Several people worked together to explain to Cixi what a gramophone was. Then Cixi listened to the opera with peace of mind and was very satisfied with the singing of Yang Xiaolou and Jia Honglin.
"Why haven't you heard of it? Which opera troupe is it?" Cixi asked.
Li Yu replied: "Empress Dowager, the singers are Yang Xiaolou and Jia Honglin. They are both in the Jingzhong Temple Tongqing Class now. Yang Xiaolou is also Tan Xinpei's adopted son."
Cixi often listened to Tan Xinpei's opera singing, and he was now a popular figure in the Shengping Department of the South Palace of the Imperial Palace.
"That's right, Xiao Lizi, tell the Shengping Office and let him show off next time."
Li Lianying said: "Lafayette's supreme kindness is that boy's blessing."
"As for this foreign thing, it's a good thing. The Ai family keeps it."
Puland was secretly happy, knowing that Cixi had given her the steps, and immediately said happily: "Dear Queen Mother, I will definitely give you more records to relieve your worries and boredom."
Cixi said: "You should have more of this kind of heart!"
While the supreme rulers of the Qing Dynasty were still ecstatic about a gramophone, several scientific magazines in the UK and Germany had published Li Yu's latest paper.
Lord Kelvin set a high tone at the beginning and immediately raised everyone's expectations for the content of the article. Li Yu did indeed live up to everyone's expectations, and everyone who read it said it was good!
Although the content of Boltzmann's final letter was extremely complimentary, it was a pity that he was not well-known at that time and only had some influence in Austria.
However, the quality of the article was indeed high, and with the endorsement of Lord Kelvin and the Royal Society, the entire European academic circle soon began to discuss Li Yu's paper. After all, thermodynamics is a hot topic, and almost everyone knows a little bit about it.
The first person to express his position was Thomson, the discoverer of the electron. He is now famous as the director of the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University. This man is an absolute supporter of atomic theory. He quickly wrote: "There is no doubt that , this article uses the Boltzmann equation and uses mathematical methods to deduce it, which is worthy of reference by every physicist."
At this time, the academic atmosphere in the UK was relatively relaxed and tolerant, but countries such as Germany and Austria-Hungary were obviously more conservative.
Mach, who was in Austria, was extremely angry after reading the paper, especially when he saw Boltzmann's cover letter at the end: "Here's nonsense! If you have the ability, do an experiment for me and let me see atoms!"
He immediately wrote an article to refute the article, and once again tried to use his "energeticism" to explain thermodynamic phenomena.
Boltzmann was not idle this time. After seeing Mach's article, he quickly countered: "History will prove that the research conducted by Mr. Maxwell and I is correct. To explain thermal phenomena, we must use molecules and Atoms! Therefore, the foundation and extension of the paper are correct!"
Unexpectedly, Li Yu's paper once again sparked a debate in European academic circles about whether atomic theory is correct.
A few big guys took the lead in firing, followed by the younger guys.
Ostwald was a loyal supporter of Mach and quickly caught up with the firepower for the second round of output. He was actually a chemist, and later won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His main research area was catalysts.
However, he was also the person who competed most with Boltzmann, and the two were rivals in the academic field. Although the debate between them was not as stunning as the later academic debate between Einstein and Bohr, it was definitely a small focus in the academic circle during the twentieth century.
Ostwald supported Mach in Acta Physica Sinica under the title "Overcoming Scientific Materialism" and opposed Li Yu's paper, claiming that "energy is the only real reality, and matter is not the carrier of energy, but Just a manifestation of energy.”
When Li Yu saw his article later, he actually felt a little confused, but he also knew that it was absolutely impossible for him to understand string theory, which has not been widely accepted in the 21st century. There is a theory in string theory that claims that matter comes from energy, but Li Yu cannot distinguish this unproven thing.
After the first round of cannons were fired, Planck and Rutherford arrived belatedly. It wasn't that they didn't dare to fire, but it was because they were all small-caliber cannons at the time and couldn't compare with the big guns.
Planck is not well-known now, and his relationship with Boltzmann is not good. But Planck's cognition in the microscopic field obviously went further. Even the Boltzmann constant was actually derived by Planck.
Planck was best at lying down and being Buddhist. He did not want to engage in any debate at all. He only expressed his views in a small newspaper: "As usual, a new scientific truth cannot convince opponents. It can only wait until the opponents Gradual death allows a new generation to become familiar with the truth before it can be implemented.”
Look at people's attitudes...
Rutherford is only playing a small role now. He is speaking out mainly because his mentor Thomson has stepped forward and he has to follow closely.
In short, anyone who knows something about thermodynamics is starting to argue, and even European universities are openly discussing this topic.
Among them was Bachla of the University of Liverpool, winner of the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics. However, he is currently studying in college, and he has a little fan-like respect for Li Yu's thesis.
His field of research is X-rays. After seeing Li Yu's previous suggestion that X-rays are probably electromagnetic waves and can be used for diffraction experiments, he became obsessed with it!
Many years later, he won the Nobel Prize for his X-ray scattering experiments. In later interviews with him, he mentioned more than once the important inspiration that Li Yu's paper had on him when he was a student in his early years.
So although he is not very proficient in thermodynamics and is not good at mathematics, since the "spiritual leader" has spoken, what else is there to say! And if you want to perform experiments, the crystal must have neatly arranged atoms.
In class, Lodge, a professor of physics at the University of Liverpool, asked students to discuss Li Yu's views freely. When other students opposed Li Yu's article with Ostwald's views, Bakla was the first to stand up and support him. Li Yu:
"Electrons have been discovered, why can't there be atoms? The Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University has long had evidence of iron. You can't say that electrons are also made of energy!"
But the students’ questions were also very sharp: “If you can’t verify it, at least you can’t say it right.”
"If all matter is made of atoms, why are there so many different forms?"
Bakra argued: "Then you say, can energizers be verified? Since it can't be verified, why do you say that atomic theory is wrong? And who said that atoms are all the same, is your chemistry class also in vain? "
Well, if this Barak participates in a debate, he will definitely be an excellent second debater.
