Cultivating medical talents, conducting research on medical theories, and increasing efforts to develop new drugs do not require Luo Zhixue to handle this personally.
As the emperor of the Chu Empire and the founding emperor who kept his word, Luo Zhixue had a large number of affairs to deal with on a daily basis, and the matters that he needed to handle personally were often related to the rise and fall of the country and the stability of the people's livelihood.
This also destined Luo Zhixue to set the tone and give direction more often when dealing with affairs, while the specific matters were handled by his subordinate civil and military officials.
Medical affairs fall under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Rites and Education, so this matter is mainly supervised by Feng Bingxuan, the Minister of Rites and Education. However, even Feng Bingxuan, the Minister of Rites and Education, is an important minister of the empire and one of the counselors of the Chu Empire. Naturally, the counselors in charge of many affairs are not He may be personally responsible for these specific matters, so he only supervises the medical development affairs and hands them over, and then the relevant officials of the Department of Education and the Department of Medical and Health will be responsible for them.
The people in the Education Department worked relatively quickly and quickly finalized a specific medical education development plan. They referred to the opinions of a group of domestic scientists in the medical field and even chemistry.
It was decided to add pathology, pharmacy and other basic disciplines to several important colleges and universities, and use them as study subjects in medical and health departments together with other clinical medicine disciplines.
At the same time, we will expand the training of medical talents and plan to further increase the number of universities that will establish medical schools, mainly by adding medical departments to three-year colleges and universities to train more medical practitioners.
As for four-year undergraduate universities, currently every four-year undergraduate university actually has a medical school, but the scale varies.
However, there are actually very few four-year undergraduate universities in the Chu Empire... only more than 20 of them. Moreover, the four-year undergraduate universities in the Chu Empire these days have extremely strict enrollment and a very small number of students. , as powerful as the Royal Institute of Technology, enrolling only more than 800 students each year, and this is already the university with the largest enrollment in the Chu Empire.
Therefore, the easiest way to expand the number of advanced medical talents is to add medical schools to those colleges and universities.
Not to mention four-year universities, there are actually not many three-year colleges and universities. There are only more than sixty in total so far.
The three-year colleges in the Chu Empire were basically established based on population. If the economy was good, a few more would be established in provinces with a relatively large population, one would be established in those with an average population, and one would be shared in provinces with a small population. Place……
Four-year universities are generally established in places with relatively developed industrial and commercial economies.
Generally speaking, the colleges and universities in the Chu Empire have a certain inclusive nature, allowing students to enroll nearby.
Four-year universities, on the other hand, are used to cultivate top talents, and more consideration is given to running the school itself and research.
Therefore, for three-year junior colleges, except for a few remote provinces with small populations, other provinces will have one, and many provinces will have several.
Four-year universities, on the other hand, are all rooted in big cities and are more concentrated. It does not mean that there are four-year universities in every province.
For example, Jinling City in Yingtianfu has six four-year undergraduate universities, namely Royal Institute of Technology, Imperial College, Jinling Institute of Technology, Yingtian University, and Royal Medical College.
In addition, the economic powerhouse of Jiangnan Province is also a gathering place for undergraduate schools. Suzhou, the provincial capital of Jiangnan Province, has Jiangnan University and Suzhou University of Science and Technology. There is also Songjiang University of Science and Technology in Shanghai County, Songjiang Prefecture next door.
If we add Wuhu University and Dangtu University of Science and Technology in Wuhu in Anlu Province next door, Zhejiang University and Hangzhou University of Science and Technology in Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
Then there are a total of thirteen schools in the Pan-Jiangnan region, accounting for half of the four-year universities.
Most of the rest are distributed in the three cities of Guangzhou, Tianjin and Hantian.
Finally, there is Chunan University in Changsha, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology in Nanchang, and Shaanxi-Gansu University in Xi'an.
And then...gone...
Many provincial cities do not have four-year universities.
Relatively speaking, three-year junior colleges are relatively common. Except for remote provinces with small populations, there are basically at least one and as many as three or four in each province.
There are also large and small schools, with small schools enrolling no more than a hundred students each year, and large schools enrolling hundreds of students.
At the same time, these colleges and universities were basically normal schools in the early days, and they were used to quickly train government school teachers. Later, with the development of the times, the subjects of these colleges and universities began to increase, and the teaching content gradually deepened, so many capable teachers Colleges and universities are still quite powerful.
Therefore, the colleges and universities in the Great Chu Empire are different from the junior colleges of later generations, and they are also different from the two-year community colleges in the European and American systems... Strictly speaking, the colleges and universities in the Great Chu Empire only shortened the academic system. University.
At present, the Ministry of Ethics and Education is also preparing to upgrade some well-run three-year colleges and universities and convert them into undergraduate colleges. Finally, all existing colleges and universities will be upgraded to four-year undergraduate colleges. .
As for vocational education, that is not the task of colleges and universities.
The junior colleges in the Dachu Empire were not originally designed to cultivate so-called professional and skilled talents... This thing was a typical emergency product from the beginning... In the early days, funds were tight, teachers were tight, and the empire urgently needed a large number of accomplished students. College students, but also for the benefit of all.
How to train as many college students as possible with limited manpower and material resources?
The plan given by the Ministry of Ethical Education of the Dachu Empire is to shorten the academic system...change the four-year academic system of the university to a three-year academic system!
That’s why three-year junior colleges were established.
However, the length of study is one year shorter than that of an undergraduate degree, the study time is relatively tight, and overall the teachers and students are slightly less capable.
But it definitely has nothing to do with vocational education...
As for why these college students are not allowed to receive vocational education.
This involves a social reality issue... To apply for junior college in the Da Chu Empire, you need a high school diploma... And the students who can go to high school these days are actually not ordinary people, or they have money and can afford to pay high fees. Tuition fees, or scholarships for outstanding talents.
Even the students who finally went to college are still among a small group of top talents in the Chu Empire, and are the main source of talent for mid- to high-level officials, mid-to-senior engineers, researchers, and mid-to-senior corporate managers.
It is a waste of talent if you ask them to finish high school and then go to college to learn accounting and work as a bookkeeper, or learn to work as a fitter.
The schools in the Da Chu Empire that cultivate general technical talents are the real vocational education in the vocational colleges in various places in the Da Chu Empire.
That is to say, schools similar to later technical secondary schools. These schools are not ordinary schools, but real places for cultivating skills. They carry out vocational skills education rather than general education.
Students are usually recruited from junior high school students and then learn various professional skills. If you study mechanical maintenance, you will learn to repair machines; if you study nursing or pharmacy, you will learn how to take care of patients or dispense medicine; if you study accounting, you will learn to do accounting.
The duration of schooling is usually two years, with one year of theoretical study and one year of internship as an apprentice. The core goal of education is to focus on learning a certain skill.
This kind of vocational college solves the needs of a large number of middle and low-level technical talents that are urgently needed in the society. It also provides a way for some junior high school students with ordinary family conditions and low talents to learn a livelihood skill after graduation. Chance.
A considerable number of lower-level officials, lower-level and even middle-level managers of enterprises in the Da Chu Empire came from this kind of vocational school, which is often referred to as a technical secondary school degree.
According to the current education system of the Dachu Empire, four-year undergraduate universities cultivate top talents and are the fundamental core of the higher education system of the Dachu Empire.
Three-year colleges are designed to cultivate talents who can become adults quickly. However, they are currently gradually transitioning to four-year universities. In time, the three-year colleges may disappear in the Chu Empire.
High school... This is actually a preparatory course for college/college. If you don't go to college, it is of no practical use if you go to high school. It is not as practical as a vocational school.
Vocational schools, schools that specialize in cultivating skills, provide society with a large number of mid-level talents.
Junior high school is a school system that transitions from basic education to secondary and higher education. Those who are successful in their studies can be transferred to high schools or vocational schools.
Needless to say, high school and junior high school are basic education, an important basic education institution that improves the literacy rate of society. It is also the only school institution that the Chu Empire vigorously promotes, and they can't wait to build more and better school institutions.
By the way, the officials in the Dachu Empire were particularly concerned about running primary schools... and they also worked hard to reduce the cost of running schools, reduce the burden on students, and strive to make primary schools affordable for more people.
Because people who graduated from primary school were the main source of low-level technicians, ordinary workers, and soldiers in the Chu Empire.
But for schools after junior high school, they basically follow the market. In some places where private demand is high and the economic conditions are better, they will open more schools and recruit more students. If there is no demand, they will open one less school and recruit fewer students...
Moreover, tuition fees starting from junior high school are very expensive. If an ordinary middle-class family wants to send their children to junior high school for three years, plus one year of vocational education, the investment is quite large, and they need to grit their teeth to support it.
As for high school? That has never been an option for ordinary students from ordinary families!
Let’s not talk about whether you can pass the exam. If you pass the exam, you won’t get a scholarship. Without a scholarship, you won’t be able to pay the tuition!
Starting in high school, it was a special event for gifted or wealthy children.
Geniuses can get scholarships, and wealthy children can afford tuition!
To a certain extent, in the education system of the Dachu Empire, the primary school level was officially funded, which was a universal education.
Starting from junior high school, especially high school and college, wealthy students provide money to support a group of talented students, and official funds are not invested much.
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Based on the current education system, the Education Department of the Dachu Empire plans to gradually launch medical majors in some powerful colleges and universities in order to cultivate more medical professionals.
As for the Department of Medical Health, it is preparing to establish a pathology institute together with several medical schools and hospitals.
At the same time, it is planned to establish a comprehensive large-scale pharmaceutical laboratory with several currently government-run pharmaceutical factories.
The Institute of Pathology specializes in pathological theoretical research and launches an impact on the most cutting-edge medical theories.
The pharmaceutical laboratory studies various drugs, such as antibiotic research projects, which will be carried out in this professional large-scale pharmaceutical laboratory.
At the same time, in order to encourage private enterprises to increase the research and development of drugs and medical devices, we will further improve the patent system for drugs and medical devices with the Patent Office to effectively protect the interests of research institutions.
In the Chu Empire, the patent system was very important, and it was also an important measure that continuously stimulated private and even official capital to invest in various researches.
Because once R&D is successful and a good patent is obtained, it means a lot of profits.
This is profitable, and you can allow companies to continuously invest funds in various research and development.
If it is unprofitable, who would engage in R&D?
Other companies spend a lot of money and it takes many years to get an invention patent. When it is put into the market to make money, it is copied and competed with by others within a few days. In the long run, who will be willing to engage in research and development?
In order to encourage research and the continued advancement of technology, a necessary patent system is indispensable.
Of course, the existence of the patent system will also cause some problems. For example, if you hold the patent, the product will be very expensive to sell. Or, for example, the holders of different patents will not cooperate with each other in licensing patents due to interest issues. As a result, it is clear that the technology has reached the standard, but it is unable to produce better products.
The most typical one is the steam engine industry!
Because of the existence of the patent system, the three major steam engine manufacturers have successively built a large number of patent barriers to prevent latecomers from entering. At the same time, because they each hold some important patents, they authorize each other.
Tianjin Machinery Company's multi-expansion technology is unique in the world, but so far only Tianjin Machinery Company can use multi-expansion technology... because they have an exclusive patent for this thing, and the patent barriers are very strict. The other two major manufacturers It took a lot of time to make breakthroughs in research and development, but so far, they still can't get around their patent restrictions.
Guangzhou Machinery Company, they have a very unique water tube boiler technology, which can use less combustion to burn a higher pressure steam engine, making it more powerful. However, this technology is only used by itself. Although the other two companies have also imitated it, Because of the need to bypass patents, other less familiar water tube boiler implementation solutions can only be adopted, and the results are not as good as those of Guangzhou Machinery Company.
Dangtu Machinery Company's ultra-high-pressure steam engines are very good. They have very deep pressure-resistant technology on cylinders and connecting pipes, and they have built a lot of patent barriers.
The core patents of these three major steam engine manufacturers are used by themselves and will not be licensed to competitors at all.
This leads to the fact that if the technologies of these three major steam engine manufacturers are integrated, an ultra-high-pressure multi-expansion steam engine can be produced, and when paired with a water tube boiler, the performance of this steam engine can immediately soar.
But it just doesn't work... So far, these three major steam engine manufacturers are still producing steam engines with different focuses.
The designers of the Naval Ship Administration Department were very dissatisfied with this, especially after they privately used sub-components from the three major steam engine manufacturers to fuse them together to build a test prototype with explosive performance. The product is very unpleasant.
What do you mean, among the three major steam engine manufacturers, one is missing a leg, another is missing a hand, and the other is hemiplegic!
They are all fucking disabled!
The Navy wants steam engines with better performance, and has coordinated many times to allow the three major steam engine manufacturers to cross-license their patents, and then produce new steam engines that incorporate the technical advantages of each company.
But the three major steam engine manufacturers have ignored the navy... If your navy can come over and let us use their patents, it would be a good feeling, we would definitely welcome it, and the licensing fee would be easy to negotiate...
What, you said you want my patent to be exchanged, go away, that is a trump card that our company has spent countless manpower and material resources on, and it took many years to come up with it, just give it away if you say it, it’s just a dream.
In the final analysis, they want other people's things, but they don't want to give away their own.
It's that simple.
And each of them is very ambitious. They are trying hard to bypass the patent restrictions of the other two competitors, and then turn other people's things into their own. In the end, they will sweep the whole field and directly defeat all other competitors. Get down.
To a certain extent, this can be considered one of the drawbacks of the patent system, which is that it hinders the circulation of technology.
However, overall, the advantages of the patent system far outweigh the disadvantages. Luo Zhixue has always firmly supported the implementation of the patent system, even if it temporarily hinders the circulation of technology, it is acceptable.
Even Luo Zhixue did not interfere in the competition between the three major steam engine manufacturers... In fact, these three major steam engine manufacturers are all government-owned enterprises directly under the Ministry of Industry. If the superiors want to let them cross patents, they only need three administrative orders.
But the central officials of the empire, especially the senior officials of the Ministry of Industry, ignored him.
This is a war between the three major steam engine manufacturers. People in the administrative system should not get involved... Not only will the low-level government-run enterprises that take over too much control not be grateful to you, they will also scold you and complain about you... and create a very serious situation. Bad follow-up effects.
Conflicts over steam engine patents can be resolved through administrative orders, forcing them to mutually license each other.
What about patent conflicts in other industries? What about market competition? Is it also possible through administrative intervention?
And can you ensure that this kind of interference is correct?
Direct administrative interference in the business activities of enterprises can easily lead to power rent-seeking, corruption, geopolitical conflicts and other messy things.
Therefore, the Ministry of Industry has always ignored the competition among its subordinate government-run enterprises.
Even if some government-run enterprises are not well run, the Ministry of Industry will not control them too much. They will go bankrupt if they should go bankrupt and sell the business if they should be sold.
The bankruptcy of Wuhu Machine Tool Company that year is the most typical example.
Can’t the Ministry of Industry save this company? This is naturally impossible... The resources held by the Ministry of Industry cannot save even one Wuhu Machine Tool Company, even ten or a hundred Wuhu Machine Tool Companies.
But the Ministry of Industry did not rescue it, but allowed it to go bankrupt and reorganized, and was eventually packaged and sold.
It’s because of the non-interference principle of the Ministry of Industry!
The administrative matters belong to the administration, and the market matters belong to the market!
Of course... this is only limited to some non-people's livelihood enterprises. If it is some enterprises related to people's livelihood, such as water services, public carriages and other basic livelihood industries in the city, then the Ministry of Industry or a local industrial department, industry department and other official agencies will intervene. .
