi and others.
After Jia Ruyi was arrested and interrogated, at the request of the Ming court, Wang Tai, the chief of the Hada tribe of the Haixi Jurchens, presided over the two parties to kill cattle and form an alliance. It was agreed that the Jurchens would not plunder Han people's livestock, and the Ming generals would not accept Jurchen escapees. The horse market was still restored in Fushun. As before. It is recorded in historical books: "Gao Yi Ao".
After the Tumubao Incident in the Ming Dynasty, the external power and the internal power were only felt deep in the hearts of the Beilu leaders. After Wang Gao rose to power by killing Ming generals, the painful memories the Ming court gave to the Jurchens during the Chenghua period had faded away, and their majesty was completely bankrupt. It was clear that all the Jurchen tribes regarded the Ming Dynasty as a coward.
In July of the first year of Wanli, Zhu Yijun traveled through more than five months. Wang Gao's four subordinates, Nair Tu, defected to Mingbian and were accepted by Fushun Beiyu Pei Chengzu. Wang Gao's subordinate Li Hong asked Pei Chengzu for help in the future, but Pei Chengzu ignored him.
Lai Lihong then captured You Qing and five other people from the Ming army at night, and wanted to exchange them. Pei Chengzu issued an official document asking Lai Lihong to pay him to him, but Lai Lihong also followed his example and ignored them.
At this time, Wang Gao had already passed Fushun Pass and headed for the capital, preparing to pay tribute to the court with 200 horses and 30 loads of Liaodong specialties. Pei Chengzu actually thought that Wang Gao would not offend the court by giving up the opportunity to pay tribute, so he led 300 cavalry without authorization and entered (note that he did not invade) Lai Lihong's stronghold to demand people.
Lai Lihong stabilized Pei Chengzu and reported to Wang Gao urgently. After receiving the letter, Wang Gao rushed back quickly and led his troops to surround Pei Chengzu and others in Lailihong's village. Finally, the Fushun Ming army who came with troops to help captured General Liu Chengyi and Hundred Household Liu Zhongwen and others. More than 300 people were executed with their hearts cut out and their livers removed.
This incident shocked the court, and Zhu Yijun also heard about it at that time. Since he did not gain power, he was particularly cautious in military affairs and basically said nothing.
At that time, Zhang Xueyan, the governor of Liaodong, invited Juegong City to impose economic sanctions on Wang Gao; Liu Yingjie, the governor of Jiliao, ordered Li Chengliang's army to move forward and build Kuandian Six Forts to compress the Jurchen-nurturing land of Jianzhou. Zhu Yijun saw no problem with this strategy. He didn't dare to give in without having a clear understanding of the specific situation.
But it wasn't that he did nothing - at the end of the first year, in Wang Gao's Gule City. Wang Gao's great chief Lang Maozi went to Wang Gao's home to deliver gifts. Chamberlain, a Han who accompanied him and managed the farm for him, was about to hold a meeting with Wang Gao and the generals, and the news that he was going to invade the border area in the coming spring was passed on in Gule City.
Chamberlain escaped into Lang Maozi's village in October of the Wanli year, using his identity as a bankrupt businessman in the border town. Lang Maozi was cruel and reckless. When he saw that Chamberlain could tell some truths and gave him generous gifts, he accepted him and asked him to help manage his farm.
