one
When I was a child, whether it was listening to "The Complete Biography of Yue Shuo" by Drum Calligraphy Artist, or listening to the teacher's lecture on the history of the Song Dynasty in class. The names of some "enemies", such as Wanyan Aguda, Wu Qimai, Jin Wushu, Wanyan Liang, etc., all arouse strong national hatred in my heart; while others, such as Yue Fei, Li Gang, Zongze, Han Shizhong, etc. Wait, he has become a national hero that we deeply admire. Once this concept is formed, it directly affects our grasp of history. After reaching middle age and getting more involved in the world, I have intellectually realized that the history of China is not only the history of the Han people, but also the history of the Huns, Khitans, Mongols, Jurchens, Tibetans and numerous ethnic minorities. history. At the same time, I also realized that the heroes and demons living in legends or books can only be moral judgments and should not become definitions in history. People who create history are not necessarily moral saints, let alone elegant gentlemen. Although I understand the principles, emotionally, or subconsciously, I still have a strong sense of superiority of the Han people. This self-admiring mentality did not completely change until three years ago.
In August 2003, at the invitation of the People's Government of Acheng City, I went there to participate in the "Pen Conference to Commemorate the 888th Anniversary of the Founding of the Kingdom of Jin". This was the first time I visited the land surrounded by white mountains and black waters. Before, I didn’t know much about Acheng, a suburb of Harbin. This small city has almost no characteristics in terms of scenery, food, architecture and folk customs. From a tourist's perspective, there is neither a commercial carnival nor a landscape feast, so it is unlikely to be the first choice, let alone a mass tourism destination. But for me, Acheng is a must-visit place. There is only one reason: this is the birthplace of the Kingdom of Jin. The aforementioned Wanyan Aguda, Wu Qimai, Jin Wushu, Wanyan Liang and others were all born in this land. Here they created and developed the Great Jin Kingdom. Such a small land actually became the political center of northern China more than 800 years ago. Therefore, we have no reason to underestimate it.
I remember that in the autumn of two years ago, on a dusk with the sudden autumn wind, accompanied by people from the invitation party, I came to the ruins of the Imperial City of Huining Mansion for a walk. The sun was about to set, the forest birds were chirping, and the increasingly hazy scenery had a catalytic effect on my nostalgia for ancient times. I picked up a broken tile among the weeds, rubbed it, and said four sentences:
For now, recognize the glory from the rubble,
China is full of vicissitudes of life again.
The iron horse and gold have been exhausted,
But I saw the faint crow carrying the setting sun.
Yes, the iron war has become a thing of the past. From the sentimental perspective, I only see the desolation filled with weeds. Because of this, I have a strong interest in the rise and fall of these ruins.
two
On the first day of the first lunar month in 1115 AD, in Bianjing, the capital of the Song Dynasty Empire - today's Kaifeng City, Henan Province, there was a festive atmosphere everywhere as in the past century and a half. The Spring Festival couplets on the doors of thousands of households are filled with blessings such as "the sky will increase the years and people will live longer" or wishes such as "the wealth will reach Sanjiang". Whether it is the dancing pavilion and singing studio with melodious silk pipes, or the brothel tavern with noisy laughter, the people of the Song Dynasty are intoxicated everywhere. The enjoyment of all senses and the catharsis of all emotions made Bianjing the most luxurious banquet place and the most beautiful carnival in the world at the beginning of the 12th century. And the creator of this carnival, the eighth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Ji, was probably still hungover at that moment, lying on the dragon bed under the heavy embroidered curtains, cuddling with the fragrance, which seemed like he was carrying out his erotic dream to the end. Even if he wakes up, he only transforms the new day into poetry, painting, calligraphy and music. Emperor Huizong's lifelong efforts were to transform the Song Dynasty he ruled into a country that worshiped art, and let his people live in a game of fictitious prosperity and novelty. Therefore, on the first day of the Lunar New Year of this year, if a European comes to China, he will definitely think that God is a Chinese, because he is too partial to the wealthy nobles living in Bianjing.
But on the same day, on a plain at the foot of Zhang Guangcai Mountains, more than 3,000 kilometers away from Bianjing, which is the Acheng mentioned above, what we saw was a different scene, chilling, vast, and full of deep accumulations. Snow and thick ice. Early in the morning, thousands of Jurchens rode their horses out of the valleys blocked by snowstorms or the Ash River that was frozen by severe ice. The leaders of these different tribes represented hundreds of thousands of Jurchens. An earthen village by the Ash River - there were a few decent adobe houses, and their idol Wanyan Aguda lived in them.
When it comes to Wanyan Aguda, I have to say a few more words. This was the first hero to write the history of the Jurchens in the name of the country rather than in the name of tribes and ethnic groups. The Jurchens have lived for generations in the Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Wusuli River basins and the Changbai Mountains that stretch thousands of miles. In the Yu and Shun era of more than 2,000 BC, the Jurchens used hunting arrows and stone axes to carve out a living space on this land. and establish contact with the Central Plains region. Different dynasties have different names for the Jurchens. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, they were called Sushen; during the Three Kingdoms period, they were called Yilou; during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, they were called Wuji; and during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they were called Mohe.
Since then, there have been seven tribes in Mohe. For more than 300 years between the seventh and tenth centuries AD, these tribes have been in the process of annexation by powerful powers and changes in political power. The Sumo tribe of Mohe once founded the Bohai Kingdom, which was later incorporated into the territory of the more powerful Liao Kingdom. The Khitans and Jurchens are both nomadic peoples, and both are good at writing soul-stirring epics on horseback with spears. After the Khitans established the Liao regime, they have always been highly wary of the Jurchens. Only a rose can understand another rose. The Khitan people who captured the Yanyun Sixteenth Prefecture in North China and the entire northeastern region on horseback certainly knew that the Jurchens were fully capable of "treating others in their own way." Therefore, They forced the Jurchens to make two large-scale migrations from northeast to southwest. Let the Jurchens leave the mountains and forests, get off their horses, and redefine their lives on the Liaohe Plain with weapons instead of swords and guns. It should be said that this migration has indeed achieved a differentiation effect. Decades later, the Jurchens who stayed and the Jurchens who moved away became different. The so-called Jurchens refer to the indigenous people in the white mountains and black waters who have preserved their own ethnic customs, while the mature women refer to the Jurchens who have been influenced by the two advanced cultures of the Liao and Song Dynasties and migrated to the south of Liaoyang.
In China at that time, two competing regimes, the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty, existed in parallel. They each have their own definitions of the Jurchen ethnic group. But the Jurchens did not accept the administrative distinctions made by foreign nations. According to their surnames, they divided themselves into Wanyan tribe, Wendu tribe, Niaogulun tribe, Heshilie tribe, Pucha tribe, Yishan tribe, Wulinda tribe, Jiagu tribe, etc. The Jurchens regard tribes as clans, and each clan develops in its own area. When clans are combined with regions, new tribes will be divided, such as the Wanyan clan, which will eventually develop into twelve tribes, including the Taishente Baoshui Wanyan tribe, the Majijia Qibaocun Wanyan tribe, and the Yeta Lanshui Wanyan tribe. The tribe where Wanyan Aguda belongs is called the Yanchu Hushui Wanyan tribe. "History of the Jin Dynasty" records that this tribe first lived in a place called "Guli". According to relevant expert research, the general scope of this Guli is on the west bank of the lower reaches of Mudanjiang in today's Heilongjiang, south of Madatun, Ning'an North of the city. In the middle of the Liao Dynasty, they moved to the Jinchhu River Basin in Acheng City, Heilongjiang Province. "Press out" means "gold" in Jurchen language, and "tiger" means "river" in Jurchen language. Press out the tiger water is the Jinshui River, and this golden water river is today's Ashe River. More than 800 years ago, This river is rich in alluvial gold.
Although the birth of girls really retained the characteristics of their own nation, they had to accept the rule of the Liao Dynasty. After nearly a hundred years of changes, the Yelu family, the rulers of the Liao Dynasty, not only relaxed their vigilance against the Jurchens, but also relied on the ruler's sense of superiority to plunder and enslave these border people. It aroused really strong hatred for having a daughter. Although all religions inspire humanity's kindness and love, the opportunity to change history is often hatred. During the long years of confrontation with the Liao Dynasty, the leader of the Wanyan tribe gradually determined his leadership position among the Jurchens. The ancestors of Wanyan Aguda united the chiefs of various Jurchen tribes to resist the rulers of the Liao Dynasty. But the person who really dared to take large-scale military operations to attack the heart of the Liao Dynasty and achieve strategic victory was Wanyan Aguda.
The first day of the first lunar month in 1115 was the day chosen by Wanyan Aguda personally for the founding of the country. I guess that that morning, when Wanyan Aguda walked out of his "Elager" (meaning room in Chinese) and met thousands of supporters, he must not have been like the Tianzuo Emperor Yelu Yanxi of the Liao Kingdom and the Song Dynasty. Emperor Huizong Zhao Ji did not wear expensive Gonglong robes like that, but wore leather military uniforms. Of course, he did not have a majestic palace or a towering Danbi. However, he has a big flag that rustles in the north wind and a horse with four hooves treading the snow. He announced to the Jurchen warriors who supported him that the Jurchen country was born, and its name was Dajin.
From that moment on, four kingdoms appeared on the vast territory of China: one was the Song Dynasty with its capital in Bianjing, the other was the Liao Dynasty with its capital in the suburbs of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, and the third was the Xixia Kingdom in the northwest. , and there is Dajin, which has its capital in Huining Mansion.
three
Compared with Bianjing and Liaoshangjing, this Jindu, located in Huining Prefecture, is really an ancient place. There are no rows of pavilions or pavilions, no corners, no brocade curtains and beautiful flowers. Therefore, although Wanyan Aguda established the Jin Kingdom, in the eyes of the Liao and Song Dynasties, he was just a few thieves in a remote area. Yelu Yanxi and Zhao Ji, who have always lived in people's worship, can be said to have made a fatal mistake this time. It was this reckless hero whom they looked down upon, who acted as the gravedigger of these two regimes.
Wanyan Aguda called his regime the Great Jin Kingdom because his tribe lived by the Jinshui River. In the year when the Jin Kingdom was established, Wanyan Aguda, known as Jin Taizu, led the Jurchen cavalry to personally conquer the Liao Dynasty. He only had an army of 20,000 people, and faced the Khitans who were several times his own, he won many battles. In 1123, he died of illness on the way to conquer Liao. It can be said that he "died before leaving the army". His younger brother Wu Qimai succeeded to the throne and was called Taizong of Jin. He continued to conquer the Liao Dynasty. Ten years later, in 1125, the Jurchen army successively occupied Shangjing (now Lindong Town, Balinzuo Banner, Inner Mongolia), Zhongjing (now Daming City, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia), and Tokyo (now Liaoning Province) of the Liao Kingdom. Liaoyang City), Nanjing (today's Beijing City), and Xijing (today's Datong City, Shanxi Province), the Liao regime was basically scattered. The remaining Emperor Zuo of Tianzu fled with his remaining defeated soldiers to the desert area east of Wuyuan in present-day Baur League in Inner Mongolia. Even so, the Jurchen army still refused to let him go. Jin General Wanyan Loushi led tens of thousands of troops to surround Emperor Tianzuo who was trudging in the desert, and finally captured him in the valley of Yingxian County, Shanxi Province.
This day is February 20, 1125.
For the Khitan people, this is a day that can never be forgotten. Since the Li and Tang Dynasties, the word Khitan has almost become synonymous with bravery and domination. The Khitan people who grew up on the prairie with "blue sky and vast wilderness" seem to have fire flowing in their veins. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, they showed off their military power in every possible way inside and outside the Great Wall, forcing the young emperor Shi Jingtang of the Northern Jin Dynasty to cede the sixteen states of Yanyun to protect himself. After Zhao Kuangyin founded the country, the sixteen states of Yanyun were never included in the territory of the Song Dynasty. The emperor of the Zhao family established his capital in Bianjing as a last resort. The Great Wall was in the hands of the Khitans, North China was in the hands of the Khitans, and Shanxi, just around the corner, became the main battlefield between the Song and Liao. Although "The Generals of the Yang Family" makes us admire the anti-Liao heroes such as Yang Linggong and She Taijun, in the long confrontation between the Liao and Song Dynasties for more than a hundred years, the Song Dynasty actually lost more than it won. The people of the Song Dynasty called the Liao soldiers "the division of tigers and wolves", which shows the depth of their fear. However, such a nation that specializes in war was defeated miserably at the hands of the Jurchens. Why is this?
Why is this?
I believe future generations who have read this period of history will ask this question. Some people may say that this is the victory of barbarism over civilization. This is the view of cultural superiorists. Objectively speaking, this view has some truth. There is no inevitable connection between strong national power and advanced culture. China's Han culture emphasizes "benevolence" and gentleness. It is difficult to cultivate ambitious warriors with such a cultural outlook. The adventurous spirit of a nation determines its ability to expand. The culture of the Chinese nation, dominated by Han culture, is characterized by emphasizing culture over martial arts, emphasis on pleasure over adventure, emphasis on order over innovation, and emphasis on the present over the future. In peacetime, this cultural flaw is not easy to detect. However, if an emergency occurs, especially a war, this culture will immediately show its fragility. Mao Zedong commented in his immortal poem "Qinyuan Spring·Snow" that "the emperors of Qin and Han were slightly less talented in literature; the ancestors of Tang and Song were slightly less elegant; the genius of the generation, Genghis Khan, only knew how to bend a bow and shoot at big eagles!" Why are these? None of the founders of the country were men of literary talent or coquettishness? Because the first essential quality of a great man who creates history is by no means the turban spirit of singing in the wind and moonlight, but the heroic spirit of "strengthening the mountains and conquering the world".
With such heroism, the Khitans ruled northern China for more than a hundred years. When the rulers of the Liao Kingdom transformed into an elegant people who "valued pleasure over taking risks," their advantages were immediately lost. They can't defeat the Han people in the game of culture, and they can't defeat the Jurchens in the game of valor. What other way out do they have besides perdition?
The problem is that the fate of Yelu Yanxi, Emperor Tianzuo of Liao Dynasty, is also waiting for Zhao Ji, Emperor Huizong of Han Dynasty.
Four
Let’s look at this poem:
The plum blossoms in the palace are pale, the willows on the bank are golden, and the imperial state is celebrating the return of spring. Fengque Duanmen, Pengshan colorfully built Penglai. It's evening in Sinking Cave, the precious carriage has returned, and the platform is full of flowers. In the light smoke, who knows who will bloom the golden lotus and the land.
Wherever you touch it, you can hear singing and singing, and the fragrance and fragrance can be heard, and the carved wheel is faintly thunderous. Thousands of curtains, thousands of beautiful steps are touching each other. The silver toad is as bright as the day, and we are returning together for joy and endurance. The bells are sparse and broken, and I listen to the singing, still in the forbidden street.
Zhao Ji's song "Slow Voice" is filled with luxury, makeup, elegance and, of course, heartbreaking decadence.
There are two poet emperors in Chinese history, one is Li Yu, the late leader of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and the other is Zhao Ji of the Northern Song Dynasty. Both of them are extremely talented, but they are also extremely corrupt and mediocre. The words and chapters they wrote were all very gorgeous, full of literary talent, and showed the luxury of the emperor. But there is not even a few words to care about the people's livelihood and the safety of the country. Let's talk about Zhao Ji. He was the eleventh son of Shenzong. In the first month of the third year of Yuanfu (1100), Zhezong died at the age of 25. Zhao Ji successfully ascended the throne with the favor and support of Shenzong's wife to the Queen Mother. That year, he was 18 years old.
Among the fourteen sons of Shenzong, Zhao Ji is far from outstanding. There are many people who are more qualified and capable of inheriting the throne than him. However, this Zhao Ji was the only one who was deeply loved by the Queen Mother, because he went to the Queen Mother's residence on time every day to pay her respects, and he was extremely humble. Women like to be emotional, let alone an old woman. If this old woman's influence is limited to the family, that's fine. The problem is that this old woman holds the power to choose an emperor for the country. Her decisions directly affect the rise and fall of the country, the safety of the country, and the well-being of the people. , this is too terrible. The prime minister at that time, Zhang Dun, although his reputation was not very good, was a far-sighted man. He opposed Zhao Ji's succession, believing that he "behaves frivolously and cannot rule the world" and proposed two suitable candidates. However, Empress Dowager Xiang refused to adopt Zhang Dun's advice and insisted on letting Zhao Ji inherit the throne. Today, more than nine hundred years later, it seems that the Queen Mother's decision was a big mistake. But what can be done? In the civil and military circles of the Manchu Dynasty, there were many people with great wisdom and many people with true insights. However, in China's feudal dynasties, power was not distributed based on IQ. A dim old woman made such a rash decision on the future and destiny of the country.
The ascension of Huizong Zhao Ji was a watershed in the Zhao and Song regimes. The glory of the Northern Song Dynasty actually ended in the later years of Shenzong's reign. Fierce partisanship had brought the country into decline. After Huizong succeeds to the throne, if he has ambitions for the country, there is still room for progress in state affairs. Because there are still a large number of ambitious and knowledgeable people in the court, as long as they are used well and party strife is eliminated, the national power can still be rapidly improved. Sadly, Zhao Ji doesn’t want to be the “Lord of ZTE” at all. He was as indulgent in pleasure as ever, immersed in pleasure and pleasure. Around him gathered many calligraphers, painters, poets, Taoist priests, Cuju masters and brothel prostitutes. These people stay around all day long, vying to show their skills to attract favors. Therefore, Zhao Ji's calligraphy, painting, and poetry are all superb. Another big hobby of Zhao Ji is prostitution. Although the harem is filled with beauties and mountains of pink and white, this romantic emperor still likes to "eat wild food." In order to facilitate his whoring, he actually instructed the eunuchs to set up a special "Xingxing Bureau" to arrange his whoring matters. At that time, he used to go to have trysts with famous prostitutes in Bianjing City, wearing simple carriages and small hats. Among these prostitutes, the most famous is Li Shishi. His love affair with Master Li has long become a topic of conversation between the government and the public.
I have always believed that the prime minister has no trivial matters and the emperor has no selfish matters. Zhao Ji's frivolousness had a very bad impact on the political arena at that time. Because the emperor's personal behavior set an example for the entire society, Bianjing in the first half of the twelfth century actually became a fame fair, luxury garden, and a place for singing and dancing. Some upright ministers were demoted one after another, while villains represented by Cai Jing, Tong Guan, and Gao Qiu were favored one after another and occupied high positions.
When all the heroes bid farewell, the tragedy of an era begins; when all the villains take the stage, a regime enters its grave.
The twenty years of chaos after Zhengzong Zhao Ji ascended the throne were also the years when the Great Jin Kingdom established by the Wanyan clan was making great efforts to govern and actively expand outwards. Here, life is full of life and glory, but the youth is short-lived; there, there is a fierce battle, and the murderous intent is rising; here, the hero is short-tempered, but the love between his children is long; there, he is watching the sword by burning the lamp and ordering troops on the battlefield. Which one is better or worse is self-evident. It should be said that Wanyan's repeated successes in the war against Liao made Huizong wary. Unfortunately, none of the cronies around him are well-planned and capable national officials. Every time these people make a move, the country becomes passive. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty in 1125, Huizong wanted to balance the two "captive enemies", and his strategy of "using captives to control captives" came to nothing. But he still had a chance that Dajin could demarcate territory with the Northern Song Dynasty like the Liao Dynasty, and he paid a large amount of tribute to Dajin every year in exchange for peace. But after more than ten years of war, Daikin is no longer a "grass bandit" who lives in a corner. The victory over the Liao Dynasty fueled Wanyan's ambition to take over the Central Plains. What he coveted was not only the gold and silver jewelry of the Song Dynasty, but also the sacred territory of the Song Dynasty.
Ten months after capturing Emperor Yelu Yanxi of Liao Tianzuo alive, Jin Taizong Wu Qimai ordered an attack on the Song Dynasty. The Jin soldiers marched towards the Central Plains in two ways; the west route, with Wanyan Zonghan as the commander, led 60,000 troops from Yunzhou to Taiyuan, and forced Luoyang; the east route, with Wanyan Zongwang as the commander, also led 60,000 troops from Pingzhou to Yanshan , reach true concentration. The two armies met at the foot of Luoyang City and then headed straight for Bianjing.
In December 1125, the Eastern and Western Jin soldiers simultaneously launched an attack on the Central Plains ruled by the Northern Song Dynasty.
Let us say that Wanyan Zongwang, the commander-in-chief of the Eastern Route Army, was originally the second son of Wanyan Aguda, Taizu of Jin Dynasty. In hundreds of large and small battles with his father, he never left his father's side and created miracles of defeating more with less on many occasions. It was he who pursued and captured Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Dynasty alive, bringing a perfect end to the demise of the Liao Dynasty. Therefore, he was one of the most important generals in the early years of the Jin Kingdom. This time he made his first expedition to the Central Plains, conquering Tanzhou, breaking Jizhou, entering Yanshan, attacking Baoding, Kezhending, and entering Handan along the way. On the second day of the first lunar month in 1126, when Wanyan Zonghan, commander of the West Route Army, began to besiege Taiyuan, an important town in the western part of the Song Dynasty, Wanyan Zongwang's East Route Army had already crossed the Yellow River and was approaching the city of Bianjing.
Wanyan Zongwang's long-distance attack this time was completely carried out alone, which should be a taboo in the use of troops. At this time, there were about 300,000 troops of King Qin from all walks of life in the Song Dynasty. It stands to reason that they could surround the Jin soldiers and annihilate them all. Sadly, although there were many soldiers in the Song Dynasty, they had not practiced fighting for a long time. They were timid before entering the battle formation. In addition, the rulers of the Song Dynasty had long been frightened by the news and were unable to take the lead and organize effective resistance.
In October 1125, when the Jin Kingdom launched an army to invade the Central Plains, Emperor Huizong Zhao Ji received daily battle reports of the city's loss, and he was always in fear and trembling. At the end of the year, he felt that it was not easy to be emperor, so he issued an edict to pass the throne to his son Zhao Huan (known as Qin Zong in history), and became the supreme emperor himself. 1126 was the first year of Jingkang when Emperor Qinzong ascended the throne. Within a few days, the cavalry of the Kingdom of Jin kicked the new emperor in the heart.
On the third day of the first lunar month of that year, I heard that the Jin soldiers had crossed the Yellow River and Huizong fled the capital overnight. The newly enthroned Qinzong also wanted to escape. He had already mounted his horse in the early morning of that day, but Li Gang, the minister in charge of the battle, rushed over and grabbed the horse's bridle to prevent him from escaping.
Thanks to Li Gang, he organized hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians to defend the capital to the death and launched a fierce battle with Wanyan Zongwang's troops. For several days, rivers of blood flowed inside and outside Bianjing, and both sides suffered heavy casualties. It should be said that the development of the war situation was extremely beneficial to the Song Dynasty. The morale of the soldiers and civilians guarding the city was high, and troops from all walks of life came one after another. If we persist for a few more days, the situation of the war will be reversed, and Wanyan Zongwang's East Route Army can become the "turtle in the urn". However, Qinzong Zhao Heng, who was as weak and incompetent as his father, sent an envoy to Jinying to sue for peace. This played into Wanyan Zongwang's plan. He had already seen that the development of the war would not be good for him. So he agreed to negotiate a peace, but put forward harsh conditions. Before the Lantern Festival, the peace talks had already been agreed: the Song Dynasty would pay tribute to Dajin with 5 million taels of gold and 50 million taels of silver; 10,000 oxen and horses each, and 1 million taels of silk and satin; the three towns of Zhongshan, Taiyuan, and Hejian would be ceded; and the Song Emperor would respect the Jin Emperor. For uncle...
On the ninth day of February, Wanyan Zongwang returned to the court with such a rich booty. The general Li Gang was so angry that he vomited blood and asked Qinzong to let him lead an army of 100,000 to follow the Jin soldiers and wait for an opportunity to annihilate them, but Qinzong refused.
After the Jin soldiers calmly crossed the Yellow River, Huizong returned to Bianjing in his chariot to celebrate with his son Qinzong. The capitulationists who crowded the court came to the table one after another to praise the emperor for his wise decision. Only a hero like Li Gang stood alone, hiding in a corner, weeping.
five
That year I visited Acheng. In addition to visiting the Jinshangdu ruins, I also visited the tomb of Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda. In front of the mausoleum, I also said four sentences:
The emperor of the Song family can play games,
The singing and dancing in Bianjing are late.
How can you not live in the Palace of Eternal Life?
But you come here to wear sheepskin?
The theory of wearing sheepskin originates from the Jurchens' "sheep-leading ceremony". Why did the emperor of the Han Dynasty get involved in the "sheep-leading ceremony"? We have to start from the beginning.
After the Jin soldiers tasted the benefits of their first attack on the Song Dynasty, they further aroused the Jurchens' determination to take over the Central Plains. The Jurchens originally thought that the Song Dynasty, which had a vast territory and abundant resources, had strong soldiers and horses, and that if they occasionally went there to harass and plunder some property, they would be successful. After a real battle, it was discovered that the power of the Song Dynasty was just an illusion, like a silver gun tip. Cowardly people will create greater desire in their opponents. The Wanyan family that was born in the mountains and valleys, these politicians and military strategists who cannot recognize Yidou, are now coveting the throne of the Zhao and Song dynasties.
Half a year after sending troops back to the army for the first time, on August 14, 1126, Jin Taizong Wu Qimai issued an edict to attack the Song Dynasty for the second time. The army is divided into east and west groups, and the two coaches are still Wanyan Zongwang and Wanyan Zonghan.
The West Route Army captured Taiyuan City on September 3. During the first invasion of the Song Dynasty, the Western Route Army besieged Taiyuan for more than 280 days without defeat. After the capture, Wanyan Zonghan ordered to kill all the men, women, and children in the city and burn down all the houses. In just three days, Taiyuan City was destroyed. turned into ruins.
Taiyuan is the most important military fortress to the west of Bianjing. Once this city is destroyed, it is equivalent to destroying the bridgehead of Bianjing. After that, the Dajin West Route Army conquered Fenzhou, Pingyang, Jiangde and other state capitals and entered Heyang and Mengjin in Henan. After crossing the Yellow River, it destroyed Luoyang, attacked Zhengzhou, and then attacked Bianjing with great momentum.
The East Route Army, under the command of Wanyan Zongwang, arrived at Bianjing City on November 24 before the West Route Army, cutting off all traffic inside and outside the city. Eight days later, the West Route Army came to join forces, and 200,000 cavalry placed an airtight iron hoop on Bianjing.
The imperial capital of the Song Dynasty became an isolated city.
The Jurchens, who had always been straightforward, now also learned tactics. While they were attacking the city, they were negotiating for peace. Regarding the issue of dealing with Liao and Jin, there were always two factions in the Song court: the main warlord and the main warlord. The second emperor Huiqin, who did not have the qualities of a talented and ambitious politician at all, has always been the leader of the peace faction. To put it bluntly, the peace faction is the surrender faction. Just think about it, a Han emperor who ruled the Central Plains was willing to call the Jurchen emperor his uncle for the sake of peace. This did not involve national integrity or even personal dignity. Under the rule of such a son-emperor, the spirit of the Han people was extremely dwarfed. On the contrary, the main war factions like Li Gang and Zongze were regarded as monsters by the villains around the emperor, and they were eager to get rid of them.
The Jurchens saw this very clearly. Therefore, they decided to use peace talks as a guise to cover up their ambition to annex the Central Plains. Sure enough, Qinzong, who was in charge, was fooled. On the grounds that "the people were too tired to support hundreds of thousands of soldiers and horses under the city", he issued an order to dismiss King Qin's troops who came from all over the country. The Jin soldiers attacked the city while negotiating peace. Qinzong listened to the villain and appointed a demon named Guo Jing as the commander of the city defense. He believed that the "Beidou Divine Soldier" he trained could disperse the Jin army and turn evil into good fortune.
Rulers often only need to make one mistake, and history has to be rewritten. What's more, Emperor Zhao made mistakes again and again in dealing with Dajin. Do we still need to guess the outcome?
When the 7,777 "Beidou Divine Soldiers" trained by Guo Jing met the Jin Bing's blade, they immediately dispersed. When Qin Wang's divisions from various places, some retreated to protect themselves, and some were defeated by the Jin Bing. Qinzong felt that the situation was over, so he immediately expressed his sue for peace, and personally went to Jinying to express his intention of surrender to Wanyan Zongwang. Wanyan Zongwang once again asked Qinzong for 10 million taels of silk and 50 million taels of silver. Qinzong agreed immediately, and Wanyan Zongwang released him back to the palace to raise funds.
In the second year of Jingkang, which was the first month of 1127, before the Lantern Festival, the Jin soldiers once again forced Qinzong to the military camp and detained him, demanding that he quickly hand over the requested property. The national treasury was empty and how could such a huge amount of gold and silver be raised in such a hurry? But don't worry, although the Song Dynasty regime was at a loss in front of the strongholds, it had a variety of methods to control the subjects under its rule. Although Qinzong was the "son" in front of the King of Jin Dynasty, he was still the "father" in front of the common people. In order to pay the fines in full and on time, the Song Dynasty regime did not hesitate to use state violence and sent troops to plunder gold and silver in Bianjing city. It was a pity for the common people. Within a month, their gold and silver were almost exhausted.
After receiving the war compensation in full, Jin Bing declared that Emperor Qin was deposed as a commoner on February 6, and summoned Xu Bingzhe, Yin of Bianjing Prefecture, and asked him to arrest all the royal members according to the list of all royal members issued by the palace servant. This Xu Bingzhe was originally a trusted favorite of Emperor Huiqin, but now in order to protect himself, he worked particularly hard on the matter assigned by the Jurchens. He immediately ordered the five families in the lane to ensure that no one on the list would slip through the net. Poor Zhao Song's phoenixes, dragons and grandchildren, the princes, marquises, concubines, princesses, etc., a total of more than 3,000 people were all detained, and Xu Bingzhe handed them all over to Jin Bing.
On the first day of April, the Jin army was still divided into eastern and western armies to retreat from Bianjing. The two emperors of Hui and Qin and more than 3,000 royal personnel set off with the army as prisoners. In the mighty team, there were also many civilians driving carriages to accompany them. These carriages were filled with gold and silver treasures captured by the Jin army, as well as palace utensils handed down from the Song Dynasty, including chariots, chariot wheels, ritual utensils, books, jewelry, calligraphy and paintings, etc. According to contemporary people, they were "More than two hundred years of savings in the government treasury have been wiped out."
The Northern Song Dynasty founded by Zhao Kuangyin experienced 168 years of spring rain and autumn winds, and came to a miserable end.
six
After nearly a year of arduous journey, Huizong and Qinzong, the two subjugated kings, were escorted by the Jin army to Jinshangjing in Acheng.
What kind of year is this? Pu Liuzhijiao, the former lover of the princes and nobles, is now an unkempt prisoner. He had nothing to eat during the day and slept in the haze at night. When they arrived at Xingtai, which was only a few hundred miles away from Bianjing, Huizong's son and Qinzong's younger brother, King Zhao Yan, was starved to death. Jin Bing found a horse feeding trough as his coffin. Seeing his son's feet buried hastily outside the trough, Huizong cried: "The emperor's son is buried here, which can be regarded as his homeland in the Central Plains, but his father will become a ghost in a foreign land."
When the companions heard this mourning sound, they all burst into tears.
On the long journey, Emperor Huiqin had enough time to reflect on his past. Without singing, dancing, and Cuju, their frustration and pain can only be expressed through lyrics.
"The Eyes Are Charming" by Zhao Ji, Emperor Huizong:
Yujing once recalled the prosperity of the past, the home of thousands of emperors. In the Jade Hall of Qionglin, there is a sound of strings and pipes in the morning, and a row of sheng and lutes in the evening.
People from Huacheng are desolate when they go away, and dreams of spring linger around Husha. Where is the home mountain? I can bear to listen to the flute and play the plum blossoms.
Qinzong Zhao Heng's "Eye'ermei":
Chen Chuan said that three hundred old capitals were famous for their benevolence and filial piety. Once he is evil, he will overwhelm the heavens and tear down the earth, but he cannot bear to listen to the pipa.
Nowadays, there is a lot of desolation outside, meandering close to Husha. The family is thousands of miles away, but the father and son are alone, facing the dawn of frost.
The father-son duo's "Eye of the Eyes" is obviously a harmonious work. Judging from the words and sentences, the son's ability to reflect is slightly stronger than that of his father. He complained about evil and evil that harmed the country. Although it was good, he shied away all his responsibilities. He was really confused to death.
The journey from Bianjing to Huining Prefecture is about six thousand miles. For such a long journey, there were neither sedan chairs nor carriages and horses. For the emperor of the Zhao family and his sons, princes, and grandsons, it was an extremely difficult and terrifying journey, with neither dignity nor joy.
However, the thing that completely deprived him of his dignity happened after arriving in Jin Shangjing.
Around the early summer of 1128, the day after the two emperors Hui and Qin and their royal entourage came to Jin Shangjing, Jin Taizong Wu Qimai immediately ordered them to worship the tomb of Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda. They came to Jin Taizu's cemetery not as emperors but as prisoners of war. The Jurchens asked Emperors Hui and Qin to take off their clothes and expose their upper bodies. Then they slaughtered two sheep and peeled off the bloody sheepskins and draped them on the two emperors. They were asked to walk around Wanyan Aguda's grave three times in this extremely humiliating attire, kowtowing step by step. The next day, the two emperors went to the Qianyuan Hall to see Jin Taizong Wu begging for purchase. In the main hall that smelled of mutton, Wu Qimai solemnly announced that Huizong would be named "Hunde Gong" and Qinzong would be named "Chonghunhou". The Jurchens tried their best to ridicule these two foolish monarchs. .
All the clan members of the Zhao and Song dynasties witnessed this insult, and all the people in the Central Plains heard about this insult.
The history of the Song Dynasty designated this incident as the "Shame of Jingkang".
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"The disgrace of Jingkang has not yet come to an end. The regrets of my ministers, when will they be destroyed?"
This is a famous line from "Man Jiang Hong" written by the anti-gold hero Yue Fei. In the battle against the Khitans in the Northern Song Dynasty, a group of Yang family generals emerged; in the war against the Jurchens in the Southern Song Dynasty, a Yue family army emerged. In the history written by the Han people, Yang Linggong and Yue Fei can be said to be well-known national heroes. This view arises because in the long past, the Han people have equated themselves with the Chinese nation. All ethnic groups other than the Han are heretics and belong to "Shengfan" or "Yidi". The Han people show a natural sense of superiority in front of such ethnic groups. In the eyes of modern people, ethnic groups and citizens are two concepts, and the citizens of a country can be composed of different ethnic groups. But more than 800 years ago, nation and country were the same concept. The Han people are China, and China is the Han people. Therefore, when the Jurchens abducted the Hui and Qin emperors, the Han people did not regard it as a competition between two political groups, but regarded it as a national humiliation caused by the "Yidi" rebellion against China.
Therefore, after 1127, the "Jingkang Shame" became an unhealable wound for the Han nation. When it was mentioned, many people shed tears. However, there are also people who are miserable on the surface but secretly happy in their hearts.
This person is Zhao Gou.
Zhao Gou was the younger brother of Qinzong and the ninth son of Zhao Ji. He was known as "His Ninth Highness" and was later named King Kang. One month after the two emperors were taken captive, that is, on the first day of May in 1127, Zhao Gou ascended the throne in Shangqiu, Henan Province, and was known as Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty in history.
Zhao Goubi's father Zhao Ji and brother Zhao Huan were even more "monophobic". Although he once appointed Li Gang as prime minister, he asked him to save the country from disaster and fight against the Kingdom of Jin. But a few months later, he turned to the capitulation faction Wang Boyan, Huang Qianshan and others, and let them represent the small political power of the Southern Song Dynasty to negotiate peace with the Jin Dynasty. The peace condition he proposed to Jin army commander Wanyan Zonghan was to use the Yellow River as the boundary, and the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty were divided across the river. He also actively ordered the soldiers who still insisted on fighting against gold in Hebei and other places to withdraw the south of the soldiers, and gave the large land and counties to Dajin.
But at this time, Da Jin had already crossed the Yellow River, and the Wan Yan clan wanted to replace Zhao Song as the master of China. In December 1127, Jin Taizong ordered the third time to send troops to attack the Song Dynasty. In addition to the first two victories, the Jinbing expanded quickly. In just twelve years, it was expanded from thousands of travels to 800,000 soldiers, and his morale was high. Force. This time, Jin Bing was divided into three roads to south: East Road Army was commanded by Wan Yan Zongfu and Wan Yan Zongzheng (that is, Jin Wushu). From Yanjing to Cangzhou to attack the Yellow River to attack Shandong; the Middle Road Army led by Wan Yanzonghan from the middle and lower part of the cloud, and the Heyang crossed the Yellow River directly into Henan; led by the Western Route Army, the West Route Army was led by the Wan Yan Lou room. Lili) In the Tao Guan, soldiers forced Shaanxi.
In the face of the 800,000 "Tiger and Wolf Division", Zhao Gou was afraid of repeating his father and brother, and quickly flee to Yangzhou with hundreds of officials. After living in the city of drunk gold fans for less than a year, and because it was too close to the battlefield in the Central Plains, Zhao Gou once again ordered the palace to move to Hangzhou. Since then, Zhao Gou has given up on Jingjing forever and built the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty in Hangzhou.
There are too many topics about Hangzhou. Jiangsu and Zhejiang have always been a land of humanities, gentle and rich hometown. Since ancient times, there has been a saying "there is paradise and Su Hangzhou". Regardless of how many indicators of life are divided into, in the long history, Suzhou and Hangzhou metropolis first.
Luo Qi Luo Qi, Beauty Jane, Silk Bamboo String Tube, Lakes and Mountains ... These overwhelming temptations, the shaking weather, is a rare blessing and a fairy -like life for ordinary people. However, for the governor, it must be a poison of confusion. Throughout the ages, a regime that is eager to enjoy has never escaped the fate of being eliminated.
Throughout the history, the regime in the southeast capital was short -lived before the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Sui, Liang, and Southern Tang Dynasty. The reason is that this place known as the "paradise" will unknowingly let people give up their sorrows, and the governor's fat powder will not sharpen their heroic qi.
On the first day of Hangzhou, Zhao Gou was destined to be destroyed by the Southern Song Dynasty.
Shi Zai: Zhao Gou moved to Hangzhou in the first month of 1129. At this time, the Central Plains and Huang Huai were trampled by the golden people's iron riders. The soldiers who anti -gold were fighting the society, and they were fighting hard. At the juncture of life and death, Zhao Gou still did not have the minimum awareness of crisis. If he controlled his brain nerves, it was still the word "enjoyment". After he came to Hangzhou January, on February 25, he brought the concubine and his pet, and car came to the Qiantang River to watch the tide.
Faced with this group of fainting and princes, a poet named Lin Sheng wrote a painful verse:
Outside of Qingshan Building, Mountains,
What time is the West Lake singing and dancing.
The warm wind smokes the tourists drunk,
Take Hangzhou as a Luzhou!
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After seeing too much victory and killing, you have experienced too much sadness and joy. People may draw such a conclusion that there is no absolute winner in history. Any regime cannot escape the fate of interest and failure. However, the length of a regime to enjoy the time still has certain rules to follow.
It is much weaker than the founding emperors of the Han, Tang, Ming, Qing Dynasty, and Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin has not gained hardships and belongs to the nature of court coup. Therefore, the "king qi" of the Song Dynasty never raised. The "king qi" mentioned here does not refer to the power of the emperor's order, but the ability to point Jiangshan. From the Tang Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, don't say that the sixteen states of the Yanyun, the Northeast and Inner Mongolia, have always been the territory of China. However, during the turbulence in the late Tang Dynasty, the Khitan people seized this large land to build another Liao country. At the beginning of Song Liguo, the brothers of Taizu Zhao Kuangyin and Taizong Zhao Kuangyi were unable to recover the lost land from the Khitan people, but tried to the Liao Dynasty every year. Since then, the emperors of Zhao Song and the Khitan have sometimes started fighting, sometimes negotiated, and have been passive. In the development of territory and dealing with national issues, Emperor Zhao Song was not good at it. In the end of the Song Dynasty, only literature could be a large number of outstanding writers such as Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Lu You, and Xin Qiji. The appearance of such phenomena is related to the basic national policy of Zhao Kuangyin's heavily suppressed martial arts. At this point, Zhao Kuangyin is much worse than Tang Taizong Li Shimin. Tang Taizong not only focused on literati, but also talked about martial arts. Culture and martial arts do not hold them together, and will never be soft and soft. Therefore, it has only produced the Shengtang weather in history, which has still made the Chinese nation proud. As far as the general law is concerned, the spirit of the founding emperor determines the spirit of the dynasty he created, such as the Han Gaozu Liu Bang. The poem, he called the warrior to open up the country. This spirit made the descendants inherit with the Emperor Hanwu and became prosperous.
Emperor Zhao Song was not wrong, and martial arts were false. Poetry and songs can cultivate their temperament and raise their souls. However, a fierce nation like the Khitan people and female real people is not as useful as a stumbling horse. Even if it is literature, if it is magnificent, positive and healthy, and improving the fighting spirit of Chinese people is still an important means to cultivate national strength. Unfortunately, the literature of the Northern Song Dynasty has developed in the period of Huizong and Qinzong, and it has disappeared and no longer. The last big poet in the Northern Song Dynasty was Li Qingzhao. Her words are elegant and gentle. As an individual, Li Qingzhao is excellent and outstanding, but as a literary representative of an era, the "main theme" of this era becomes the voice of the puppet, chanting "the geese is also the most sad." The ground talked about "thin people is thinner than yellow flowers". The reason why this kind of sad poem was full of love was hot at that time, but the nationals under the rule of the second emperor of Hui Qin had lost their spirit. After Nandu, there were wise men and pains, describing the subjects of the former Jingjing, "yellow puppet children, but Xi Ge and dance; the old -fashioned old, do not know dry." When Gao Yan and Li Shishi, who played, both became the guest of the emperor, and suddenly appeared. In addition to envy, the small people will also follow. So all parents want their children to sing and dance, and all people who are older never want to do things, they think that war will never happen. When Jin Bing broke through Jingjing, the sad nationals woke up, but it was too late.
Compared with the Emperor Hui, Qin Emperor, and Song Gaozong Zhao Gou, the style of the emperors in the early days of the Dajin Kingdom was much clearer and much healthy. Between the monarchs and ministers, there are almost no levels of respect for inferiority, and the distinction between nobleness. According to historical records, although Wu Qi buy is expensive as "the respect of the Ninth Five -Year Plan", he still maintains the relationship with the people. The "Palace" he lived was not forbidden. The people killed a chicken at home and would run to the "Palace" to call him to share. Without special circumstances, he would be glad to go. If you discuss the matter between the monarchs, you can fight and noisy, even if you have red ears and red ears. After the quarrel, the opinions were unified, and the monarchs began to "dance with the song with the same song, and there was no jealousy." What is a female real song and dance? It is full of health, playing with fireballs, full of health, filled with fierceness. Compared with the pronunciation of Jingjing, Hangzhou's shallow singing and low singing, the two are good or bad, and they are self -explanatory. Besides, after defeating Liaoning and Song, there were more money in the Dajin State, and Wu Qi bought it a bit generous. The ministers had an opinion on him, saying that he violated the ancestral training of "non -military unavailable in the inventory" of the ancestor of Taizu's bone, and he should receive punishment. Wu Qicai had to be pulled out of the main hall by the ministers according to regulations, lying on the ground "Twenty Twenty Po". Wu Qi bought Xinyue sincerity, and did not retaliate with anyone. Although Emperor Zhao Song was incompetent, he always said that he had a boundaries between the monarchs and ministers. In contrast, the regime established by a real woman in the early days is a bit like the nature of the "People's Commune". Therefore, I think that a female real person defeats the Han people is just a superficial phenomenon. Its true historical significance lies in: a healthy, tough, civilian emperor culture defeats another decaying, degenerate, and aristocratic emperor culture.
Nine
In January 2006, I was invited to Acheng again to participate in the opening ceremony of the newly repaired Golden Beijing Museum. After seeing the development history of the Great Golden Kingdom. In the afternoon, in the severe cold of minus twenty -five degrees, I came to the Jin Shangjing site again. The thick snow covered everything, don't say the old traces, but even the ruins can't be seen. I stepped on the deep snow for a long time and a long time. Somehow, in the place where "Wang Qizhao made" more than 800 years ago, I suddenly remembered Xin Qiji's words: "Drunk and watch the sword, dream of dreams, dreams, dreams, dreams, dreams, dreams, dreams. Back to the corner connecting ... "
Such verses are full of heroic spirit, and reading makes people bloody. I can't help but admire Xin Qiji Zhenwei. Unfortunately, the Southern Song regime does not like such a great husband. From this I think of a country, if every corner is filled with the style of enjoyment and luxury, all citizens will inevitably lose their sense of worry. This is a very dangerous thing. Last year, when the Super Girl appeared, hundreds of thousands of "fans" were obsessed with it and crazy for it, I felt a bad feeling in my heart.出几个超女，原也是多元化社会的自然现象，并不值得大惊小怪，但要引起警惕的是，如果这些青少年——我们这一时代的“黄髻小儿”，其生命只为歌星、影星、 The star is mad, can we still say, is the spiritual weather of our country healthy?
It is not terrible to have no heroes in an era. What is terrible is to lose the soil that produces heroes. In view of this, the lessons of the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty must not be learned!
