After Li Yu waited for Prince Su to stamp his seal, he said goodbye to the two of them: "Let's wait and read the newspaper tomorrow." It was easy to refute De Cuilin.
In fact, not only Engels, but also Maxwell and Boltzmann also opposed the heat death theory. Because heat death is really too pessimistic, and now that human society has just begun to feel like conquering nature, heat death gives a huge sap when it comes to saying that the universe will become dead, and no one can accept it.
As I have said many times before, thermodynamics is still a very hot subject at present. The second industrial revolution is also closely related to thermodynamics, and it still has a long life. After all, the internal combustion engine has just emerged and has not yet begun to show its power.
After hundreds of years of the Dark Middle Ages and colonial wars, Europeans finally felt like
"Master of the world", now someone suddenly says that the universe will be dead in the future, and even cells and even atoms will no longer exist. How can we not be pessimistic?
This kind of resistance is not only found in the scientific community, but also in the cultural community and ordinary people. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, there was no obvious theoretical flaw in the heat death theory.
Not only Clausius, but also Kelvin, another person who expressed the second law of thermodynamics, actually mentioned the theory of heat death.
Two thermodynamics experts said this, and it seems that this will really be the case. Russell even said sadly: "The crystallization of all eras, all beliefs, all inspirations, and all the brilliance of human genius are destined to be destroyed with the collapse of the solar system. The temple of all human achievements will inevitably be buried in the collapse In the ruins of the universe - all these are almost so certain that any philosophy that denies them has no hope of success." Wiener, the father of cybernetics, also
Unable to "control" his depressed feelings, he almost lamented in despair: "Sooner or later we will die, most likely, when the world moves towards a unified giant thermal equilibrium state where nothing really new happens anymore around us. The universe will die due to heat death, leaving nothing behind..." The summary is that Russell, Wiener, Maxwell, Boltzmann and others, as representatives of the scientific community, oppose the heat death theory from a scientific point of view.
Engels's opposition to the theory of heat death was his opposition to the direct philosophization of science, which would then directly distort science into idealism. The starting point was no problem.
Because as a German, he believes more in the power of science and technology anyway, and coupled with his own firm materialism, he is naturally very afraid that theology will rise again to suppress science.
Although this worry was seen later as a bit too pessimistic. But even if there is a connection, after all, science is science and philosophy is philosophy.
It is indeed not easy to directly refute the heat death theory. In fact, it was not until Li Yu traveled through time that the heat death theory began to be shaken.
However, this involves a large number of very sophisticated astronomical observations, and even dark energy theory that was absolutely impossible to understand at the beginning of the twentieth century.
And it's just starting to waver, and I'm not sure what it will be like. Anyway, when Li Yu was in school, there was no conclusion about how the universe was born or what its ending would be.
Li Yu pondered for a while in the study room and decided to rely on existing theories to refute: "Mr. De Cuilin, you need to understand a premise. The premise for discussing cutting-edge science is that you need to have the same theory, otherwise there will be no equal dialogue at all. In Chinese terms, it becomes like a chicken talking to a duck and playing the piano to a cow.
"To understand the concept of entropy, you need to have a basic foundation in calculus and probability. I don't know how well you understand this.
“But from the perspective that you want to use philosophy to defeat science, you are going the wrong way.
"I can tell you simply that the increase in entropy does not mean increasing to infinity. Infinity is a mathematical concept and cannot be expanded to physics at will.
“So I think you can study physics and mathematics carefully and understand the difference between them.
"But here, I can write a little calculation process to discuss for you how far away the 'end of the world' will be if there is one." Li Yu just wrote a bunch of mathematical formulas, without showing anything real. It can't be convincing, but it seems that not many people can understand it at the moment.
The publication of this article is enough to refute De Cuilin. However, De Cuilin gave Li Yu an idea for a paper: because when discussing entropy increase, it is inevitable to discuss physics.
One of the "Four Great Divine Beasts"
"Maxwell's Demon". Since the second law of thermodynamics has many expressions, in fact
The proposal of "Maxwell's Demon" is also against the theory of heat death. To explain Maxwell's demon simply, it means that a container is divided into two parts, one with high gas temperature and one with low temperature.
But according to statistics, even if the temperature is high, there are molecules with small kinetic energy, and there are molecules with greater kinetic energy, but statistically they reflect a temperature.
Then there is a small door in the middle of the container, and there is a goblin guarding the door. It can only allow the slow-moving molecules to move from the high-temperature side to the low-temperature side; and the fast-moving molecules from the low-temperature side to the high-temperature side.
As a result, the temperature on the high-temperature side will become higher and higher, and the temperature on the low-temperature side will become lower and lower. Of course, modern people can see at a glance that it obviously violates the second law of thermodynamics, because if there is such a monster, then there is a second type of perpetual motion machine, which is obviously problematic.
But who is Maxwell? This theory is as difficult to explain perfectly as other mythical beasts, such as Zeno's tortoise, Laplace's demon and the unborn Schrödinger's cat.
No one in physics can handle it right now. Being able to tame this mythical beast is also an incredible achievement.
And it is a very popular theoretical result. ——After Li Yu left the Industrial Inspection Bureau, Kawashima Naniwa also left immediately, and met Konoe Ayuki at his residence who came to report to him.
The Japanese attach great importance to rank. Konoe Akiyuki must first pay a visit to Kawashima Naniwa before continuing to pay a visit to the spy chief Nobuzumi Aoki and Japanese Minister Uchida Yasuya.
"Mr. Kawashima, I was entrusted by Lord Konoe Atsumaro and Mr. Toyama Mitsuru to come to the capital to secretly supervise Li Yu." Kawashima Naniwa glanced at Konoe Akiyuki. She was indeed very beautiful.
"Konoe-sama and Touyama-san have high hopes for you, so you must have some ability." Konoe Akiyuki leaned over and said, "Kawashima-san is too complimentary, and I hope you will give me more advice in the future." Kawashima Naniwa looked through her collar Looking over, Xi Xi really took advantage of Li Yu, and then asked: "Do you know the way of the house?" As an intelligence officer, Konoe Akiyuki did not evade such a question at all: "I have learned it in class. .”
"Just learned it in class?" Kawashima Naniwa asked. Konoe Akiyuki replied: "Yes." Kawashima Naniwa said evilly: "I can teach you a thing or two." Kawashima Naniwa is also a person with bad taste, otherwise he would not have died when Kawashima Yoshiko was 17 years old. She forcibly defiled her adopted daughter.
Who told her that her surname was Aixinjueluo, that she was a noble person, and that her biological father was a dignified hereditary iron-hatted king with a noble birth.
Konoe Akiyuki said: "Kawashima-sama, you should understand the tradition. A perfect body is of greater use to me. Although I don't care, but for the great cause of the empire, it must be better utilized." Kawashima Nani suddenly spoke. Opening her mouth, she couldn't help but feel a chill in her heart: This woman actually casually regarded this kind of thing as a bargaining chip for the task. She is so young and has a careful mind. It's really scary.
Kawashima Naniwa coughed: "Very good, I'm just testing you." Konoe Akiyuki smiled slightly, and he didn't know if he saw through it. He just said: "I understand the humble position. If you can't even pass this test, how can you still do it?" How to lead people to be promoted to the main family and become the Chinese." The Chinese are the aristocratic class that existed in Japan between the Meiji Restoration and the end of World War II.
Japanese princes
After "the editions were returned", the original ones were also abolished.
"public",
"Daming" and other titles collectively refer to them as the Chinese. Then in 1871, Japan again abolished the old status system and divided its citizens into four categories: royal family, Chinese family, noble family, and common people.
The Chinese became the aristocratic class second only to the royal family and enjoyed many political and economic privileges. It can be simply understood as the five major titles of duke, marquis, uncle, son and male.
Kawashima Naniwa's eyes narrowed, and he understood that this woman had far-reaching plans and was even more untouchable. If he really entered the house of the head of the Konoe clan, he would definitely not be able to offend him.
So he said: "You should go back first. General Aoki Xuanchun is not in the capital yet. We will report to you when he comes back." - Li Yu's home.
Sometimes he stood up, sometimes sat down, scribbling and correcting, preparing to write an article about
"Mythical Beasts" article. The reason why corrections are needed is to delete some theories that are too advanced.
There are too many things in my mind, and now I need to unpack them. Regarding the second law of thermodynamics, both Boltzmann and Maxwell analyzed the molecular field.
However, considering the special existence of Maxwell’s Demon, if you talk too much, it will pop up inadvertently.
The explosive theory of the "uncertainty principle". When Li Yu was concentrating on thinking about the problem, he didn't notice Lu Bicheng and Qiu Jin standing outside the window.
Qiu Jin looked at him for a long time and said to Lu Bicheng: "You are so tall, no wonder I am fascinated by you. He is indeed a handsome man. His spirit, energy and spirit are far beyond the reach of the playboys." He was 1.8 meters tall in the late Qing Dynasty. It's indeed a little giant.
Lu Bicheng grabbed the hem of her clothes: "Sister, let's go, let him see how bad it is." Qiu Jin understood her thoughts and sighed in her heart: "Maybe love really exists under free love." The two of them. Turning around to leave, he saw Konoe Ayuki coming back at the gate of Rong Mansion.
As they passed by, Qiu Jin asked Lu Bicheng: "Why are there other beautiful girls in the house?" Lu Bicheng said: "He told me that a group of students from Shanghai will work in the company in the future." Qiu Jin was wary. He said: "Be careful." Lu Bicheng asked: "Be careful of what?" Qiu Jin said: "Just one glance, you can see that she is not simple." Qiu Jin is planning to go out alone in the world, and she has this kind of talent.
