Tian Jiapeng's eyes were bloodshot. He had only rested for four hours a day for more than ten days.
The rest of the time was spent researching tool steels for milling machines.
The steel produced in a blast furnace is of better quality and has a greater output than the steel produced in a graphite crucible.
But it is these benefits of blast furnace steelmaking that lead to many machines being made of steel.
Not only the milling machine he is working on, but also the tool steel used in ordinary machine tools, there is no way to process steel.
If they cannot find a steel material that can be used for machine tools, their machinery industry will regress to the iron age.
After Tian Jiapeng discovered the microscope, he tried to use it to observe, and Lu Jin smelted the only batch of tool steel.
Lu Jin developed special steel that could process other steel materials, but in a furnace of normal steel, there were seven and a half kilograms of special steel.
They tried many times afterwards, but failed to smelt special steel.
Tian Jiapeng used a microscope to compare special steel and ordinary steel and found a slight difference.
However, microscopes do not play a big role in the field of metal smelting.
Tian Jiapeng kept looking at the furnace of special high-grade steel smelted by Lu Jin.
In this process, what is the difference between it and other steel smelting?
But he never found the difference. No matter how he looked at it, these records were almost the same.
The milling machine designed by Tian Jiapeng made it very easy to carve the rifling of rifled guns.
The machine tool carving is very fast and the accuracy is amazing.
There is no need for skilled craftsmen such as level 8 or 9 workers.
Even an apprentice craftsman, after a period of training, can skillfully use a milling machine to add rifling to a rifle gun.
It’s just that the strength of the tool steel does not meet the requirements. After processing two or three barrels, the tool head of the machine tool will wear out.
Lu Jin saw Tian Jiapeng using a microscope to continue observing the steel structure.
He kept drawing what he saw through the microscope on paper and pen. There were many structures of this steel on the paper.
"How could this happen? Is there any gain?
They look almost the same under a microscope.
Why are the properties of these two steels so different for similar materials? "
When Tian Jiapeng heard Lu Jin's question, he shook his head and had no idea now.
…………………………
Su He received a report from the security guard around Tian Jiapeng that he was working on antibiotics and took the time to meet Tian Jiapeng.
Rifled guns are too important. In order of importance, rifled guns are more important than antibiotics.
Rifled guns can determine the fundamental issue of Suhe's victory in the battle with Ming Dynasty.
Antibiotics are just the icing on the cake and can save more soldiers' lives.
Su He asked Tian Jiapeng to lead the scientific research team to tackle the rifled gun.
It’s just that there are the most talents in mechanical processing and metallurgy.
Tian Jiapeng and the others have not received any good news yet, so they probably have not made a major breakthrough yet.
Su He couldn't wait. With these people, sooner or later, he would be able to conquer the rifled gun technology.
He originally trained this team and did not want to encourage it by himself.
After hearing the news reported by Su Changsheng, Su He couldn't sit still.
He took care of government and military affairs and went directly to the Institute of Guns and Artillery of the Academy of Sciences.
Su He saw Tian Jiapeng's eyes were red and he looked tired.
He looked at the guard standing next to Tian Jiapeng and scolded: "I'm not telling you what to do.
If Tian Jiapeng doesn't go to sleep, you will force him to be taken away, and you will also have to carry him to the bed to sleep.
Scientific research is not something that happens overnight.
It requires accumulation and even more luck.
People can easily die from overwork if they stay up late for a long time.
Without a good body, you cannot persevere in scientific research, which will waste your talents. "
Tian Jiapeng's face turned slightly red and he whispered: "Your Highness King Qin, the guards have taken me away and asked me to go back to sleep.
But I couldn't sleep even when I was lying in bed thinking about these things. "
"What kind of problems have you encountered? Tell me." Su He asked Tian Jiapeng.
His current grasp of knowledge is no longer as good as Tian Jiapeng's.
But in terms of knowledge, Tian Jiapeng was far behind Su He.
Tian Jiapeng and Lu Jin respectively talked about the difficulties they encountered.
Under the guidance of Wei Shiming, the Coal and Steel Company made technical reserves for a long time.
The blast furnace ironmaking technology has matured, so they launched a challenge to the blast furnace steelmaking technology.
After a long period of technical reserve and a little bit of luck.
Not long ago, Wei Shiming had made a breakthrough in blast furnace steelmaking technology.
The steel produced in small blast furnaces is now comparable to the crucible steel produced in graphite crucibles.
Because of this achievement, Su He held a medal ceremony specifically for Wei Shiming's team.
Even if they didn't catch up, the last large-scale medal ceremony didn't make them wait for the next one.
Wei Shiming was named Tieshanhou, and many craftsmen in his team were named nobles.
Wei Shiming directly passed over the township marquis, and he was named a county marquis.
Newspapers reported this incident, which caused great repercussions at the time.
People generally believe that being a craftsman is easy to get a title, so many families choose to send their children to be apprentices in factories.
The rifled gun uses ordinary iron materials, and there is no problem in processing the rifled gun with a milling machine.
Firearms expert Du Kangjie, after he trial-produced an iron rifled gun.
He asked a very pointed question.
With iron-machined rifled guns, the rifling inside the rifled gun is very susceptible to wear.
They did tests to simulate intense combat situations.
After a month of use of a rifled gun, the rifling will wear out and it will lose its accuracy and range.
The service life of rifled guns is too short and the cost of production is very high.
If we can only achieve this effect, we might as well continue to make flintlock guns.
Tian Jiapeng and others agreed that steel should be used.
Only hard and wear-resistant steel can extend the service life of the rifle.
After selecting the material for the rifled gun, they found that the steel barrel worked very well.
But it is very difficult to process.
The boring machine can use multiple drill bits to drill the gun barrel in succession.
The same cannot be said for milling machines that process rifling.
If there is a problem with the tool during the rifling process, the entire barrel will be scrapped.
By chance, Lu Jin produced a small amount of extremely hard steel.
They serve as the cutting heads of machine tools and can easily machine steel gun barrels.
They used these machine tools to process a large number of barrels for rifled guns.
Steel barrels vs. iron barrels, both in terms of longevity and accuracy and range.
Steel barrels are far superior to iron barrels.
They wanted to mass-produce rifled guns so that the rifled guns could achieve the desired results.
Then we must find the furnace of steel that Lu Jin accidentally smelted.
Tian Jiapeng tried many methods, but all failed.
He is looking through the microscope to find the differences between this special steel and other steels.
He has been studying it for so long and now he still has no clue.
Su He finished listening to Tian Jiapeng and Lu Jin's stories.
He basically understood the problems these two people encountered.
There is no way to process ordinary steel. Their hardness is almost the same, and the processing loss will be huge.
The cutting tools used in machine tools are generally made of special alloy steel.
Based on what Tian Jiapeng and Lu Jin said, Su He believed that the steel refined by Lu Jin contained a little bit of manganese.
For alloy steel cutting tools, manganese steel is a less technically difficult choice. Their current technology can produce manganese steel.
Pyrolusite is a common mineral, and some pyrolusite is doped in iron ore.
The main component of pyrolusite is manganese dioxide, which can be reduced to manganese by coke.
A small amount of manganese penetrates into the steel, and the steel becomes manganese steel.
The furnace steel that Lu Jin found was probably all manganese steel.
Only that small portion of manganese has the best proportion to show the characteristics of manganese steel.
Through this coincidental method, the properties of the manganese steel refined will not be very good.
But manganese steel, which is of lower quality, is also harder than ordinary steel.
If the formula of manganese steel can be researched, the effect of refining alloy steel will be even better.
Su He thought of this and asked, "Lu Jin, did you have detailed records of the minerals when you smelted this furnace of steel?"
When Lu Jin heard Su He's question, he quickly replied: "Your Highness, King Qin, our steel company wants to record the properties of steel and hold people accountable.
Every time a furnace is opened, the raw materials are recorded in detail.
The steel-making records were very clear, and we read them many times afterwards. "
"Lu Jin, since you remember it so clearly, it will be easier to handle.
According to the raw material records you have seen, are there any unusual impurities mixed into the iron ore?
For example, in the form of lumps or powdery aggregates.
Its color is steel gray or black, the stripes are blue-black or black, and it has a metallic luster. "
When Lu Jin heard Su He's question, he closed his eyes and thought about it carefully.
"His Royal Highness King Qin, you are so amazing.
I remember there was such a small passage in the record.
Iron ore is stained with some black metal powder.
Workers also removed these impurities, leaving only a small amount of black metal powder, which could not be removed.
Could it be that this steel is harder than other steels? The problem lies in these black metal powders. "
Su He nodded and said, "Yes, this kind of thing is called pyrolusite.
It is the same as iron ore, and it is also a metallic mineral.
Doping a little bit of this metal manganese into steel will improve the properties of the steel a lot.
Manganese steel is most suitable for cutting tools of various machine tools. "
Su He briefly gave Tian Jiapeng and Lu Jin some knowledge about alloys.
After hearing this, Tian Jiapeng said excitedly: "It turned out to be like this. I thought the structure of metal was different.
Observe with a microscope to find changes in the metal structure.
It turns out that their properties are different because they are doped with other metals.
I should have consulted His Highness the King of Qin a long time ago, so that I would not take many detours. "
Su He saw Tian Jiapeng and Lu Jin looking anxious.
He ordered: "Go quickly and find the soft ore I mentioned and try to make a furnace of steel.
If we don't get manganese steel out, I guess you won't be able to sleep today. "
When Tian Jiapeng and Lu Jin heard what Su He said, they said goodbye and left, rushing to the coal mining company to prepare a furnace of manganese steel.
…………………………
Tian Jiapeng came to the Prince of Qin's Mansion to find Su He with a gun and a look of surprise on his face.
After many checks, he entered the Wuying Hall of Prince Qin's Mansion with a rifle and accompanied by guards.
Su He, along with Li Fengming, chief of staff, and Qin Shanshui, the famous sharpshooter of the guard regiment, were waiting for Tian Jiapeng's arrival.
He has received news that the arsenal's rifled gun production lines have all used steel.
The rifled gun that has been painstakingly studied for a long time has finally entered mass production.
After Tian Jiapeng entered, he immediately handed the rifle to the guards around him, and they took it to Su He.
"Your Highness King Qin, under your guidance, we have figured out the formula and production process of manganese steel.
Together we smelted more than fifty furnaces of manganese steel formulas with different proportions.
Finally, we found a more suitable formula of manganese steel. This manganese steel is hard and wear-resistant, making it a very good tool steel.
Now all the cutting heads of machine tools are made of this manganese steel, which can process steel smelted in blast furnaces.
We have improved the production line of rifled guns, and the arsenal has begun mass production of rifled guns.
It was the first rifled gun to come off the new production line.
Please ask His Highness the King of Qin to name this gun. "
Su He took over the rifle that had just been manufactured from the production line from the guard.
Previous rifled guns were only produced manually on a small scale.
The rifled gun in his hand is a mass-produced model, and it represents a completely different meaning.
The mass production of rifled guns means that the number of rifled guns can reach a certain scale and can be installed by all armies.
Su He looked at the rifled gun carefully. With the accumulation of firearms manufacturing experience, the rifled gun also made some improvements.
The hardwood behind the rifled gun appears more rounded and feels good to hold.
A safety lock is also added above the trigger of the rifled gun.
A new sight is added to the muzzle of the rifled gun to make it easier for soldiers to aim.
Smoothbore muskets have no accuracy. They rely on large-scale bullets to kill the enemy.
Rifled guns have rifling and are highly accurate, so the sight is useful.
The rifle bayonet was also significantly modified.
The bayonet is still a three-edged bayonet, but the material is changed to steel, making it sharper.
Su He looked at the bluish bayonet. After quenching, this mass-produced bayonet was harder and sharper than the hundred-melted steel forged by traditional methods.
With advances in machining, bayonets no longer need to be mounted on the muzzle.
The bayonet is mounted directly below the muzzle.
The blade of the bayonet can be moved forward or backward. Backward is to retract the bayonet, and forward is to attack.
Attach a bayonet and the musket becomes a spear.
The bayonet is installed under the muzzle of the gun. When using the bayonet, it will not affect the soldier's continued shooting.
This kind of bayonet is truly highly practical.
Su He picked up the tools on the table and measured the basic data of the rifled gun.
The whole gun is 1.5 meters long and weighs 10 kilograms.
The caliber of the rifled gun is 18 mm, and the standard ammunition is 33 grams of lead bullets.
Su He looked at the rifled gun in his hand and said:
"It is now Kaiyuan year 4328, and this rifled gun is officially named Type 28 rifle."
Su He handed the Type 28 rifle to Qin Shanshui.
"Captain Qin, come and give it a try. How do you like this gun?"
Qin Shanshui took the gun with both hands and put the Type 28 rifle on his back.
He touched the new rifle with his hand.
The unique texture of steel is much better than iron.
A group of them arrived at the small shooting range located on the west side of the palace.
This place is the training ground for the Women's Guard Corps.
Qin Shanshui came to the training ground and saw that ammunition was ready.
This ammunition was different from the rifled gun ammunition he had used before.
The new type of ammunition is still a lead bullet, but its shape changes into a cylindrical shape that is very similar to a blooming bullet.
The bottom of the lead bullet is hollow, with a cork plugged in the middle.
The lead bullet body is engraved with circles of threads, and the threads are coated with grease.
The gunpowder did not change, but the packaging of the gunpowder was changed from paper to the same gauze as the artillery.
Qin Shanshui put the ammunition package into the gun chamber from the muzzle first.
The process of placing the ammunition went smoothly. He thought he needed to poke it before he could get down. Unexpectedly, the ammunition bag was designed very cleverly and he slipped down by himself.
He picked up a new lead bullet and placed it on the muzzle of the gun. He found that the size of the lead bullet was just a little smaller than the muzzle of the gun.
With the cork end of the lead bullet downward, put the lead bullet directly into the gun chamber smoothly.
Qin Shanshui picked up the gunpowder bamboo tube again and poured some gunpowder on the fire door.
The gunpowder currently used in the military has also been classified.
Qin Shanshui heard that the properties of gunpowder are different depending on the nitrate content.
Nowadays, the military has divided into different types of gunpowder such as propellant for guns, igniting powder for guns, propellant for guns, blasting powder, and fuze powder.
He does not need to understand the manufacture of these gunpowders.
You only need to know the properties of this gunpowder so that there will be no mistakes in daily use.
He raised his rifle, took aim—and fired.
The rifle feels great in the hand and doesn’t have a lot of recoil when fired.
What surprised Qin Shanshui the most was that the ballistics of this rifle were more accurate. It was many times more accurate than the rifled gun used before.
While Su He and others were testing guns in Qin Shanshui, they chatted.
Li Fengming looked at the long-range and accurate rifle and sighed:
"The rifled gun can become a practical weapon, and His Highness King Qin's exquisite invention is absolutely indispensable.
The rifled gun was just an experimental weapon in the beginning.
It has just been processed. The main problem is that due to the rifling, it is difficult for the front-loaded lead bullet to maintain the air sealing of the barrel, and the power is greatly reduced.
In order to achieve good air-holding properties, the caliber of lead bullets for rifled guns is often the same as or even slightly larger than the caliber of the gun.
Loading was extremely laborious, as some lead bullets simply could not be pushed into the barrel due to tolerances.
It is often necessary to hammer the ejector rod with a hammer to push the lead bullet into place, which often results in a more dangerous bore rupture.
When lead bullets are pushed to the location of the medicine chamber, they are often deformed due to rough operation and fail to achieve the killing effect.
At that time, we believed that rifled guns were completely impractical, and we were ready to give up the development of rifled guns and explore more powerful smoothbore guns.
His Highness the King of Qin used an ingenious method to directly make the bottom of the lead bullet hollow.
The bottom of the lead bullet is trumpet-shaped.
When the gun is fired, the bottom of the lead bullet naturally expands under the action of gunpowder, which ensures the airtightness of the rifled gun.
After suggestions from soldiers, craftsmen improved the lead bullets of rifled guns many times, but they never departed from this idea. "
Tian Jiapeng also echoed: "It turns out that this structure was invented by His Highness King Qin.
This structure can effectively utilize the advantages of rifled guns and avoid the shortcomings of rifled guns.
It seems as if it has been tried and tested and custom-made for rifled guns.
I asked the craftsmen at the armory to test it.
The steel barrel rifling is resistant to wear, and lead bullets take a long time to smooth out the rifling in the barrel.
Its biggest weakness has been solved with steel.
Rifled guns have better performance than smoothbore guns.
If it cannot be used due to ammunition issues, then you will really miss this good gun. "
Su He watched the two men boasting about themselves without leaving any trace.
He waved his hand and said modestly: "This is not something I thought of. It was a man named Mini who thought of this method.
I'm just a porter, just picking up people's teeth. "
After hearing this, Li Fengming and Tian Jiapeng just looked at each other and smiled.
His Highness King Qin is being humble again. He usually talks about many characters, but no one can find these characters, as if they don't exist.
When Tian Jiapeng was learning calculus, His Highness the King of Qin said that calculus was proposed by Newton.
He read all official and unofficial history, even foreign history.
I haven't even found Newton.
He found the most advanced mathematical knowledge in the West, and there was no sign of calculus at all.
Mathematical tools like calculus, once someone masters them.
It will be used in every corner of society. Even if there are forces who want to hide it, they cannot hide it.
He solved the volume formula of a complex sphere through calculus.
The optimal shape of the blooming bullet was calculated to allow the blooming bullet to hold the most gunpowder.
Tian Jiapeng felt that His Highness King Qin was being humble. People around him were already used to His Highness King Qin's behavior.
If you have something to do, just make up a character and blame your achievements on this character.
Su He watched Qin Shanshui keep firing his gun, hitting very far targets.
The rifled gun used now is the Mini gun that was very mature in later history.
The Minigun was born at the wrong time. Because the front-loading rifled gun was difficult to load, the rifled gun was shelved.
Mini invented the Mini bomb. At that time, the chemical industry and mechanical processing were already very mature.
As soon as the minigun became famous, it was completely replaced by the generation-different breech-loading rifled gun.
The breech-loading rifle that combines metal cartridge cases and flash caps is already the pinnacle of firearms.
As long as gunpowder and metal bullets are used, there is no way out of this structure.
Suhe installed muskets in the front, and it was not yet time to deploy troops on a large scale.
The first step is to develop a front-loading rifled gun, which has crushing firepower.
The Ming Dynasty has also begun to pay attention to muskets. Due to lack of money and other reasons, the scale of musket installation is not very large compared to the Ming army.
However, due to the Ming Dynasty's powerful size, muskets will gradually be installed in various servant units.
In terms of absolute numbers, the number of Ming musketeers is likely to exceed that of the soldiers of the Qin Palace.
Let this trend develop, and there will be no gap in weapons.
Suhe only occupies such a small amount of territory, and the only slightly richer territory is Sichuan.
It is very likely that it will not be able to stop the Ming Dynasty's continuous attacks.
He had already received a report from Su Changsheng. The secret agent passed the news from the capital to Hanzhong through flying pigeons.
Emperor Chongzhen has issued an edict and decided to mobilize the elite soldiers and horses of the Ming Dynasty, even removing most of the Guan Ning cavalry, to encircle and suppress them on a large scale.
Suhe captured Sichuan, and Emperor Chongzhen also realized the danger of Suhe and began to prepare to attack them with all his strength.
He knew that the advantage of Prince Qin's Mansion was to gain advantage through the difference in firearms.
This is why Su He has been urging rifle guns.
Now that rifled guns are in mass production, this war will become much easier.
Qin Shanshui walked to Su He with a rifle on his back and a happy expression.
He had finished all the ammunition and knew the condition of the rifled gun.
The biggest advantages of rifled guns are accuracy and range.
The rifled gun can accurately hit the enemy within a distance of 500 meters.
Its maximum range is nine hundred meters, but at this distance, there is no way to hit it accurately.
Qin Shanshui has been attending military academy during this period, and he is no longer an ignorant hunter.
The successful mass production of a rifled gun with an effective range of 500 meters will have a great impact on the military.
This will change the tactics of the entire army.
The current tactic of queuing to kill is no longer appropriate.
The range of an ordinary bow and arrow is only about 200 meters.
The Mongolian army's cavalry archers, who are proficient in mounted archery, have a range of only three to four hundred meters with their powerful bows.
The rifled gun has a range of 900 meters, so it is not afraid of the enemy's light cavalry at all.
Qin Shanshui reported the rifle data carefully.
Su He smiled with a smile on his face after hearing this. He turned to look at Li Fengming and ordered: "Mr. Li, please cooperate with the guard regiment and the guards division.
New drills for infantry have been developed. The previous combat methods are no longer suitable for armies equipped with field guns. "
Su He obtained the rifled gun data, and he was completely reassured about the upcoming war.
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