Jinyang, Jin Temple, was built to commemorate Tang Shuyu, the founding king of the Jin Kingdom, and his mother, Yi Jianghou. The exact year of its construction is unknown, but it was probably built in the late Jin Dynasty.
Since the Western Han Dynasty, Jin Temple has been the most important carrier of Jin culture.
There have been large-scale renovations of the Jinci Temple in all dynasties, especially after the renovation by Gao Yang, Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty. Zhixuan, Junfutang, Nanlao Spring Pavilion, Shanli Spring and other beautiful scenery are endless.
In fact, Jinci is not only the most important carrier of the culture of the Three Jin Dynasties, but also an important carrier of Chinese culture.
Many important branches of big surnames, including Zhang and Wang, are all branched off from Tang Shuyu.
Of course, Yan Jin’s surname Yan comes from Tang Shuyu of Jin Temple.
In the past, Yi, the son of Duke Cheng of Jin, was granted the title of Yan Yi and was the ancestor of Yan in Taiyuan. This branch later spread its branches and leaves. The so-called Yan family in the world came from Taiyuan.
Since the Jinci Temple is so important, Zhang Yan must of course come to the Jinci Temple to worship before things are settled. Only in this way can he show that he values the Three Jins.
Of course, I, Zhang Shengren, always have ingenious tricks in this regard.
When people thought that he was sacrificing Tang Shu Yu, mother and son of Tang Shu Yu as the emperor in accordance with common etiquette.
Zhang Gao ordered someone to put a somewhat damaged gold seal in an eight-treasure gold and jade box and brought it in personally.
This side is engraved with the golden seal of the military envoy of Hexi Yaqian. It is the sixth ancestor of Yan Jin, the last Hexi Jiedu envoy (self-proclaimed), the governor of Shazhou, and the only relic left by the Yan Dynasty of Kaifu Yitong. .
In the Jin Temple, all the prominent Yan/Yan clan members in Jinyang City, as well as more than 20 ancient Yan surnamed people over seventy years old were found.
One of them, an old man in his seventies, stood in the center and was surrounded by everyone.
He looked like he was not living a satisfactory life. His face was dark, his back was already hunched, his eyes were cloudy and dull, and his hands were as cracked as dry tree bark.
The brocade robe he was wearing didn't belong to him at first glance, because it was too big. It was more like being wrapped around him than being worn on him.
The reason why he could stand among a bunch of Jinyang senior officials and people of the Yan clan was because he was probably a relative of Yan Jin.
While Yan Jin was still waiting for Zhang Yan to come to Jinyang, he sent people to find his relatives, and finally found the old man.
Because only his family has a legend in Taiyuan. It is said that the old man's fifth generation ancestor had a brother who was an official in Hexi. He was very brave and decisive. He was once regarded as the hope of the family. Later, he fell into Tubo. Some said he took refuge with the Tubo people. Said he had died in battle.
This is more in line with Yan Chao’s experience! Especially the one that took refuge with the Tubo people.
Because the Yan Dynasty was cut off from foreign aid and had no other choice, he took refuge with the Tubo people on the condition that the Tubo people would not relocate to Shazhou, and was eventually poisoned.
And after seeing the image of this old man, Zhang Yan and Yan Jin became even more convinced that if it was a powerful person who came to recognize him, he might be clinging to him.
But if such a poor old man comes out, it is unlikely to be a lie, or there should be some truth in the lie. At least someone in his family must be trapped in Hexi.
"This is the gold seal left behind by Yan Kaifu in Taiyuan during the Hexi Festival. Please take a look at it." Zhang Yan personally handed the gold seal to the old man.
This is to untie the knot of Yan Jin. The most powerful general in Zhangzhou, his family has been kidnapped to the Qingtang Plateau for more than a hundred years. In fact, even Yan Jin does not know whether he is Han or not. The only The proof is the damaged gold seal of this party.
To put it bluntly, is Yan Jin a descendant of the Yan Dynasty? Or was it that his ancestor picked up this golden seal, but was actually from Tubo? It's impossible to tell clearly.
Even Yan Jin himself could only speak a few simple words with Tang pronunciation when he came down from the Qingtang Plateau.
Learning Chinese, understanding the words on the gold seal, and knowing its origin were all things that happened after he killed Dongdai of Tubo and came down the mountain to join the rebel army.
Therefore, Yan Jin's greatest pursuit and desire has always been to find his ancestral roots and become a true Han Chinese and a true descendant of Yan Kaifu.
What Zhang Yan can do for him is to strengthen this result and confirm his identity.
When the old man saw the emperor speaking to him in person, he was about to bow down, but was immediately stopped by the guards.
Just like this, the old man was even more at a loss. Maybe his ears were a bit deaf, and he couldn't hear Zhang Hao's poor Hedong dialect clearly. It took him a long time to figure out what Zhang Hao was talking about, and he muttered in his mouth.
"It turns out it's called Yan Chao! My ancestor sold 40 acres of Yongye land and 120 acres of Fenkou land at that time!"
Zhang Yan listened carefully and then understood what the old man was talking about. In the Tang Dynasty, the equal land in Dingkou was divided into Yongye field and Fenkou field. Yongye field could be passed down to descendants, while Fenkou field was handed over to the state after death. distribute.
In order to ensure the equalization of land, the law of the Tang Dynasty stipulated that those who resell Yongye fields could be punished with a maximum of one hundred sticks, which could kill someone. The resale of Fenkou fields was strictly prohibited.
However, by the middle and late Tang Dynasty, before Anshi, these systems basically lost their binding ability. Not only Yongye field could be sold, but Fenkou field could also be sold.
It seems that before Yan Chao went to Hexi, his family should have pooled money for him to work hard, hoping to give back to the clan when he became prosperous.
However, the person the old man mentioned was not necessarily Yan Chao.
Because of Yan Chao's status, it is still a bit difficult for him to rise from a small soldier with meritorious service.
You know, everyone in the government knows that the military envoy is a high-ranking official of the second rank. He is generally regarded as the commander-in-chief of Fang Town, not a junior officer.
But, then again, in troubled times, it is not impossible for a person with courage and determination like Yan Chao to be able to know all the soldiers and horses in front of the Yamen in more than ten or twenty years.
Moreover, Zhang Yan would not have to worry about these things after recognizing his relatives. I am afraid Yan Jin would not want to worry about these things, and the same is true for the Jinyang officials and gentry in front of him.
So Zhang Gao laughed three times heartily and said, "Don't worry, sir, today I will repay the family's great kindness on behalf of Yan Kaifu. Back then, your family gave away 160 acres of land. Today I will pay back ten times and give you a thousand acres in the suburbs of Taiyuan." Six hundred acres of farmland.”
On the outskirts of Taiyuan, Shangtian, 1,600 acres. As soon as these three words came out, the old man stopped being deaf immediately.
He knelt down with a bang, and his children and grandchildren behind him also knelt down and kowtowed, shouting, "Thank you saint for the reward!"
Zhang Yan had people help the family up, turned to look at the soldiers and civilians in Jinci Temple, and said loudly.
"The land of tigers in the east of the river was the birthplace of the great dynasty. However, since the decline of the great dynasty, wars have continued, and the east of the river has been particularly hard hit. To this day, the soldiers and the people are in dire straits.
But what I want to tell you is that compared to Hexi, Hedong is extremely lucky. In the past, when the great dynasty declined, Hexi fell into the hands of Tibet. The soldiers and people in Hexi suffered a hundred times more pain than those in Hedong.
Today I am attacking Buchen in Hedong and killing Liu Zhiyuan and other ambitious people, just to show that the war is going on all over the world. In order to prevent Hedong from being sold to Khitan by these thieves, Hedong will also become the slaves of the Northern captives like Hexi. "
After hearing this, everyone saluted one after another, and flattery poured in like a tide, all saying that they were lucky to have a saint to save the soldiers and civilians in Hedong. Zhang Hao also accepted the order without any politeness, and then continued.
"Today I send Yan Kaifu Jinyin back to his hometown because he is a great hero of our Hexi people. In the past, Tubo fell into all the eighteen prefectures in Longyou, Hexi, except for Shazhou, which refused to surrender.
Tubo Zanpu Chisong Dezan personally went to the Qilian Mountains to supervise the war. Yan Kaifu led 30,000 soldiers and civilians to resist desperately, causing the Tubo people to be defeated outside Dunhuang City for eleven years. Tubo Zanpu was forced to promise in public that he would not kill a single Haner in Shazhou. Just opened the city.
He is a great hero. Without Yan Kaifu, my ancestors would have been slaughtered by the Tubo people long ago. Without Yan Kaifu, there would be no Tang'er in Longyou, Hexi Province 160 years ago.
I came back from the Hanhai to rebuild the great dynasty. Today I send the golden seal of Yan Kaifu to Jinyang, just to tell you and the heroes of Hedong.
When you are alive, you should be a hero like Yan Kaifu who serves the country and the people, and stop being a shameless person who lives in separatist rule and harms the people! "
In the Jin Temple, many generals from the Hedong army who were lucky enough to survive this time lowered their heads at Zhang Yan's words, as if what they were following Liu Zhiyuan was not a battle to conquer the world, but a rebellion.
Guo Chongwei was also among the crowd. He didn't feel anything else, but Zhang Yanqian did feel it.
For a Liu Zhiyuan confidant like him, there was no punishment except that he might not be able to save his family property.
Especially after the Zhou army entered Jinyang, they did not loot, commit adultery, or kill anyone indiscriminately. This discipline deeply impacted Guo Chongwei's old concept of a warrior.
It doesn't matter if the family property is gone. As long as he can gain trust, it's better to come back after all the money is gone. Guo Chongwei seized the opportunity and stepped forward to kowtow in front of Zhang Xuan.
"The saint's golden words and kind words have made us ashamed. Heroes like Yan Kaifu are great heroes in the west of Hexi, and even more so in the east of our river. I asked the saint to build a shrine for Yan Kaifu in the Jin Temple."
Yo ho! Zhang Gao looked sideways and saw a general about forty years old prostrate in front of him. He was tall and long, with sharp eyes, a wide mouth and a very straight appearance.
Zhang Liecheng rushed over and said to Zhang Yan: "This is Yuhou, the sixth capital of Liu Zhiyuan's personal guardian Zuo Army. He has followed Liu Zhiyuan to the end. He was captured in Nanhe City and released after being found to have no bad deeds."
Zhang Yan raised his eyebrows. After Liu Zhiyuan's defeat, not many people in the Hedong Army were acquitted, because these people had committed more or less robbery, adultery, and other crimes in Xingzhou, Mingzhou, especially Jize County. Crimes such as murder are still being investigated by the Jinyi guards.
And those who can pass the inspection of the Jinyi guards, be released so quickly, and be allowed to appear in Jinci Temple can really be called the White Lotus of Liu Zhiyuan's team.
Moreover, this guy is also very discerning. Zhang Yan launched such a big battle this time to carry Yan Kaifu of Yan Dynasty into Jinci Temple.
Use this great hero from Hexi and Hedong to close the distance between the two sides and tell the people in Hedong that he, Zhang Yan, is the lord of the world with great righteousness, and the rest of the generation are all separatists.
Originally, Zhang Zhang found several Yan family members to propose the proposal, but their proposal was far less effective than that proposed by Guo Chongwei, Liu Zhiyuan's close friend of the Hedong Army in the future.
What Zhang Yan didn't know was that Guo Chongwei was really an upright official in history.
In his early years, he served as the capital of the Ma Army in Yizhou. After Yizhou was ceded to Shi Jingtang, Guo Chongwei felt ashamed of being a pawn of the Khitans, so he abandoned his official position and returned south.
Historically, when Liu Zhiyuan entered Kaifeng, Guo Chongwei was the vanguard. He tried his best to restrain his men. After Liu Zhiyuan arrived, he was ordered to use all the palace treasures to reward the troops, so that Kaifeng did not suffer major plunder.
Four years later, Guo Wei entered Kaifeng. In order to stabilize the morale of the army, his family died unexpectedly. His mentality collapsed, and he directly let the three armies looting in Kaifeng. It was Guo Chongwei and Wang Yin who persuaded Guo Wei to stop the looting.
From the late Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, Guo Chongwei had always been the main general of the country. He served as the governor of various towns and resisted the Khitan invasion. He worked conscientiously and made great achievements.
Later, she changed her name to Guo Chong to avoid the taboo of Guo Wei. He also had a granddaughter, the Queen Guo who made Song Renzong's neck bleed.
As the saying goes, appearance comes from the heart. Zhang Yan didn't know Guo Chongwei's achievements in history. Just looking at this person, he felt that he was an upright person.
After checking, it turned out to be the case. He was immediately overjoyed and hurriedly asked Guo Chongwei to stand up. He also asked Zhongshu Qilang beside him to write down the name carefully for future use.
Seeing Guo Chongwei point out the emperor's thoughts, the surrounding civil and military officials in Hedong immediately began to agree.
The sword was no longer hidden, and he immediately announced that Yan Chao would be granted the title of Taiwei, the military governor of Longyou in Hexi Province, the general of Zuo Jinwu Guard, and the title of Chui Jue would be the king of Hexi County.
He ordered the ministers to discuss the posthumous title, with Zhong as the first character, and allocated fifteen acres of land southwest of the Jin Temple to build the Hexi County Prince Yan Gong Temple.
Later, Zhang Yan entered the Jin Temple to worship Tang Shuyu and Yijiang Queen, and paid homage to Tang Taizong's "Inscription and Preface to the Jin Temple". As the emperor of Zhou Dynasty, he named Tang Shuyu the King of Taiyuan, and named Yijiang Queen as the Holy Mother of Guangci Dezhao. He also ordered the expansion of the Jinci Temple and the construction of a vast Notre Dame Hall for Queen Yijiang.
When it was time to leave the Jinci Temple, Zhang Gao once again ordered a reading desk to be built in the southeast corner of the Jinci Temple, and left an imperial inscription to encourage the heroes of Hedong to practice martial arts, stay healthy, and study wisely.
After doing this, Zhang Yan officially entered the office of the Hedong Jiedushi Envoy in Jinyang City, renamed Liu Zhiyuan's Peking Palace as the Duke of Jin's Palace, and gave it to Yan Jin.
Yan Jin was shocked after hearing this, and immediately fell to the ground and begged Zhang Gao to take back his life.
He, Yan Jin, had just recognized his clan and was already considered a native of Jinyang. He still had an army of 20,000 in his hands. He was also the number one general under Zhang Zhang. He was just like Liu Zhiyuan was to Shi Jingtang and Guo Wei was to Liu Zhiyuan in the past. Now Zhang Liu Zhiyuan also gave him Liu Zhiyuan's mansion, how dare he accept it?
Zhang Yan didn't think so. He knew Yan Jin's character. He was brave and resourceful. As a Tubo slave who came down from the Qingtang Plateau, he could read books.
When he was twenty-eight years old, he followed Zhang Xi to the west. All the way back, only Yan Jin insisted on studying culture. He could read not only books on the art of war and strategy, but also classics and history.
Among Zhang Zhang's Yuan Zhong, he is the one who truly understands the content of the two words loyalty and righteousness.
In recent years, new factions such as Murong Nobunaga and Li Cunhui have emerged, and the status of Yan Jin, Bai Congxin and others have been challenged many times. Everyone else has their words, but Yan Jin is the calmest.
It is often said, "There are no saints. We died long ago in the wilderness without a burial place. How can we be rich and honorable now?" '
If Zhang Yan was still suspicious of such a person, he would be looking for trouble on his own, so Zhang Yan looked at Yan Jin quite angrily.
"You, Yan Chengjie, and Murong Nobunaga, both think that I am jealous of my subordinates?
I dare to use you, Yan Jin, to guard Jinyang, and I dare to let you guard the place of right and wrong. That is trusting you, Yan Jin. I know that you and I, the king and our ministers, will never have any doubts, so why are you so coy? "
Yan Jin looked grateful, "It is a lifelong honor for me to have such trust from the saint. Ever since I traveled west with the saint, I have always remembered the saint's teachings and vowed to devote myself to the restoration of the great dynasty.
Therefore, I am not afraid of rumors, and I will run Jinyang like an iron barrel for the saint. However, this Peiping palace is really not suitable for people to live in. I really can't accept it, and I even asked the saint to entrust General Hedong Jiedu to the office. Moved to the north of the city. "
Zhang Hao looked at Yan Jin's sincere face, thought for a while, and then nodded.
At this time, the Hedong Jiedushi Office was located on the central axis of Jinyang City. It was like a royal palace. It did have the flavor of a royal palace. It seemed not appropriate to give it to Yan Jin.
So Zhang Yan nodded in agreement, "Then I will order you to demolish the Hedong Jiedushi Office and use part of it to expand the Notre Dame Hall in the Jinci Temple, and part of it to build a new Hedong Jiedushi Office in the north of the city. Select the remaining cultural and painting curios Some of them will be sent back to Tokyo, and the rest will be sent to Jinyang Palace."
On the second day of July in the second year of Shaoming Dynasty, Guo Wei, Guo Congyi and Bai Wenke, under the persuasion of Guo Rong and Guo Jin, learned everything that happened in Jinyang. The three of them led more than 70 generals above Hedong Capital School in Shexian County. , Qingqi left the team and went north to plead guilty. The troops in Shexian County were controlled by Guo Rong and Guo Jin respectively, and were taken to Jinyang in batches.
On the fourth day of July, Guo Wei and three other people arrived at Jinyang Palace. More than 70 people laid bare their flesh on a thorn tree outside the palace gate to plead guilty.
Zhang Gao immediately summoned three people and some generals into the palace, comforted them with gentle words, and then released them home. Among the military academies at all levels, except for Zhang Gao who selected ten people to stay in Jinyang Palace, they were also released home.
At this point, everyone put down their worries and knew that there would be no more war.
After the last more than 10,000 Hedong troops arrived, the more than 10,000 Hedong troops captured by Zhang Zhi earlier were also released. Among them, those who harmed the common people would be punished with a one-level reduction according to Zhang Zhou's law.
Those who were beheaded, those who were subjected to hard labor, those who were beaten, those who were fined, as long as they were guilty, none of them escaped. Of course, the punishments were actually reduced a lot.
Zhang Gao then selected 3,000 people from them and announced the formation of his own army Zuo Bao Tao Wei.
Zhang Zhaojie (Qiongre Duojin) was appointed as the commander of Zuobao Taowei, Guo Wei's adopted son Guo Rong was appointed as Zuobao Taowei Lang, the general of Zuodu Yuhou, Bai Wenke's eldest son Bai Tingjie was appointed as Zuobao Taoweilang, general of the right capital Yuhou. .
This completed the recruitment of the most elite members of the Hedong Army, and also reassured Guo Wei and others. Since their sons have been reused, they should not be anxious.
On July 15th, Empress Dowager Ciyou, Empress Dowager Ciyou, biological mother of Zhang Yan, empress Cao Yanxi, virtuous concubine Li Ruoliu, King Li Shengtian of Jin Kingdom, eldest princess Cao Yuanxin of Wei Kingdom and others set out from Tokyo in Qianyutian. The samurai arrived in Jinyang under the escort of a thousand Zuo Longxiang Guards.
Zhang Yan then took advantage of the royal family's arrival and held a grand ceremony. Sure enough, he killed a hundred donkeys and made a donkey banquet to entertain the civil and military officials of Jinyang.
During this banquet, Li Shengtian was puzzled. He frequently looked at the emperor's nephew, who occasionally flashed a narrow smile on his face, and was puzzled.
When the banquet reached its climax, Zhang Gao personally walked out and began to award the meritorious officials.
Among them, Yan Jin occupied Yecheng and blocked the advance route of the Hedong Army. Zhang Yan added 1,000 households in Taigu County of Yan Jin, which actually increased 50 households. His second son, Yin, was appointed as a general official. Of course, he only had a salary. Will teach in practice.
Fu Yanqing stayed in Beizhou and ranked second in meritorious service. Zhang Yan was finally willing to give him a title and named Fu Yanqing the Marquis of Huaiyang.
Li Cunhui followed Zhang Xi in the south and north, and traveled thousands of miles. Xu Gong ranked third, and the Duke of Shouchang County in Jin Dynasty became the Duke of Su Guo.
He conquered Yunzhou from far away, achieved fourth place in Xu, and was granted the title of Marquis of Yunzhong in Jin Dynasty.
The rest of the soldiers and generals also have their own rewards, and after they have rewarded their own people, it is time to express their gratitude to the people in Hedong.
The first person Zhang Zhang awarded was Bai Wenke. In the first year of Kaiyun, this king blocked the Khitan at Qilifeng in Xinzhou, defeated 20,000 Liao troops, beheaded more than a thousand, and captured more than 70 Liao generals alive.
Taking this as an achievement, Zhang Gao made Bai Wenke the uncle of Qi County and appointed him as the governor of Shuozhou and the supervisor of the army and horses of Shuozhou.
Bai Wenke never expected that Zhang Yan would reward him on this basis. For his military exploits in Qili Feng, Shi Chonggui only rewarded him with a hundred pieces of brocade.
All the Hedong soldiers and generals also deeply realized that Zhang Yan was not joking when he said fighting for the country.
Compared with Liu Zhiyuan, Zhang Gao's style was indeed much higher. Bai Wenke prostrated himself on the ground and gave Zhang Gao the courtesy of a courtier.
Later, on the grounds that he was also fighting against the Khitans, Zhang Gao of the Jin Dynasty granted Guo Congyi the title of Guangyang Bo, and ordered him to go out to Zhenxi and Shi Prefectures and serve as the military supervisor of Xi Shi Prefectures.
Other generals such as Zhang Yanhong and Yao Kechou who had meritorious service in the fight against the Khitans were rewarded.
Only Guo Wei was embarrassed, because he had been helping Liu Zhiyuan handle affairs in the south, that is, confronting Zhang Yan, so he was not knighted.
And for people like Guo Wei, Zhang Yan will definitely have to deal with him coldly for a while. This guy doesn't mention that he had a yellow robe in history, because it does have a strong element of being forced.
But with his position in Liu Zhiyuan's group and his skills, Zhang Yan would not dare to use it without suppressing him a few times to extinguish the flame of dissatisfaction in his heart.
The day after the Hundred Donkey Banquet, Zhang Yan announced the restructuring and personnel appointments in Hedong.
The original four towns including the Hedong Jiedushi in Taiyuan, the Zhaoyi Army Jiedushi in Luzhou, the Jianxiong Army Jiedushi in Jinzhou, and the Datong Army Jiedushi in Yunzhou, as well as other prefectures and counties, were merged into Hedong Province.
Jinyang was renamed Beijing and called Taiyuan Prefecture of Beijing. Yan Jin was appointed Pingzhang of Hedong Province and defense envoy of Hedong Province. Beijing stayed behind and Taiyuan Prefecture Yin.
The Imperial Army was transferred to the two towns of Hanhai and Changguo (composed of Guanzhong Yicong) to the north.
Another 1,500 people were selected from the original Hedong soldiers and generals, and 500 people each were selected from Luzhou Zhaoyi Army, Jinzhou Jianxiong Army, and Datong Town to form Jinyang Town of the Forbidden Army.
Yan Jin is the chief soldier of Hanhai and Jinyang towns, He Fujin is the chief soldier of Changguo town, and Guo Chongwei is the deputy chief soldier of Jinyang town.
Guo Chongwei also served as the military supervisor of Taiyuan Prefecture, serving as Yan Jin's deputy in military affairs.
He Fujin was appointed as the deputy defense envoy of Hedong Province and the commander-in-chief of Changguo Town, in charge of the military affairs of Luzhou, Jinzhou and other states south of Taiyuan.
The Forbidden Army was transferred from Datong Town back to Yunzhou, and Wu Luan, the former commander-in-chief of Datong Town, was reassigned to a civilian position and served as Ningxia Provincial Inspector and Ningxia Salt and Iron Transfer Envoy.
Yang Hongxin, the governor of Linzhou, was promoted to the defense envoy of Ningxia.
Yiyi's fourth son, Zhe Deyuan, became the governor of Yunzhou and the military supervisor of Yunzhou, taking control of Datong Town and garrisoning Yunzhou.
After this dazzling set of operations, Zhang Yan spent three days with his family in Taiyuan. Then the two queen mothers stayed in Taiyuan to escape the summer. Queen Cao Yanxi returned to Tokyo and announced that he would be exempted from miscellaneous taxes in Hedong for three years.
The people in Hedong cheered and were extremely grateful. When Cao Yanxi left Taiyuan Mansion and went south, the people sent him all the way for more than ten miles. The situation in Hedong as a whole began to stabilize.
And Zhang Gao is also planning to take Li Shengtian, who is clamoring to go with him to recapture Yanyun, and the pro-army Zuo Bao Taowei, which is composed of the most elite soldiers and horses from Hedong, all the way east. Zhang Gao is going to Youzhou this time. .
Yunzhou has been completely recovered, and now only Youzhou is left without stability.
