"Dividing one person into another? I remember learning it when I was in middle school." Liu Xin thought for a while, with a thoughtful look on her face: "But I only remember that the general meaning is that everyone has to pay taxes...right?"
Gao Pragmatic was very rude this time and rolled his eyes directly: "Either your teacher deserves the punishment, or you deserve the punishment. I don't know what you learned in history class."
Liu Xin said angrily: "Uh...it's been too long. If you learn it and don't use it, you will naturally forget it." Then she pursed her lips and said: "Okay, okay, I know you are an expert, so don't show off and tell me directly. What on earth does the whipping method have to do with this little thing?"
Gao pragmatically said: "It's a whipping method. To make it easier for you to understand, to put it crudely, it can be regarded as the early preparation stage for dividing a small family into an entire land."
"Why? There is an inheritance or development relationship between the two of them?" Liu Xin obviously did not understand.
Gao pragmatic touched his chin and said thoughtfully: "Let me think about how to explain it to you."
Liu Xin didn't rush him, and just waited for him to think for a while before hearing him say: "Let's put it this way, the whip method is mainly to solve the problem of 'labor' collection. Our current saying in the Ming Dynasty is 'to sum up a county' The taxes were calculated based on the land measurement, and silver was levied on all. Officials divided it and hired servants to pay it.'
There are four main points here: First, all taxes are levied in silver, and land tax and labor service are all levied in silver. In this way, forced labor was cancelled, and the court or yamen hired people to serve as laborers.
Second, part of the labor service was transferred to the land tax collection. But you have to note that now not all the labor service is allocated to the land tax, but only part of it.
Third, merge and simplify collection items and unify them. At present, all kinds of taxes are converted into silver taels, part of which is apportioned on the basis of ding, and part of which is apportioned on the basis of land tax.
Fourth, the collection and distribution of taxes and servitude was changed from the people's collection and the people's liberation to the officials' collection and official liberation. This was to avoid the excessive interference of the gentry and their hands in the process of collection. I know that when the government does this, it is inevitable that there will be fraud, but the government and officials are at least supervised by the Metropolitan Procuratorate and other agencies. The local gentry is even more lawless than the government. "
Liu Xin said "Oh", as if to regain her position, she added: "Just like your Gao family is in Xinzheng?"
Gao pragmatic hesitated for a moment and said angrily: "Our Gao family has a good reputation among Xinzheng townships, at least so far. Maybe there are some family members who are a little more powerful on weekdays, but at least they don't bully good people. Goodness, this family tradition is enough to boast of at present."
Liu Xin covered her mouth with a smile and nodded repeatedly: "Yes, yes, I know, I know. Because of you, your family doesn't look down on the rich and prosperous locals in Xinzheng. Not only does it not bully the good, but it is even very charitable. .
Your own reputation will be even better. The local coal mines and kilns in Xinzheng even pay the highest wages in the Jinghua Department. They also spend money on construction at every turn, such as the embankment of Shuangjie River, what about Xinzheng? Go to the official road in Kaifeng, etc., and so on. It is completely like the God of Wealth descending to earth, and everyone praises him. "
Gao pragmatic glared at her, too lazy to say anything more.
Liu Xin giggled again, then coughed slightly, and pretended to be serious and said: "Okay, okay, you continue to talk. I only talked about one whipping method just now. What about the stall owner entering the mother's house?"
Gao Pragmatic said helplessly: "The main purpose of apportioning people into acres is to solve the problem of uneven taxes and servitude. It is to spread all the amount of land tax into acres and collect it together with the land tax. From then on, the capitation tax was completely abolished and the tax was reduced. It also eliminates the burden on landless peasants and prevents wealthy people who own large amounts of land from evading taxes and servitude, which helps stabilize the ruling order and stabilize taxation."
Liu Xin suddenly said: "Oh, you said it this way... Although I still don't know the details, but since you said that sharing a small amount of land, it has reduced the burden on farmers with little land, and also made it easier for rich people who own a large amount of land to If you can't avoid taxes and duties, then I know it will be difficult to handle."
Gao pragmatically nodded and said: "Of course it is difficult to handle, so although I am very disgusted with the Taqing, I have always admitted that the Taqing also produced a 'great emperor'."
"Oh, who is it? Kangxi?"
"No, whether Kangxi is considered an emperor or not depends on several aspects individually. If evaluated comprehensively, it depends on which aspects the evaluator personally prefers, that is, what things he weighs more heavily... It’s controversial anyway.”
Liu Xin said in surprise: "Kangxi doesn't count? Then...Qianlong?"
Gao Pingshi snorted and said disdainfully: "In my opinion, the distance between Qianlong and the 'Great Emperor' is not only the distance between heaven and earth, but also at least one Pacific Ocean."
"Really?" Liu Xin said unexpectedly: "Aren't they all talking about the heyday of Kangxi and Qianlong? They don't count, so who counts?"
"What a coincidence, it's the one between the two of them: Emperor Yongzheng." Gao Pingshi said sternly: "The concept of sharing the land with others came into being in the early years of Yongzheng's reign. Based on this measure alone, I am willing to admit that he is the emperor." Emperor'."
Liu Xin was quite stunned. After a while, she curiously asked: "Is this reform so powerful? Is it more amazing than a whip?"
"Is the one-whip method great? I think this needs to be discussed separately." Anyway, there were no outsiders. Gao pragmatically crossed his legs again, changed to a comfortable sitting position, and said: "The one-whip method was proposed in the early Jiajing period, almost It was during the period of my third uncle that it really received attention and began to be implemented on a pilot basis. In the original history, it was Zhang Juzheng who forcibly promoted it nationwide at the end of his administration.
Before the One Whip Law was implemented, taxes could be paid in many ways, including silver, rice, and in some places, silk, brocade, and other physical objects. Of course, the most important thing is that food can be tax deducted.
After the whipping method, the court stipulated that only silver could be paid. The effect of this is to greatly increase the silver income of the national treasury, but there is a problem. For ordinary people, money is very scarce, but food cannot be deducted from taxes, so they need to find someone to sell the food in exchange for money to pay taxes. This leaves it to those who have the money to collect the food - such as landlords. The tycoons and even the grain tycoons use the opportunity of exploitation to increase the burden on the people.
At the same time, you also know that the land annexation situation among big landowners is extremely serious. Many ordinary families have not had much land for a long time, but they have to pay taxes. This is equivalent to secondary exploitation. So around the Tianqi and Chongzhen dynasties, the whip method actually had no positive effect. Instead, it forced the people to be more desperate and aggravated the demise of the Ming Dynasty.
Therefore, there are advantages and disadvantages to a whipping method. It is good for the government's finances but harmful to ordinary people, especially ordinary people in economically underdeveloped areas. However, it has no adverse effects on the landlords and rich people, and it is even good news.
My third uncle and I have been trying to get Jiangnan and other places to promote the whipping method, but we have never been willing to promote it in the north. This is not because we are from the north, but because the south has a developed commodity economy, has made a lot of profits, and has the ability to implement it. A condition of whip law.
In the north, farming is the mainstay, the economic structure is relatively simple, and the burden on the people is extremely heavy, so it is not suitable for promotion. Historically, the reason why the peasant uprisings in the late Ming Dynasty mostly occurred in the north and were extremely large-scale was because Zhang Juzheng's forceful promotion of the whipping method actually had a large responsibility. "
"Oh, it turns out this is a double-edged sword..." Liu Xin nodded and said thoughtfully: "The reason why you want to inflate the Ming Dynasty is because you want the people in the north to have money in their hands, at least. If you can afford to pay taxes, you won’t be forced into desperation because of taxes, right?”
Gao Pragmatic nodded and said: "If we want to improve administrative efficiency, increase fiscal revenue, and ensure civil stability, then quietly increasing the amount of money circulating in the market is the most critical, simplest, and most inconspicuous way.
I dare say that by then, although most people will be able to feel something, for example, I am obviously more 'rich', but why I can still buy so many things - they will not understand the reason. But by then, I had avoided a huge disaster. "
"What you said reminds me of 'He who is good at fighting has no great achievements.'" Liu Xin said with a smile: "Then even if you succeed, I'm afraid you will just be an unknown hero for once, and no one will know your merits."
"It doesn't matter, I don't lack credit." Gao Pragmatic shrugged, spread his hands, and said: "It's actually quite easy to get credit in this era, just do this and that. As long as the country is strong, it won't be difficult. On the contrary, it is very boring and has no sense of accomplishment for me.”
Liu Xin smiled bitterly and said: "Well, your ideal is a bit... mysterious. I am still more accustomed to taking the expansion of territory as a major achievement." Then he paused and asked again: "A whip method has advantages and disadvantages, is it possible? Is it completely good to have just one person sharing the same acres?"
Gao pragmatically said: "Before Yongzheng's implementation of the farming system, the Qing Dynasty adopted the Ming system, and the court collected taxes on a per-capita basis like the Ming Dynasty. The rough meaning is that the number of households in your home is multiplied by the amount of money for each household." Ding Shu to pay taxes.
The disadvantages of this are obvious. For example, if a rich person and a poor person have the same number of children in their families, then they will pay the same tax. Therefore, the poor people have a heavy burden, while the rich people have a light burden.
Yongzheng's reforms abolished the head tax, and the method of apportioning people into acres was to change the tax method based on head to tax based on land, and pay as much tax as there was land. The poor have less land, so they pay less, and the rich have more land, so they pay more. This greatly increased the revenue of the national treasury and also reduced the burden of the poor to a certain extent.
In this way, the number of people in the family will no longer increase the tax burden, and the pressure on people with little or no land will be greatly reduced. This will also relax household registration management, thus promoting population mobility and, to a certain extent, promoting Large-scale population explosion and the development of commodity economy.
However, if you want to say that there are no disadvantages in sharing a small family into a small family, then it depends on what class standpoint you look at this matter from. After all, it is still a product of the feudal era, which greatly strengthened the feudal land ownership system-do you think this is a good thing or a bad thing? I don't know how to evaluate it.
If I look at it from the standpoint of a former party member and cadre, then the shareholding of one person per mu is objectively hindering social change; if I look at it from the standpoint of the Minister of Household Affairs in the Ming Dynasty, the shareholding of one person and one mu is something that can be considered and implemented at present. Perfect tax system. "
Liu Xin couldn't help but smile and said: "I think we probably won't be able to go back. You'd better do your best as the Minister of the Ministry of Finance."
Gao pragmatic smiled and said nothing.
Liu Xin added: "By the way, I would like to ask, if this 'perfect tax system' can really be implemented, how much improvement can it make to the Ming Dynasty's current dilemma of being short of money?"
"I haven't calculated this carefully." Having said that, Gao Pragmatic emphasized: "But from the early years of Yongzheng to the end of Yongzheng, the Qing government's land revenue increased nearly ten times. This is well-documented. "
"Ten times?" Liu Xin was really surprised this time, and her beautiful eyes widened: "Are there so many? Does that mean that if it can be implemented, the current burden on the people can be reduced ten times? But... the tax burden on the rich Wouldn’t it increase a lot, can these people agree?”
"Destroying people's wealth is like killing their parents. How can it be so easy to agree?" Gao Pragmatic sighed and said with a wry smile: "If it weren't for the outstanding curative effect, but the resistance must be huge, why would I bother so much and divide the reform into so many steps? , is it being carried out cautiously? Oh, you think I am working hard here when I am full and don’t know the benefits of getting it right in one step? "
It took Liu Xin a while to recover, but she looked at Gao Pragmatic carefully, making him feel a little uncomfortable. Liu Xin then said slowly: "Now I feel that you are really an ideal person - —This sentence is not meant as a joke.”
Gao Pragmatic smiled bitterly and handed over his hands: "I'm so ashamed to be so grateful for the love."
"It's really not a compliment, and you don't have to be ashamed of it." Liu Xin said sternly: "Yongzheng was able to set up a business for his own family. I don't know if he did it smoothly or not, but I think the resistance he faced would definitely not be there." The resistance you face is huge - after all, he is not a Han emperor, and his rule ultimately relies on military coercion, so the Han minister's rhetoric that he does not compete with the people is all nonsense to him."
Gao pragmatically raised his eyebrows. Although he said nothing, judging from his expression, he acquiesced.
Liu Xin also fell silent. After thinking for a while, she picked up the conversation again and said, "So you don't want Huang Dutong to break up with the Portuguese now because you are worried about affecting the Spanish-Portuguese Empire's attitude towards the Ming Dynasty. Are you particularly worried that the inflow of silver from the Americas—whether it comes directly from the Americas or from Europe—will be affected, which will in turn affect your reform of the Ming Dynasty?"
Gao pragmatically replied simply: "Yes."
Liu Xin pondered: "What if there is silver in other places? I mean a large amount of silver, such as a large silver mine."
Gao pragmatically smiled: "If you want me to go to Japan and win the Iwami Silver Mine, I can only say that the time has not come yet."
"Oh?" Liu Xin frowned and said, "Since you know the Shijian Silver Mine, you must also know how big its output is. I estimate that digging there for ten or eight years would probably be enough for you to use a whip. National promotion is needed.”
"I know this, but Japan is about to be unified now. A large number of samurai and ronin are worried about having nothing to do. Toyotomi Hideyoshi is also worried about not knowing how to arrange them. If I go to fight Japan at this time, I will simply be giving trouble to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Send pillows.”
Gao Pragmatic shook his head: "What's more, Southern Xinjiang has been decided, and Jinghua is now short of money. How can I fight with at least hundreds of thousands of samurai ronin in Japan who are worried about their livelihood? Moreover, what reason should I use to fight Japan? Or even retreat. Ten Thousand Steps said, even if I defeat it, how should I explain this move to the court and the emperor at that time?"
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Thanks to book friend "Cao Mianzi" for your reward and support, thank you!
Thanks to book friends "zhou4770", "143023.qdcn", "His Royal Highness Kyle", "Lazy Confused Bug", "book friends 20190223180428135", "pml5339", "Didi Kaka Club", "A Night Smoker A" "Monthly ticket support, thank you!
PS: I saw that today’s monthly votes all start at 2 votes and are all even numbers. Some friends even voted for 16 monthly votes at one time. I guess there should be double monthly votes again. I'm embarrassed to ask for votes, so I can only say thank you one more time.
