Zhang Siwei actually wanted to present a book, but he couldn't see the emperor. He was just a courtier, not a courtier. He couldn't go to the Wenhua Palace to ask for an audience without an announcement. If he wanted to see the emperor, he had to go through the process.
When he went to Ge Shouli with the "Baojian of Arithmeticology", Ge Shouli had this fifty-five-volume masterpiece of arithmetic in his hand; when he went to Wan Shihe with the Baojian, Wan Shihe wanted to serve as the Minister of Rites, Take "Taiwan Arithmetic" produced by the Ministry of Rites to claim credit; when Zhang Siwei wanted to find Zhang Juzheng, Zhang Juzheng's Quanchu Guild Hall was being decorated.
Therefore, this huge contribution has nothing to do with Zhang Siwei.
The little emperor felt that Zhang Siwei was not respectful.
Chen Lin led seven hydrofoil sailboats towards Luzon. It took him three hours to arrive at Shuangyu Islands from Songjiang Prefecture. It was Zhu Wan and Lu Wei who defeated the Japanese pirates and Zhu Wan was forced to commit suicide. Starting from this private discussion, it took twenty hours to arrive at the Shipping Department of Yuegang City, Zhangzhou, Fuzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province. Here Chen Lin communicated and negotiated with Luo Gongchen, a fellow coastal defense magistrate, at the Du Rating Hall. comminicate.
Not all hydrofoil sailboats are suitable for long-distance voyages. Two hydrofoil sailboats are not suitable for sailing in the waves and have to go to Guangzhou for coastal aerial survey. Chen Lin set off from Yuegang to the Penghu Inspection Department, and three Hours later, Chen Lin arrived at the Penghu Inspection Department.
In the 42nd year of Jiajing's reign, the Penghu Inspection Department was re-established to prevent Japanese invasion, and a total of 1,153 soldiers went to Jiezhai. In the 45th year of Jiajing's reign, the Penghu Inspection Department was abolished again.
In May of the third year of Wanli, Pang Shangpeng, the governor of Fujian, wrote: "However, the journey from Penghu to Quanzhou is only one day, and it is so vast that it may be invaded by Japanese invaders." It was proposed to use the southern route as a guerrilla and to defend during the flood season to prepare for pirates.
Yu Dayou requested the establishment of ten inspection departments to inspect the Ming Dynasty coast. This was not without purpose, but based on the memorials of the governors of Yingtian, Songjiang, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as Yu Dayou's many years of war against Japanese invaders, and carefully planned the results.
Although the camp of the Penghu Inspection Department is dilapidated, it is still usable.
On June 17, the third year of Wanli, Chen Lin once again set off from the Penghu Inspection Department and arrived at Xinglong Wharf in Wannianzhou (Kaohsiung, Taiwan) in two and a half hours. This is a natural harbor, deserted and covered with dense forests. , Chen Lin keenly realized that the wood for Ming Dynasty shipbuilding could be obtained from here in the future.
After Chen Lin replenished fresh water, she headed south and spent eighteen hours arriving at Miyan Port in Miyan County, where Yin Zhengmao, Deng Zilong, Liang Shouyu, and Lin Afeng first arrived in Luzon from Guangzhou to attack.
After a short rest for a day, Chen Lin headed south again towards Manila. This time it took ten hours to arrive in Manila and disembarked at the Manila Port.
This round of bumps made Chen Lin's lips turn white, like a water ghost crawling out of the water. His trip took too long, from Songjiang to Tianjin, and from Tianjin back to Songjiang. After traveling south from Songjiang Prefecture to Manila, Chen Lin felt dizzy and dizzy as soon as he landed on the beach, as if the earth was shaking.
Chen Lin rested for two days and regained her composure before meeting Luzon Governor Yin Zhengmao, Luzon Commander-in-Chief Zhang Yuanxun, Luzon Deputy Commander-in-Chief Liang Shouyu, Staff General Deng Zilong, and guard Lin Afeng. He also saw a ship that had begun to go to sea. A three-masted plywood giant ship with 24 pairs (48 oars) and 144 oarsmen.
It is indeed not useful enough. Yin Zhengmao found that he had overestimated it. It was okay to bully the natives, but it was impossible to bully the current Ming Dynasty.
"I've met Governor Yin." Chen Lin greeted him with military courtesy. Yin Zhengmao had an overview of the military, political, financial and cultural power of Luzon. It was not too much to call him the king of Luzon, but Yin Zhengmao was not very interested in being a king, even if he didn't say it From a moral perspective, Luzon has currently lost the support of the Ming Dynasty. His fate will be no different from that of the surviving king of Luzon. Luzon will still be the Viceroyalty of Spain by then.
After seeing the ceremony, Chen Lin cleared her throat and said, "There is an imperial edict. Yin Zhengmao, Zhang Yuanxun and others will receive it."
"The emperor is destined to be carried by heaven, and the edict says:"
"The military hall is in the extreme south. The accumulated invaders were defeated and the common people were blocked. This is an unparalleled achievement. However, recently, people's hearts are not as old as they used to be, and they are prone to dissent. They are jealous of others and hold on to their mediocre views, but they only want to favor themselves. It is selfish and does not care about the country. Just like last year's victory in Luzon, the whole court was frightened and thought it was unacceptable. They were afraid of hurting the hearts of people far away. Business and trade were blocked. Those who were arrogant still had to discuss it after the fact, and those who were good at talking and fighting served their sentences.
"I know that everyone in the department has worked hard."
"To govern a country in chaos, use heavy codes. To consolidate a country in chaos, it is not possible to use military power to shake it. The traitors will not be afraid, and the good people will have no support."
"Recording the merits of defeating the Japanese invaders, I am specially promoted to the right commander of the military governor's office in the Ministry of Commerce, and the governor of Luzon. I discuss the achievements in pacifying the Japanese invaders in Luzon. I am granted the title of Bo of Sishui, with an annual salary of 800 shi. I am specially promoted to General Zhang Yuanxun Longhu." , the commander-in-chief of Lu Song, discussed Lu Song’s military exploits against the pirates, and was granted the title of Ying Yang Bo, with an annual salary of 800 shi. Liang Shouyu, Deng Zilong, and others were each promoted to three levels of official rank."
"The wisps of loyalty can only be learned from heaven!"
"The dynasty became a constitution after a long period of time, it was a good deed and a favor, and the edict was issued to the world, and the envoys heard about it."
"Appreciate this."
"I would like to thank you for your kindness." After listening to the imperial edict, Yin Zhengmao and others were stunned for a long time before thanking him. The emperor made two counts, both of whom were knights, one Yin Zhengmao and one Zhang Yuanxun. The others were all promoted.
Zhang Yuanxun took the seal, ribbon and other items and was silent for a long time before asking blankly: "Bu Tang, are you really not a relative of the emperor who lives among the people?"
"Probably not." Yin Zhengmao also looked at the imperial edict in disbelief. He himself was not sure whether he was a relative of the emperor or not.
Deng Zilong also asked blankly: "Isn't it?"
"No." Yin Zhengmao repeatedly recalled the memory of when he was a child, when he was not good at studying, and his own father picked up a door stick as thick as his arm and almost crippled him. He was convinced that he was indeed his biological son and not the emperor who lived among the people. Relatives and relatives.
For a martial artist of the Ming Dynasty, it would be good to get a compliment from the court. If he could get some favors, thank God. How could he dare to ask for such a thing as a knighthood? Although Yin Zhengmao was a literary scholar, what he did all day long Son, it basically has nothing to do with civil servants.
The officials in Luzon would rather believe that Yin Zhengmao is a relative of the emperor than believe that the imperial court has actually begun to ennoble him. Civil and military officials treat everyone equally, and if he has merit, the imperial court will really reward him!
"Your Majesty, Yuan Fu has two letters." Chen Lin took out two more letters and handed them to Yin Zhengmao.
Above the court, there is still a group of cheap Confucians chattering and talking nonsense, jealous of Yin Zhengmao's achievements, using their own jealousy and mediocre opinions to only satisfy their own selfish interests, regardless of whether the country needs it or not. .
Zhu Yijun's response to this was very unified: If you don't accept it, just hold it in, and if you have the ability, go to Luzon and kill Yin Zhengmao and his gang.
Chen Lin and Yin Zhengmao had in-depth exchanges on issues such as the Luzon City Shipping Department, Inspection Department, port berths, ship construction, etc., and conveyed Yu Shuai's several thoughts on the coastal defense of the Ming Dynasty, and Yin Zhengmao supplemented the matter. , the two sides ended the meeting in a warm atmosphere.
Yin Zhengmao said with certainty: "During the Yongle period, the Ming Dynasty established a governor in Luzon and established Daming Street in Luzon. The governor was governor of Luzon for more than 20 years. After that, Xu Chailao's descendants never petitioned for the title again, and the court no longer Traveling south to the west, Luzon transformed from the governor-general of the Ming Dynasty into a tributary state again."
"Until the end of the Jiajing period, the Japanese pirates were in turmoil in the southeast, and Luzon lost the country due to cowhide. After hearing the news, the imperial court ordered the Hongmao Fan to withdraw from Luzon and return the government to the surviving king of Luzon."
"The Hongmao tribe was unjust and wantonly slaughtered and insulted the Han people and the barbarians. The people of Luzon suffered greatly from it and suffered unspeakably. The king's master blamed the people and attacked them, which was the cause of Guanggu's chaos."
"The entire family of the surviving king of Luzon was killed and he had no heirs, so he used the governorship to educate the people of Luzon."
This is the legal principle of Ming Dynasty towards Luzon.
Hong Mao Fan said that they were also cruel rulers and colonists. The Ming Dynasty was the homeland of the king's master. If not all the descendants of Lu Song's queen were killed by the Hong Mao Fan, the imperial court would be happy to continue canonizing the descendants of the queen. This is not No descendants left?
This is the face of a scholar. Even the black can be said to be white. It is obviously an attack by everyone to compete for the key position of Luzon. This talk turns into the king's insult to the people.
The line of kings of Luzon has also changed several times, from the Han governor at the beginning to the cannibals later. This issue is actually very complicated, but generally speaking, the three kings of the Sulu Sultanate that ruled Luzon have always paid tribute The Ming Dynasty, especially the Eastern King of the Sulu Sultanate, was buried in Dezhou, Shandong Province of the Ming Dynasty, so the connection between the Ming Dynasty and Luzon is extremely close.
Now that Luzon has been destroyed by the Red-haired Fans, the Ming Dynasty must do something. If nothing is done, the overseas Fanyi will definitely despise China and invade the border areas.
Chen Lin said with emotion: "This is the truth, but the barbarians are afraid of power and have no morals. They are all wolf-faced and beast-like people. The nature of the barbarians is only about strength and weakness. If there is a gap, they will take revenge! It is better for the ministry to be careful. .”
Yin Zhengmao said with a smile: "If we can't win on the battlefield, they naturally won't listen to my reasoning. If we can win on the battlefield, they have to accept it even if they don't listen, right?"
After hearing this, Chen Lin knew that Yin Zhengmao was not arrogant because of his temporary victory and despised the thieves, so he turned sideways and said: "Silver entered the Ming Dynasty, and the court officials were very interested. Yuan Fu asked me to go to the Quanchu Guild Hall to ask me, this year Lu Whether the ships of the Song Dynasty can arrive at the port as scheduled, the sea tax will be divided into one, one line will be divided into two, and the imperial court will adjust the ten thousand directions into three. This is a big matter, so I ask one or two."
The border areas of the Ming Dynasty are now receiving military pay in kind, and the imperial court sends silver to the border areas, which can be regarded as a combination of accepting salt and accepting silver. Without silver, the imperial court cannot regulate the flow of goods in the Ming Dynasty. The reduction in the inflow of silver in the Ming Dynasty will inevitably lead to an increase in anti-tax sentiments. It is indeed a big deal and the key to the New Deal.
Yin Zhengmao looked at the east and said: "They are already here. They have arrived at Cebu Island now, and their vanguard has arrived near Boracay Island. Our department is planning to send envoys to communicate, whether they want war or peace, please do as you please."
Chen Lin asked doubtfully: "Who wants to go?"
"Deng Zilong and his concubine, the red-haired fan Luo Lian." When Yin Zhengmao mentioned these two names, his face looked complicated. He might as well just kill the red-haired fan named Luo Lian and serve Deng Zilong well. Became more unrestrained.
Chen Lin asked curiously: "What makes the department so embarrassed?"
"Nothing." Yin Zhengmao shook his head.
If you look at the public and private matters separately, from a private point of view, Deng Zilong and Luo Li'an's hanging out is at best immoral. From a public point of view, Luo Lian's translation of many European and Western books for the Ming Dynasty, such as arithmetic, European and Western boating methods, etc. It was of great benefit, especially in supervising the construction of the three-masted plywood giant ship, Luo Lian provided huge help.
So, it's just immoral, just let the two of them work together.
Deng Zilong asked Chen Lin about the operation method of a hydrofoil sailboat. The operation of this kind of boat requires weight and a lot of strength, and the extremely bumpy boat requires stable footwall strength, which Deng Zilong is not lacking.
Soon Deng Zilong was able to operate Chen Lin's car and fly happily on the sea. Deng Zilong fit well with the hydrofoil sailboat, and Deng Zilong was full of adventurous spirit.
On June 27, Deng Zilong took Luo Lian out to sea and headed to Boracay Island, preparing to have a good talk with the fleet of large sailing ships.
"Can you put on your pants?" Deng Zilong adjusted the hydrofoil sailboat. The speed was not very fast. The boat was bouncing on the water. What Luo Lian did was indeed immoral.
There were only two people on the boat. Luo Lian didn't even wear pants at all. She was wearing a linen gown that just covered her buttocks. The mysterious area was looming, and her wheat-colored skin glowed like tung oil under the sea water and sunlight.
Luo Lian crossed her long legs on the boat, kept rubbing her toes on Deng Zilong's legs, and said with a smile: "Sly man, you like me very much, of course in private, I am a devout believer, extremely Conservative nun, you turned me into this, my devil."
Deng Zilong looked at the water, checked Feng Wan, then stared at the compass, kicked Luo Lian's troublesome feet away, shook his head and said, "After you take a bath, you become completely different from before."
Luo Lian stared and said in great surprise: "Then what do you like, before or now? Wow, is it before? Your taste is so unique. Do you like the smell of strong body odor mixed with alcoholic essence? I don't like it either. , if you like me before, there is no way for me to change back to my original appearance."
Deng Zilong remembered Luo Lian's appearance before, trembled violently, and said with disgust: "Can you not mention the previous time? It's actually hard for me to understand that the Folangji people can travel far across the ocean. You are really like what you said. In that way, you can dominate the whole of Europe without any rival, defeat the big cannibals one after another and rebuild the kingdom, defeat the French five times, and the damn English hate you so much that you are grinding your teeth but there is nothing you can do."
"But why do you insist on not bathing?"
Luo Lian shook her reddish-brown hair, raised her head and gave an inviting smile and said, "I knew you didn't like it. When you were in Manila asking for information, you looked at me with disgust."
"This question of yours is a little complicated. We need a long time to talk about it. My Mr. Mighty, have you ever considered lowering the sails and let's have a good talk?"
"Just talking?" Deng Zilong began to put down the sails. He was very curious about this question, and it also involved the results of his mission. It was just like fighting a war. He didn't know the opponent at all. He didn't know how to defeat him. Win?
Deng Zilong knew Luo Lian very well. If he wanted Luo Lian to talk, he needed to feed her mouth first, both up and down.
"If there was a spring water, drinking it would lead to immortality, what would you Orientals do?" Luo Lian, who was full of wine and food, lay lazily and charmingly on the deck, straightened her feet, and let the sun shine on her feet. On the top, there are various shadows changing slightly mischievously.
Deng Zilong thought for a moment and said, "Of course, drink it."
Luo Lian said slightly absent-mindedly: "If it is us, the Spaniards, we must destroy it. Only God can give eternal life, not this heretical spring that gives life eternity. Therefore, destroying it, the fountain of youth, is our only choice." The stupid thing that can and must be done.”
"Isn't that stupid?"
Deng Zilong carefully tasted Luo Li'an's words. Sister Luo Li'an's words were thought-provoking, but regarding the fountain of youth as the eternal method of the ancestral king, it was quite different but had the same purpose.
He smiled and said: "It's not stupid. Just like the Confucian scholars of our Ming Dynasty who always clamored for the third generation of Fa, the soldiers won the battle and needed to defile themselves in order to protect themselves. We are also facing such a dilemma, or To put it more simply, shackles, layer upon layer of shackles.”
"The indestructible shackles bind all the people in the world to move forward with difficulty."
Zhu Yijun prefers to call this kind of thing the ideological stamp, or ideological imprisonment and restraint. Of course, Deng Zilong's description of it as a shackle is also very appropriate.
"Confucian scholar, are your Confucian scholars clergy?" Luo Li'an frowned slightly, trying to understand the various phenomena of the Ming Dynasty with her knowledge. The great empire of the Ming Dynasty also had its dark side, and it was dark. This side has blocked the light of most of the empire.
Yuan Fu and the emperor in their mouths are doing their best to bring light back to the land of the Ming Dynasty.
Deng Zilong thought for a while and said firmly: "It can be understood that way."
"Do your scholars and teachers evade taxes the same way?" Luo Lian blinked and asked with a smile.
Deng Zilong said sincerely: "Steal."
"He deserves the same death as the teaching staff." Luo Lian then asked: "Are your Confucian scholars also of good conduct, compassionate in front of others, and beasts behind others? On the surface, they seem to be the embodiment of morality, but in private, they are capable of all kinds of evil things. Do it?”
"Yes." Deng Zilong thought for a while and nodded. "The newspaper sent by Mr. Chen recorded one thing. The Lu family in Shaanzhou, Henan Prefecture, took advantage of the locust plague to occupy acres of land, causing suffering to the people. As a result, they were sent to Beijing. Zuo Shenzheng, who was in charge of the job, filed a complaint. They committed all kinds of evils, they did all the evil things they could think of and all the evil things they couldn't think of."
"There was an old man who drove a donkey cart to Hanzhong to sell goods. The donkey in the cart pulled dung to the courtyard wall of the Lu family's house. The Lu family's servants refused to tolerate it, so the old man had no choice but to eat the donkey dung."
"What happened next?" Luo Lian asked after a moment of silence.
Hearing this, Deng Zilong said with a smile on his face: "My Majesty was thrown into the Jiecui Courtyard. Your Majesty wants to know whether the head of the Lu family and those servants are so cruel that they can do such a thing."
Luo Lian sighed and said: "Look, you Ming Dynasties can still imagine that the emperor will solve these dirty things, but we Spaniards can't."
"Our king, Philip II Felipe II, created an invincible fleet and established the world's first empire on which the sun never sets. The brilliance of the sun always shines on our Spanish land. What a great achievement, but His wife, who could have lived if she had been cleaned, died in agony.”
"We can't do without religion, just like fish can't do without water, even though we all know that it should be abandoned because we can't do it."
Deng Zilong looked at Luo Li'an and said helplessly: "It's normal for you to be proud of your country. I also think that my Ming Dynasty is invincible, and our Ming Dynasty has indeed been invincible. But when you are proud, can you not stand up your chest? ?”
Luo Lian said with a smile on her face: "Don't you like them the most?"
"Can you Ming Dynasty leave the Confucian scholars? Or the religion disguised as a school created by the Confucian scholars."
"It's difficult. I can't do it. It should be possible if His Majesty and Yuan Fu come. In fact, in the early days of the Ming Dynasty, our Ming Dynasty did not have this kind of trouble. Confucian scholars could not do this." Deng Zilong shook his head and said.
Luo Lian looked at the blue sky, seabirds flying in the sky, and sea fish leaping out of the water, splashing crystal clear water. That was what she wanted, called freedom.
She sighed and said: "So you want to break free of the shackles, and there is still hope to break free of the shackles, and our king also wants to break free of the shackles that bind himself and the kingdom, just like I want to take a bath, with a strong desire. "
"I'm such a beautiful woman, but lice are crawling around on my head all day long. It's so disgusting. I'm sorry, I won't talk about it anymore."
Deng Zilong thought for a while and asked: "You can take a bath now. You are indeed extremely beautiful. Is it difficult to break free from the shackles?"
Luo Lian nodded and said: "Of course it is difficult. I have to be a prisoner to take a bath freely. My master requires me to take a bath, so I must take a bath."
"It seems that I was fooled. You were deliberately made a prisoner." Deng Zilong said with a smile.
Luo Lian continued: "It's the same difficulty as you trying to get rid of the Confucian scholars. The clergy or religion has penetrated into the bones and blood of the empire. If you want to kill them, the empire will die. One day, the great sun never sets. The empire will be shrouded in darkness and return to its original position."
"More than a thousand years ago, the cannibals you call green-clad cannibals and we call them Berbers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, entered the territory of the West, and occupied Andalou, which is nourished by the Guadalquivir River. In West Asia, this is the most fertile land in Spain.”
"The resistance continued until the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon formed a coalition. More than a hundred years ago, we drove away the Green Era. Eighty-three years ago, we defeated the Green Era. The last important town of Granada was the restoration of the country and the end of the conquest."
"Castile is a vast, barren plateau where sheep can only graze."
"And the northeast is the Catalonia region, a plain washed by the Ebro River. This is the land acquired through marriage."
"Andalusia is still an autonomous state, Castile is a barren plateau, and Catalonia is the richest autonomous state."
"Do you hear anything wrong?"
Deng Zilong thought carefully and said: "It is scattered, just like the sail of this sailboat. It needs a mast to connect it together."
Luo Lian said helplessly: "Look, you, a stranger, can hear the key issues after hearing my narrative."
"Yes, scattered, so we cannot get rid of the shackles of religion, because it is not only a shackles, but also the bond that unites us. Without religion, we are just a piece of scattered sand, so we do not take a bath because the doctrine does not allow us to do so."
"In fact, we have been trying to replace this link that connects all our scattered territories. Silver is the link we found, but gold and silver do not come without any price. Silver once brought us together closely for a short time, and then silver became It became a nightmare.”
"We in Spain have a total of five million people, but we have more than 200,000 clergy. They have a lot of wealth. They refuse to pay taxes because of their religion. However, the large influx of silver has caused the price of goods to follow the silver The increase turned into a man-eating demon, and the king needed to maintain huge war expenditures so that the invincible fleet could sail across the Mediterranean, which depleted all the king’s savings.”
"A vicious cycle has begun. If the king needs to ask the clergy for money, he needs to compromise. These clergy know their role and will not pay taxes, so they need more compromises in exchange for taxes."
"You may not be able to understand the vast territory and huge population of Ming Dynasty. No matter how much gold and silver pours in, your Ming Dynasty can greedily swallow it, and no matter how much it eats, it is still so hungry."
Deng Zilong smiled and said: "I can understand, it is not difficult."
The problems encountered by Fo Langji and the Ming Dynasty are almost the same, that is, the country's financial losses are huge, the court is poor and begging for food, and the powerful people are extremely rich. However, the violence of the Ming Dynasty is still in the hands of the court, but Fo Langji is still in the hands of the court. Langji's violence has been in the hands of religion.
To put it more simply, Felipe II of France wanted to rebel.
When Luo Lian said this, she said in a very low mood: "At the Greek Academy in Florence, people talk about the civilization and culture of Rome every day, which gave birth to the most popular activity in the West, which is the Grand Tour, or study tour. Nobles, elites, and scholars from all over the West, including Northern Italy, France, Germany, England, and even Tsarist Russia, visited each other, visited, traveled, communicated, exchanged, and discussed mathematics and art."
"Only without us, the Kingdom of Spain."
Luo Lian is a very knowledgeable daughter. Her aristocratic education since she was a child has made her full of desire to travel. She would like to travel to other places to study, but the big travel activities that spread throughout the West do not include Spain, so she can only go out by boat. , looking for a place to study. Along the way, all she saw were children of nature who didn't even wear clothes.
"Then he was captured by the mighty general from the east, both mentally and physically." Luo Lian said with a smile.
Luo Lian became Deng Zilong's prisoner, but gained the freedom she longed for. Logically speaking, being a captive is a forced personal dependence relationship, and Luo Lian lost the greatest freedom. But in fact, Deng Zilong regarded her more as a concubine, so When it's good, it's like glue, but when it's not good, just shoot it twice and it will break up.
So Lorian gained her freedom through being a prisoner.
"We're here." Deng Zilong said with a smile, looking at Boracay Island not far away.
Chen Lin's question has a clear answer. It is impossible for the Folangji people to give up sea trade, so the big ship must arrive at the port as scheduled.
Philip II of the Kingdom of Spain (Felipe II) famously said: I would rather abdicate than rule a pagan. The problems of the Ming Dynasty and Spain are actually so similar. Please give me a monthly ticket, wow! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
(End of chapter)
