Patent Office, Bern, Switzerland. Mr. Einstein, the third-level provisional patent officer, was carefully comparing Planck's 1900 paper with Li Yu's current paper. After reading for a long time, he felt that he was more accepting of Planck's paper.
"Energy quanta" argument. As for Li Yu, just use
The "quantum" statement is really too advanced. Einstein found the formulas of Wien and Rayleigh and studied them carefully. At this time, he seemed to see something: Wien's starting point was based on classical thermodynamics, and he obviously used Boltzmann's molecular and atomic hypotheses, and got Wien's formula that adapts well to high frequencies.
——To put it simply, Wien starts from the perspective of particles. As for Rayleigh, although it is also derived based on classical theory, Rayleigh's theoretical foundation is Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, thus obtaining the Rayleigh formula that is well adapted to low frequencies.
——To put it simply, Rayleigh starts from the perspective of waves. One is a particle and the other is a wave?
They are only partially consistent. However, the theories of Li Yu and Planck can be perfectly consistent with black body radiation. Could it be that?
Einstein felt a sudden inspiration and quickly read Li Yu's paper again. He felt more and more enlightened in his heart. That's it!
——Germany, Imperial Institute of Physics and Technology. This was the core of the study of blackbody radiation at the end of the 19th century, and many data, images, and experiments were made here.
It was here that Wien originally developed his own Wien formula and won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physics.
However, Wien obviously did not want to continue to study Baron Rayleigh or even Li Yu's thesis. He still wanted to continue to improve his theory.
While Gu was meditating, two researchers from the institute, Rubens and Kurban, came back. It was the two of them who discovered the low-frequency failure phenomenon of Wien's formula through experiments.
Rubens was holding a magazine in his hand. Although it was written in English, in today's academic circles, people generally understand several languages, no matter what their major.
"Did you read it?" Rubens said,
"This Chinese named Li Yu is really indescribable. He just explained the blackbody radiation formula, and he actually made so many big moves in astronomy in the United States." Kurban said: "I first read the article about The work on extragalactic galaxies is as rigorous as when he discovered Pluto. The paper is so wonderful that even I want to go to the observatory to see it."
The name "Li Yu" was so familiar to Wien that he raised his head and asked: "Why did he go to the United States again? What new discoveries did he make?" Rubens said: "Very incredible results, but they are all astronomical discoveries. Wien was stunned: "Astronomy! How can he still have time to engage in astronomy while studying such a difficult problem of black body radiation?" Rubens said: "That's why it's unbelievable! And look at the article he recently published to refute Os. Professor Twald's article is also very exciting, and the logic of the writing is as natural as the spring wind. It seems that he can already guess what others are saying." Kurban also said: "That's right! I heard that even Mr. Mach went to study It's a new theory." Wien was still struggling with many theories and formulas, and he felt a little discouraged when he heard it: If Mach and Ostwald didn't have the strength to fight back, he didn't know whether he should continue to search for Planck. and the loopholes in Li Yu’s theory.
Before he could think of what to say, the director of the institute, Kohlrausch, came and said after entering the door: "Have you understood Li Yu's article?" The two researchers Kurban and Rubens said: "Director, We've seen it before, and it does fit perfectly with the experimental results."
"Very good." Kohlrausch nodded. They are all experts in experimentation. If you say so, there must be no problem.
Wayne wanted to refute, but couldn't find a good starting point for the moment, so he had to remain silent. Director Kohlrausch said: "Mr. Siemens, the sponsor of the institute, said that this problem that has plagued the institute for many years has been solved. He is very happy and wants to fund this outstanding emerging scientist, but he needs enough correct evidence. Since The test is in perfect agreement, so I can tell him the truth." Werner von Siemens, the founder of Siemens, has passed away, and the current head is his younger brother and two sons, who of course still have the surname Siemens.
Since the founder Werner von Siemens was very passionate about physics and was a physicist himself, his investment in the Imperial Institute of Physics and Technology was quite substantial. The initial investment was US$125,000. Of course, the German Parliament later funded a lot more .
"In other words, they are all correct?" Carl Siemens asked. Kohlrausch said: "At present, there is no problem." Carl Siemens said: "Fortunately, Planck is also a German. I heard that he is a professor at the University of Berlin. How about giving them a sum of money to continue This research." Many European companies now like to sponsor scientific research projects. Later, the famous Copenhagen School represented by Bohr was sponsored by the brewer Carlsberg.
Kohlrausch said: "I'm afraid that Mr. Planck will not agree." Carl Siemens asked: "Why not agree?" Kohlrausch said: "Mr. Planck seems not to be ready to shock the world for him." Preparation for theory shouting." Carl Siemens did not know physics as well as his brother, and asked again: "Why? I heard that black body radiation is one of the most popular theories in physics today." Kohlrausch explained Said: "Having said that, the opposition is too loud. Now I can't find many Planck supporters in China. His theory is too subversive, but the derivation given by the man named Li Yu is too It’s perfect, just can’t find any problems.” Carl Siemens said: “If this is the case, it means it is still correct. Science is like starting a company. There is always a process for accepting new theories, as long as you don’t make mistakes.” Carl Siemens Siemens obviously thought of the mistakes made by Riven at the institute at that time.
Kohlrausch said: "The British Royal Society has awarded Li Yu a foreign academician. I think the British have good eyesight."
"Tch!" Carl Siemens said disdainfully,
"The center of science now should be in Germany. I will write to Li Yu now, and I can also build a new research institute for him in Germany." - University of Berlin.
Planck, as the first person to open the door to quantum theory, was indeed a bit conservative in his thinking. After all, he had previously studied classical thermodynamics and electromagnetism.
He was already in his forties when he proposed the quantum hypothesis. He was not an enthusiastic young man. Even if he did not have a high reputation, he was still a university professor and an academician of the Academy of Sciences. Therefore, he tried to be prudent in everything he did and could not make mistakes.
In the following ten years, he himself often warned others to use his theory and Planck's constant with caution.
You can't blame him for this, after all, who could have imagined that the future development of quantum mechanics would be so broad. Planck's constant later became one of the three basic physical constants that make up the universe, and its status is so transcendent.
He was really excited at this time, and everyone would be extremely happy when they see their research results accepted.
He is also much luckier than Boltzmann's fate. At least in his lifetime, he will be able to see quantum mechanics sweeping all directions and opening up thousands of miles of territory.
However, Planck did not continue his research at this moment. As a somewhat simple or old-school scientist, he did not get involved in the debate with other opponents. Basically, Li Yu was
"Talking with Confucians". He was holding a book in his hand, and it was "Star Wars: A New Hope." He was drinking coffee while reading it with great interest, and he read it in one sitting.
After closing the book, Planck was still thinking about the plot in the book.
"It's interesting. I wonder how the story will go on." The more Planck thought about it, the more he became more and more nervous. He suddenly thought: "Isn't it too much for me to send a telegram to Li Yu?" The two had not met, but they had already passed through quantum theory. connected together.
Just do it, Planck took up his pen and drafted a message to Li Yu: "Mysterious and great star of Eastern science, the paper you wrote surprised me! But what I want to know more now is "Star Wars" ": New Hope" book, what will happen next to the evil Galactic Empire and the powerful Darth Vader? Will Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia finally be together?" Well, Li Yu received this letter The telegram was also dumbfounding.
He would never have imagined that the first telegram sent to him by Dang Planck was actually a reminder for manuscripts! It turns out he also likes science fiction!
Li Yu could only reply: "Dear Professor Planck, I am honored that you like this science fiction work. I will write the sequel as soon as possible, so stay tuned." Planck replied: "As soon as possible! I haven't seen you for a long time. Reading such interesting science fiction works, my imagination really amazes me! The grand scenes are as fascinating as Beethoven's piano music." When he was young, Planck was very interested in literature and music, and was especially good at playing the piano. But eventually his interest turned to physics.
It can only be said that the world has lost an excellent musician, but gained a groundbreaking scientific master.
Planck finally remembered at the end of the message
"Business," he added: "If you can come to Germany, you must discuss the deepest mysteries of physics with your husband face to face." Planck, like Siemens and others, believed that Germany is the center of world science, and he I am even more proud of myself for this.
Even after World War I, Germany suffered extremely heavy losses and was almost beaten to the end. The amount of reparations was almost unlimited. It was also ostracized by the international scientific community. Among the 275 scientific conferences held from 1919 to 1925, 165 No Germans were invited.
However, German science is still advancing by leaps and bounds, and great progress has been made in many fields. Planck had already become famous at that time. In 1918, he said in a speech at the Prussian Academy of Sciences: "Even if the enemy deprives us of our defense power, even if the crisis is happening before our eyes, there is even a more serious crisis coming. One thing is What enemies, whether domestic or foreign, cannot take away from us: that is the position of German science in the world! The first task of the Academy is to safeguard this position, if necessary, to defend it at all costs!" Of course! , German science is indeed very strong at this time, there are too many great people, and even Einstein was originally a German national.
As for the United States, it is still in the catching-up stage. However, after World War II, the science center quickly moved to the United States. One of the reasons was that many German scientists fled to the United States.
Li Yu had previously received an invitation from Hilbert from the University of Göttingen, and he would definitely go to Germany, so he replied: "I will definitely go to Germany to seek advice from the professor in person." - After staying in the United States for so long, Liang Cheng, the Qing ambassador to the United States, finally got the opportunity to meet with U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
If it were in later generations, the status of ambassador to the United States would be very high. But as we all know, diplomacy actually looks at comprehensive national strength.
"Weak countries have no diplomacy",
"If you fall behind, you will be beaten." These are probably the two most profound and painful lessons in the modern history of the Chinese nation.
Anyway, with his current status in the Qing Dynasty, Liang Cheng could only wait for others' free time. Li Yu received Liang Cheng's telegram and quickly returned to Washington from New York.
After meeting Li Yu, Liang Cheng said to him: "This meeting is very important. Westerners always value the first impression. We must show our best and strive to get the United States to agree to re-recruit our international students." Li Yu said: "Of course we have to fight for this. In addition, the ambassador can also propose that the United States stop asking for Gengzi reparations." Liang Cheng said in surprise: "Stop the Gengzi reparations?! How is it possible." Even though Liang Cheng had just taken office, he understood that this was a An extremely difficult diplomatic incident.
Li Yu said: "The reason the United States proposed for the Boxer Reparations was to compensate for its losses in the Boxer Rebellion, but obviously the more than 30 million taels of silver that the United States requested far exceeded their actual losses." Liang Cheng sighed: "I understand. , but..." Li Yu said: "Compared with other countries, the United States is the best to fight for. If this thing is done, it will definitely be a major event that will contribute to the country." When the Eight-Nation Allied Forces discussed the amount of compensation in a dirty manner, The United States feels that the number is a bit high, because the current policy of the United States is not in the nature of military expansion, but it still hopes to engage in trade.
Therefore, out of consideration of one's own long-term interests, it is recommended that the amount of compensation be set within a reasonable range. This can also avoid China's economic collapse, otherwise everyone will not be well off.
However, the great powers were unwilling to lag behind other countries and competed for extortion. In the end, they jointly concocted a huge amount of Boxer Indemnity.
Liang Cheng thought, "I'm just afraid of offending the Americans' objections." Li Yu said, "This is not an objection. Now that the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States has hindered the dumping of its products, they also want to use other methods. To make up for it, besides, do you think the United States looks like it is short of money?" Liang Cheng naturally knew the great strength of the United States, and the United States does not seem to have many colonies. Compared with the European powers, it seems more powerful.
"No harm to humans and animals". Liang Cheng said: "I take it to heart and will definitely bring it up when I have the opportunity." Liang Cheng is a smart man, and of course this kind of matter must be handled diplomatically.
Li Yu nodded: "We can suggest that they use the returned compensation for education." Liang Cheng originally wanted to open up education channels between the two countries, and hearing what Li Yu said, it felt feasible.
Historically, Liang Cheng would not officially mention this matter until almost the next year, but the sooner the better.
According to the actual situation, when the United States decided to return the Boxer Indemnity, the Qing government had already compensated more than half.
Although the returned Gengzi compensation did do practical things and built famous schools including Tsinghua University.
But the money is actually ours. How to describe this kind of thing, let's use an analogy: Xiao Ming rushed into your house, smashed and looted, and you soiled Xiao Ming's clothes because of your struggle. Xiao Ming's clothes lost 100 yuan.
But Xiao Ming relied on force to make an agreement with you, asking you to compensate you 10,000 yuan. Later, when you paid 6,000 yuan in compensation, go to Xiao Ming to ask for it.
So Xiao Ming said: I will not refund the 6,000 yuan that has been compensated to me. I can waive the remaining 4,000 yuan, but only in name!
You need to transfer the money to an account in the bank called
"Education Funding" account. So you still have to transfer the remaining 4,000 yuan to the account, and then Xiao Ming also hired a lawyer to supervise it. The money can only be used to pay your tuition and cannot be used for other purposes.
This is what the United States calls the return of the Boxer Indemnity. The United States has demanded a total of more than 32 million taels in compensation, and China has already paid more than half.
The so-called refund means that the remaining money that has not been compensated is discarded, but China still has to actually take out the money and use it according to their requirements, such as education.
They had long since received huge benefits that far outweighed their losses. Then he borrowed flowers to send to Buddha, waived the remaining compensation, and sold him to a good person.
This diplomatic method is really clever and clever. It makes many people feel that the United States has done a great good thing and praise it.
As for the reason, everyone should make their own judgment. In short, Li Yu still believes that the only thing he can thank is the wisdom and efforts of diplomats like Liang Cheng.
Liang Cheng was originally a young boy studying in the United States, and he understood the importance of education very well. If so much money could be spent on education, it would definitely be a good thing for the country and the people.
Liang Cheng said excitedly: "Little friend Li Yu said that very well! Your suggestion is exactly what I want!" Although Li Yu knew that Liang Cheng would definitely be able to do it in the future, as a party involved, Liang Cheng still had no idea.
When they arrived at the White House, they first met with then-U.S. Secretary of State John Hayin. You may not have heard of this Lord, but he strongly advocated
You must be familiar with the policy of "open door, sharing benefits". The Secretary of State has always been an extremely important position in American politics, ranking at least the fifth or sixth most powerful position.
Haiyin received a rigorous university education and studied law, which is very useful for politics. He followed Lincoln in his youth and was his personal secretary.
During the Civil War, he was awarded the rank of colonel. Since then, he has been active in politics and is a very mature politician and diplomat. In addition, he also helped the United States obtain the right to dig the Panama Canal.
In short, among the secretaries of state in American history, he is the best. Haiyin was chatting with several senior officials at this time. After seeing Liang Cheng, he said, "Ambassador Liang, please wait a moment. Mr. President will be free soon." Liang Cheng said, "Thank you, Mr. Haiyin." Haiyin said He seemed to be in a good mood and chatted: "When Mr. Li Hongzhang from your country came to our United States, I remember that he was surrounded by people and had many servants. Why is it different, sir?" Liang Cheng smiled bitterly and said: "Now the Qing Dynasty We are so poor that we have no money to hire servants." Haiyin added: "At first, Mr. Li Hongzhang was very impressed by our skyscrapers and hoped to build them in your country." Liang Cheng continued to say miserably: "The national finances are limited. The money has been used to pay reparations, how can there be money for construction? The people are miserable and their spending power has almost been lost." Haiyin opened his mouth. The United States did not want to see this. After all, it still wanted to sell goods to China. He lamented: "The compensation paid by the Qing Dynasty to the United States did far exceed the actual losses suffered by the United States in the Boxer Rebellion Incident." The speaker was unintentional, but the listener was intentional.
Li Yu had already vaccinated Liang Cheng before. When these words came from the mouth of the US Secretary of State, Liang Cheng became even more convinced of Li Yu's judgment. There was something wrong.
