The east and west cities of the Yehe tribe were actually not too far away from the original, and were roughly not far to the southwest of Siping City in later generations (Yehe Town, Tiedong District, Siping City).
Xicheng was originally called "Yehei Village". Because it was built earlier than Dongcheng and is located on the west bank of the Yehe River, it was called the Old City or Xicheng. It is the residence of Chu Kongge of Yehe tribe and his descendants Qingjia Niu. It was first built in the 13th year of Jiajing reign, and was later expanded and reinforced by Jiali in the Qing Dynasty. It has become one of the symbols of Ye He. This city is divided into an outer city and an inner city. The outer city is surrounded by mountains on three sides and faces water on one side. The plane is oval. The city wall is built of earth and stone, more than one foot high and about a thousand feet in circumference. There are two gates in the east and west, and the terrain in the city is flat.
The East City was originally called "Taizhu Village". Because it was built later than the West City and is located on the east bank of the Yehe River, it was called the New City or the East City. It is the residence of the eldest son Taizhu (also known as Taichu or Taichu) of Chu Kongge of Yehe tribe, the second son Taitanzhu and his descendants Yang Jiniu and others. It was first built in the 25th year of Jiajing reign, and was expanded and reinforced by Yang Jidao to become what it is today. This city is also divided into an inner city and an outer city. The outer city is surrounded by water on three sides and backed by a mountain on one side. It is square in plane with rounded corners. The city walls are made of earth and rocks. The circumference is more than a thousand feet, slightly larger than the West City.
On this day, large armies gathered in both the east and west cities. The two Baylors each ordered a thousand elite cavalry, gathered together with some of their cronies and sons, and raised their flags with great force and marched south, preparing to enter the Ming Dynasty through Beiguan and meet with the Ming Dynasty. Gao Pragmatic, governor of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, discussed the issue of mutual trading in Kaiyuan horse market under the new situation.
The so-called Beiguan is actually Shangjianfu City, also known as Shanyanwohe City, or Baishi Mountain City. It was built by Niyaniyaka, the third son of Chu Kongge, the old bele of Yehe tribe. It is the residence of Nyanyyaka and his descendants Yanzhu, Nantai and others. Because it is close to Zhenbeiguan in the Ming Dynasty, people in the Ming Dynasty called it "Beiguan".
The reason why this city was built was to provide a post house and intermediary for the Jurchen tribes who lived far away in the Songhua River, Heilongjiang and Tumen River basins to Kaiyuan Mashi Kechang, from which they "obtained the benefits of the host", so it was called Shangjianfu City .
In the early Ming Dynasty, the earliest horse markets established in Liaodong included Guangning Horse Market (Yixian Tuanshan Fort), Beiguan Jurchen Horse Market in Kaiyuan Town, Kaiyuan Guangshunguan Jurchen Horse Market, Kaiyuan Xin'anguan Dadama City, Fushun Horse Market (east of Fushun City).
In the later period, Kuandian Horse City, Aiyang Horse City (Fengcheng), and Qinghe Horse City (Shijiabao after Kaiyuan) were established.
Among the Bama cities in Liaodong, Kaiyuan alone accounts for four of them. Among them, the three cities of Zhenbeiguan, Guangshun Pass and Xinanguan are the largest and are known as the “Three Passes and Three Cities” in northern Liaoning.
It can also be said that Kaiyuan Horse Market was the longest-lasting and largest border trade market in Liaodong during the Ming Dynasty.
Why did Yehe, Hada and Jianzhou develop rapidly in the original history? The main reason is to benefit from the three gates and three cities of Kaiyuan. Gao Pingshi came here in the name of inspecting the military equipment and the horse market. In fact, it was not just a talk. He did have some thoughts about the Kaiyuan horse market.
Kaiyuanma City was founded at different times. Among them, Zhenbei Guanma City was founded in the fourth year of Yongle, Xin'an Guanma City was founded in the second year of Chenghua, Guangshun Guanma City was founded in the 15th year of Chenghua, and Qinghe Guanma City was founded in the 15th year of Chenghua. The city was founded in the early year of Wanli. In addition, the market outside the south gate of Kaiyuan City began in the second year of Chenghua.
"Market" is a modern economic term, but these two words have existed since ancient times. In ancient times, the transaction of goods was called a market, and the trading place was called a market. Therefore, "market" is often preceded by the name of an item, such as Kaiyuan Horse Market, Fushun Wood Market, etc.
The horse market in the Ming Dynasty was normally controlled by the government and was very strictly managed. The Chief Secretary of Shandong, the Chief Secretary of the Ministry of Justice (as mentioned before, the administration of Liaodong is subordinate to Shandong), Kaiyuan Bingbei Road, etc. all sent officials to supervise in person.
According to the regulations of the market, no weapons are allowed to be carried, "only horses and goods will be inspected by officials at the place where they are imported." The horse market must open on the specified time.
The original rule was that "Kaiyuan is held once every month from the first to the fifth day of the lunar month." Later, it was stipulated that "it will be held twice from the first to the fifth day of each month and from the 16th to the 22nd." If those who enter the market hold an "edict" issued by the Ming Dynasty government, they will receive the approval of the horse market officials.
"Customs clearance preferential treatment".
Like Xuanda, although the horse market is controlled by the government, it is also divided into two types: the official market and the private market. The market where the Ming Dynasty purchased military horses was called the official market; the private transactions between the border people and the Han people were called the private market.
The commodities traded include horses, deer antlers, mink skins, ginseng and other products from the Jurchen people; there are many products from Han areas, especially iron farm tools and other production materials and various daily necessities.
The Horse Market in Kaiyuan area is managed and taxed by the Horse Market Office in Kaiyuan City; the military guard and post are responsible for maintaining order around the market.
In the early days of the market, barter was used, and later currency transactions were gradually implemented. The currency was mainly copper coins of the Ming Dynasty, but also included the direct use of silver.
For a long time, the Jurchen people have participated in the horse market trade, not only from the Yehe, Hada, Wula, Huifa and other tribes, but also from ethnic minorities in the Heilongjiang, Songhua River, and Tumen River areas. In the early years, Jianzhou Jurchens also came here to enter the market. Later, because of the establishment of other places, Kaiyuan was dedicated to the business of the four parts of Haixi.
Well, there are actually some in Mongolia, but the government does not recognize them, or in many cases they turn a blind eye and let the Mongolians trade in Kaiyuan under the banner of Jurchens.
In fact, although Mongolia is nomadic, the areas close to the Ming Dynasty also have farming tendencies to varying degrees, requiring not only farm tools such as plowshares, but also daily necessities such as cotton cloth, salt, and iron pots. The most important thing is that there is nowhere to sell the cattle, horses, sheep, leather and other products they produce, so they also very much need the Ming Dynasty to open trade in the western border of Kaiyuan.
This time, the reason why Nuantu and Huantai intervened in the war between Ye He and Hada is very directly related to the horse market trade.
The key point in this connection is that the current distribution of edicts is unreasonable.
Originally, according to earlier regulations, the Haixi Jurchens had a total of 999 imperial books, and the Jianzhou Jurchens had 500 imperial books.
However, when Wang Tai was called "Ten Thousand Khans" in Hada, the Hada alone contained about 700 edicts - what does this mean? "There are only two out of three parts of the world"? It’s almost time to start eating alone!
The strength of Ye He's tribe is no weaker than Hada at this time, but Ye He only has more than a hundred edicts, how can he bear this? Whoever replaces Qing Jia Niu and Yang Ji Niu will have to fight with Hada, right?
But this is only the reason why Ye He and Hada must start fighting, and the reason why the Mongols intervened has not been made clear.
Why did the Mongols get involved in this matter? When you open the map, you will know: The Yehe tribe happens to be between Mongolia and Hada, which separates them. Therefore, it is very difficult for the Mongols to obtain the consent of the Hada tribe and use the Hada tribe's edict to conduct horse trading with the Ming Dynasty. Difficult, the best and easiest way for the Mongols is to follow the "path" of the Yehe tribe.
But the imperial edict in Ye He's hands was limited, and it was not even enough for his own use. How could he "rent" it to Mongolia? There are quite a lot of edicts on the Hada side, but they cannot be given to the Mongols. Besides, the Hada Department had relied on the Ming Dynasty's care and was very ambitious. The "rent" of the edicts was not very reasonable - to put it simply, it was expensive. , so the Mongols are not very willing to take the Hada route.
What to do? There are two ideas: the first one is simple and crude, directly conquer Ye He, and then use Ye He's guise to trade with Ming Dynasty.
This method may seem childish, but in fact it is completely feasible - the current Duoyan Sanwei are no longer the Wuliangha Sanwei of the past, but they still trade with Ming Dynasty from time to time under the guise of the old times. Ming Dynasty has always pretended What Tsukuru doesn't know is that Ming Dynasty is not stupid either. You always refuse to trade with others. If others can't survive, they can only come and rob you. That is causing trouble for yourself for no reason.
Therefore, from the perspective of the Ming Dynasty, it does not matter who will trade with each other. What is important is to control the scale and frequency of mutual trade, so that people can barely survive, but not too well.
Of course, Gao Pragmatic disagrees with this view. When he controlled Tumut through the mutual market in Xuanda, he did not rely on these at all. He relied on his strong economic strength to directly affect Tumut's life and death to achieve his goal. .
However, this method has high "capital" requirements, and Liaodong was indeed unable to do it before Jinghua entered the market in a large scale. It's like there is a "financial monopoly capitalist empire" in later generations. That country can search the world, but not everyone can build a "financial monopoly capitalist empire" and it requires extremely strong capital.
In the eyes of Gao Pragmatic, the capital of the official market in Liaodong is far from enough.
"If you want to open a horse market, you must first identify those who want to enter the market." There is no need to elaborate on the Han nationality. The imperial court allocated funds to Taipu Temple, an organization that manages horse affairs, and distributed funds for the purchase of horses to Guangning, Kaiyuan and other horse markets. The scale is average. It is tens of thousands taels of silver, up to one hundred thousand taels or two hundred thousand taels.
In other words, Liaodong's capital was only two hundred thousand taels at its highest.
Two hundred thousand taels seems to be a lot of money - if it is used to buy food, it is indeed a lot of money. This has been long ago, so there is no need to elaborate. But in fact, if 200,000 taels were used to buy horses alone, it wouldn't be much - only 10,000 horses.
Although 10,000 horses is not a small number, if compared with today's Xuanda, this number is not enough, because just from the three towns of Xuan, Da, and Shanxi, last year from Tumed and Ordos The number of horses bought in hand is as high as 37,000!
This does not include cattle and sheep. If cattle and sheep are also included, then the scale of Liaodong... is really worthy of eating farts.
So to put it simply, there is a problem with the system, causing the actual trade volume to fail to meet the standard of required trade volume. Therefore, the Jurchens and Eastern Mongolia are all impatient on this issue, in order to compete for the points approved by the Ming Dynasty. The volume of trade means that you have to beat me and I beat you, and the dog’s brains will be beaten out.
The idea of using imperial edicts to control trade quotas, and thus control the strength gap between Jurchens, is not a brainless idea, but it is too easy to "go out of tune" in the actual operation process. Many times, if you don't get it right, you will be dragged down. ——For example, the beating of the Hada tribe this time dragged down the Ming Dynasty in the original history, forcing the then governor of Liao (first Li Song, then Gu Yangqian) and Li Chengliang to directly suppress Ye He, even to the end Send troops directly to attack Ye He.
Li Chengliang was still strong at that time, and he did defeat Ye He, but that led to a series of variables. For example, Ye He defeated Hada first, so that Hada's strength never recovered, and Li Chengliang turned around again Ye He was basically defeated, which led Nurhachi to take the opportunity to develop. As a result, he later defeated Ye He's "nine-unit coalition". At this time, the situation in Liaodong was already out of control.
In fact, Ye He formed a coalition of nine armies at that time because Ye He found out that after he had received a heavy beating from the Ming Dynasty, his former younger brother Nurhachi had become powerful and seemed to be on the verge of replacing him. In order to keep the title of "Lord of the Jurchens" Regarding the position, I had to meet Nurhachi to see the truth.
This incident happened to happen during the period when the Ming Dynasty was fighting Japan to resist Japan and aid Korea (the 21st year of Wanli). Liaodong was completely powerless and could only watch the two sides lose strength through a battle on Gule Mountain. twist.
In that battle, Nurhachi defeated the coalition forces of nine Jurchen tribes including Ye He of the Hercynian Jurchen tribes in the area of Gule Mountain (later northwest of Gulou Village, Shangjia Township, Xinbin County, Liaoning Province). This battle was a turning point in the history of the Jurchen tribes' unification war. It broke the military alliance of the nine Jurchen tribes, changed the balance of power between Jianzhou Jurchens and Haixi Jurchens, and showed that the core of Jurchen power began to shift from Haixi to Jianzhou.
What's worse is that at this time, Ming Dynasty had just fallen into the quagmire of Korea and fought for seven or eight years. After the war, when I looked back at Liaodong...oh, Nurhachi couldn't control it anymore.
However, Nurhachi was still afraid of Li Chengliang and Li Rusong and his son at that time - in fact, he may not know that the Li family army suffered huge losses in the Korean battlefield at this time, so he continued to remain humble to the Li family, and very shrewdly asked Li Rusong to focus on the Mongols. side.
As a result, Li Rusong himself had an accident and died in a battle with the Mongols. At this time, Nurhachi was a little ready to take action.
But after Li Rusong's death, the Li family's background has been exposed. They are no longer the Li family army who could fight whoever they wanted in Liaodong. Therefore, the Ming Dynasty successively replaced the general soldiers of Liaodong, but the Li family was not convinced again. , several general soldiers were made lose temper, and finally had to move Li Chengliang out to "suppress Liao for the second time."
Li Chengliang actually had no momentum at this time, but fortunately his reputation was still there. Nurhachi had worked under him for several years when he was young, and he was very impressed, so he did not dare to make mistakes. He waited until Li Chengliang died, and Nurhaci felt that this time No one could suppress him, so he raised troops with the Seven Great Hatreds, and the Liao affair became impossible.
In this whole process, the key point seems to be that Nurhachi has good luck, while Ming Dynasty has bad luck. In fact, this can only be said to be one aspect. In fact, there is a problem in the system, or in the way Ming Dynasty controls the Jurchens.
The biggest problem with the Ming Dynasty's control plan is that it often requires oneself to take action. This is very irrational in Gao Pragmatic's view. It only facilitates the Liaodong generals to "gain credit", and when Liaodong's own strength is constrained by other things, or If the strength is greatly reduced, this method will no longer work.
Therefore, this time, although Gao Pragmatic also wants to attack Ye He, after all, Ye He is too strong now, his fundamental purpose is still to adjust policies.
Suppression is suppression, and after a stick is passed, sweet dates will also be given.
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Spoiler alert, Nurhaci is going to kill his father-in-law soon... Hahaha!
