"That's right. I see you speak Greek fluently, so we are an old acquaintance." The Queen Mother nodded.
"My first teacher was once a resident of Seville, and he also fled to Tunisia." Muhammad said about his teacher: "We, a group of people, studied the teachings of Ibn Lucid and studied Aristotle. Dodd’s works, so I am familiar with Greek.”
"In addition, I also know some Latin, because we often communicate with universities in Rome, Padua and other places. They have always liked our views, so there are quite a lot of exchanges between the two sides. Oh, according to the Latin name, we should It’s called the School of Averroes,” he introduced.
"But I said it was enlightenment. In fact, I was not young at that time." He said with an embarrassed smile: "Hey, I was ignorant when I was young, and I wasted too much time."
"Then how did you get to Syria?" the Queen Mother asked with interest.
"Throughout North Africa, there are very close exchanges with each other. There is not a very powerful unified dynasty there, but there are many scattered tribes and princes. Scholars often travel between the courts of various emirs and act as guests." Muhammad said.
"I originally lived in Morocco temporarily. After I made some progress in my studies, my teacher valued me and recommended me to go to Tunisia to study under the learned His Excellency Ibn Khaldun. However, it may be that I often encountered setbacks on the road to politics, so Teacher Khaldun’s ideas were relatively radical and he had many local enemies. Therefore, he was invited to go to Egypt, which is more open-minded, and finally went to Syria to give lectures.”
"When Timur was plundering Syria, a group of scholars came forward to ask him to restrain himself. Teacher Khaldun was one of them. After talking to him, Timur respected him very much, so he only took the money and left. Massacred towns. This made him famous locally, so more people began to invite him to give lectures. When your country took over several territories in Syria, we were also invited to go there, and that’s where we met you.”
"What theory did he put forward?" the Queen Mother asked curiously.
"His doctrine should originate from the Mu'tazirai school. The core ideas of this school are the early 'will theory' and rationalism from Greece." Muhammad said.
"The Mu'tazilites believe that Hu Da is the only master who created the world through reason. Since God has 'unity', He is omniscient and omnipotent, and therefore does not have various virtues outside of the ontology. That is to say, it cannot be personified, and it cannot be seen by believers in the kingdom of heaven.”
"At the same time, because God is unique, the scriptures were created by God and cannot be equated with God. Therefore, they do not have the characteristics of beginninglessness, eternity, and incorruption that are unique to God. To put it simply, that is The scriptures are not gods, so they may contain errors and they may be corrected.”
"On the other hand, they insist that Hu Da is the most just, so he does not predetermine human behavior. Human beings have unlimited free will, and human behavior is completely dependent on themselves. God controls the good and evil of human behavior. Make judgments and decide rewards and punishments. Because of this view, they are also called 'Justice'."
"They also advocate reason and oppose the view that faith is higher than reason. They believe that reason is the highest principle of faith and the premise of human free will. If you lose reason, you will succumb to evil and lose your freedom. Therefore, we should pay attention to the rational philosophy Practice, take responsibility for your actions, and use knowledge and reason to achieve the state of 'right faith'."
"This theory was supported by the Caliph Ma'mun, the founder of the 'Palace of Wisdom'. It became a prominent scholar for a time and began to actively annotate the scriptures. However, due to the failure of the political struggle, it was attacked and expelled. However, many people came Research and teaching continue in relatively marginalized areas, such as Andalusia.”
"My Heavenly Father, I am sure this is a philosopher." The Queen Mother looked at Lama Wang, shook her head as if giving up, and looked at Guo Kang: "You should be able to understand, right? I'm already dizzy. "
"This has a lot in common with some Aristotelian doctrines here." Guo Kang replied: "Fortunately, I can understand it."
"Actually, there are still many differences. It can only be said that this school was influenced by Aristotle, but there are still conflicts on some key issues." "Old Sea Urchin" said.
"Aristotle believes that God is the unchanging 'first mover'. But the impartialists attach great importance to the research and analysis of concepts such as finiteness and infinity, eternity and stillness. After their analysis, they believe that the world cannot be eternal. It cannot remain unchanged. This is also an old topic of debate."
"What do you think of your teacher?" Guo Kang asked.
"My teacher tends to study history." Muhammad saw that he understood and became enthusiastic: "He also tried to enter politics in his early years, and he was very smart and capable. But due to various reasons, he would fail every time at critical moments. , I can only run back and forth between the various emir countries."
"Later he became discouraged and decided to concentrate on academic studies, but he was also hit by the death of his family members in a shipwreck. Perhaps because he suffered too much suffering, he learned from the pain and began to work hard to collect information and compile history books, trying to study the patterns in history and find out The logic behind the decline of nations and the attack on civilization.”
"He wrote these research results into the book "Introduction to History" and taught it to later students. He called on everyone to analyze and study the logic of the modern world through verifiable historical materials, with human beings themselves as the center of research. As for religion, he believed that Things on the spiritual and soul level should be left to Hu Da. Human beings themselves can just deal with the affairs on earth - this view is quite radical in the local area."
"Then what results has he produced?" Guo Kang asked.
"He believes that history itself is continuous and has causes and consequences. Examining historical events in the overall development context, analyzing the laws between causes and phenomena, and then connecting these logical relationships will help to summarize the treatment results. Disrupting the laws of rise and fall," Muhammad said.
"He worked hard to find some simple rules through historical data. For example, the rise and fall of dynasties has an obvious cycle. In the Berber regime in North Africa, four generations is an obvious cycle. It is a pity that this cycle does not apply It’s not that widespread, and that’s not the case in more developed Egypt and Andalusia.”
"In order to explain this problem, we think it should be because different regions have different material resources, climate environment, etc. These geographical environments affect the local social form, and the social form in turn affects the fate of the country. We may need more information Only through careful research can we give specific prescriptions to solve specific problems, just like a doctor seeing a doctor."
"Of course, on the whole, he firmly believes that there are recurring and cyclical phenomena in the history of the Tianfang Sect dynasties. Moreover, this rise and fall seems to be a natural law and is not subject to the influence of princes. controlled by their subjective will.”
"He therefore concluded that the caliphs and sultans who claimed to be the projection of Hu Da in the world were actually just bragging. The true projection of God is thousands of ordinary people. And these rulers are just worms in society. , basically causing destruction. The work and activities of ordinary people are the driving force for historical evolution and cycle replacement."
"Of course, you also know that this conclusion will definitely not make the emirs happy." He spread his hands: "These African emirs are too conservative. I think he moved to Egypt, although it was for Alexander's books, borrowing This study studies the laws of economy and society, but this factor is definitely indispensable.”
"It's not bad." Lama Wang comforted him: "I didn't arrest him, I just put pressure on him. This is much better than most countries that worship God..."
(End of chapter)
