Before the Western powers invaded, oppressed and enslaved China, China's cultural class, the intellectual elite of scholar-bureaucrats, always believed that China was the only place in the world that mastered culture, and that outside of China were barbaric lands and cultural deserts. However, after the West conquered the East, the superior Chinese cultural elites were driven to the bottom of despair. They were forced to reflect and re-examine their own culture. In the end, they divided into three groups. The first group believed that the reason for China's defeat was that the Chinese people abandoned them. Traditional culture lacks the virtue of serving the world for the common good, lacks the loyalty and patriotism and dedication of "everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world". This group of people believes that to defeat the West, we must vigorously promote traditional culture and educate the people morally. This group is called conservatives ; The second group believes that the reason for China's defeat is that the Chinese military is inferior to others in terms of skills and China lacks advanced weapons such as foreign guns and cannons. Therefore, as long as China catches up with the West in weapons manufacturing, China can immediately turn defeat into victory and defeat the West. This group is called the reformists; the third group believes that the reason for China's defeat is that there are problems and flaws in traditional Chinese culture. Chinese traditional culture can only create slaves of feudal emperors. Slippery civil society and Jianghu culture, Chinese people influenced by traditional culture will only cede interests and surrender when encountering foreign enemies, and will only engage in secret fighting and internal fighting without bottom lines and principles when encountering their own people. This group believes that tradition should be completely abandoned culture (including Chinese cultural elements such as Chinese characters and Chinese language), and carry out cultural reforms that are completely Westernized. This group is called the reformist group. In the early years of the Republic of China, the reformists basically became the cultural mainstream in China. The core members of the reformists were new intellectuals who had studied abroad and actively accepted the brainwashing of Western culture. Western culture did not have rich connotations. In addition, these People's traditional cultural foundation is very shallow, so these reformists appear to be very inferior, impetuous and superficial. They secretly help the Chinese and Chinese culture find their ancestors, saying that they are descendants of so-and-so Chinese people, and that Chinese culture originated from a pharaoh's tomb in the Mediterranean region. Or in temples, they also like to find the ancestors of various ethnic groups in East Asia, which makes the Chinese people's thinking more confusing and ethnic conflicts more serious. In the end, because of the emergence of great men and saints in China, the reformists did not abandon Chinese characters and the Chinese language, and Chinese talents regained cultural self-confidence and national self-confidence. Otherwise, China has become a cultural desert area without culture and nation.
Here we do not discuss the essence and dross of traditional culture, we only discuss the essential meaning of language, writing and culture.
The above discussion in this article shows that in terms of language, the languages of all human nations all come from a common source. The earliest human writing is figurative writing. According to the scientific speculation in this article, human beings have created hieroglyphics 45,000 years ago. According to Western archaeologists’ calculations, Phoenician is the earliest pinyin writing in the world. It was produced in In 1500 BC and 1000 BC, the Greeks created Greek alphabet based on the Phoenician alphabet. Therefore, in the long history of the development of human civilization, the pinyin script has only a short history of more than 3,000 years. Since the pinyin script is just a pure phonetic symbol, the pinyin script is just a pronunciation. Without a corresponding explanation, this pronunciation will have no meaning. significance. Pure hieroglyphics describe a specific thing, phenomenon, behavior, and emotion through abstract line compositions. Therefore, readers can understand the meaning of the text and the content of the article without language support. After the corresponding relationship between characters and language was formed, the hieroglyphics were given phonetic notation and phonetic borrowing functions in their structure, such as "dan da"
"It means the rising sun, dawn. Since Dan and Dan have the same pronunciation, Dan has become the pronunciation of Dan; "dan da"
" means red. Since the rising sun appears red, Dan borrows the pronunciation of Dan. This phenomenon of phonetic pronunciation and borrowed sounds is very common in Chinese characters. Readers can study it by themselves.
That is to say, the amount of cultural information contained in hieroglyphic characters is unmatched by pinyin characters. Chinese characters are a kind of living script that has been continuously developed for tens of thousands of years and is still in use. There are currently more than 30,000 Chinese characters that have been preserved. Experts speculate that the number of Chinese characters created will not be less than 100,000 characters, and each Chinese character is. A cultural concept and definition, it can be seen that Chinese characters themselves are a cultural masterpiece. Chinese characters contain rich historical and cultural information of mankind. Without Chinese characters, mankind will lose many cultural memories and cultural achievements.
When words and language are perfectly combined, we see many historical and ancient cultural phenomena outside of official history books. Next to the traditional Chinese character "郷" is lang la
g, the pictographic interpretation of the word is "the place where there is a man is called hometown". In a matrilineal clan society, only the female village has the meaning of hometown. The male village is usually a military camp or a coolie workshop, and the man specializes in helping the female village to have children. As an adult man, if there is no Lang in the women's village, there will be no happiness, hope and future. Therefore, only with Lang can there be a hometown. At present, in the areas where the Zhuang people live in Guangxi, where the Zhuang people and the Dai people live in Yunnan, and in Southeast Asia such as Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar, rows of phoenix bamboo are planted around them. Why is this? Because the Thai and Vietnamese people call bamboo la
g, the pronunciation of bamboo is the same as the pronunciation of lang, so the Thai and Vietnamese people plant bamboo next to the village to pray for "the continuation of future generations and a full house of children and grandchildren." In the Han Dynasty, the country of Yelang, which was entrenched on the ancient plateau, believed that bamboo was their ancestor. Perhaps their ancestor was a man or man official who had great ambition and superhuman courage.
There are similar cultural phenomena, such as "Qian Qia"
"Q and x have the same pronunciation in Ancient Yue, so Qian is also pronounced as "Xianxia"
"In a matriarchal society" fairy
"Represents women, the Virgin and the Queen. The pictographic interpretation of the word Qian in Oracle is a pile of metal with many Ge guarding it. In a matrilineal society, only the Queen has an army and owns metal currency, so the word Qian borrows from "Xianxia"
" pronunciation, which shows that in matriarchal society there are only
"Only heroines and queens can own metal currencies, and these currencies are heavily guarded. Ancient currencies are referred to as "bibi", and coin is the same as pi. Pibi is the actual ruler of the matrilineal society. There are quite a few bosses, kings, and coins. The image in the oracle bone inscriptions is cloth and the like covered by hands and objects. Perhaps the matrilineal society stipulated that King Pi could use high-value food such as cloth as currency, but these currencies must be stored in a hidden and safe place. Of course, the coins could only be borrowed from Pi. pronunciation. This phenomenon exists not only in Chinese-speaking areas, but also in areas such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Mauritius. The pronunciation of currency is borrowed from the pronunciation of bi. In these areas, the currency is called rupee lubi. In ancient Vietnamese, lubi is the pronunciation of rupee. Lu means ship and circulation, and Bi means Pi. The literal translation is "the king's currency in circulation", indicating that currencies are under the control of the royal power, and private market currencies are illegal.
Without Chinese characters and the Thai-Vietnamese language that has been preserved to this day, we would not be able to obtain these cultural information from ancient times. This shows that protecting human language and writing is of great significance.
According to the analysis and reasoning of this article, all human cultural phenomena and achievements today and in history are produced and formed after the great migration, settlement and development of human beings. In order to understand the status of human civilization in more detail, we will separately discuss the formation process of Chinese language and characters in this chapter.
Based on the research results of human cultural relics, historical documents and current civilization status around the world, we believe that before the great migration of humans by sea and land between 45,000 and 35,000 years ago, they gathered in southern China and mainland Southeast Asia during the Ice Age. Ancient humans, they already had multiple systematic and complete language systems and writing systems. A large number of ancient stone and bone carvings hieroglyphics were discovered in the Youjiang River Basin in Guangxi, as well as a large number of squatting humanoid rock paintings. These cultural relics reflect the human The ancient Yue people, the main ethnic group in the Great Overland Migration, had already mastered the hieroglyphic writing system during the Great Migration. At present, many ethnic groups in southwest China, such as the Zhuang, Buyi, Shui, Yi and other ancient ethnic groups, still retain their own hieroglyphic writing systems. These are evidence that the ancients mastered the hieroglyphic writing system.
Before the Great Migration, the farming peoples had their own language and writing style. At the same time, the farming peoples living in hot areas had mastered the planting technology of crops in hot and humid areas such as rice; the farming peoples in cold and arid areas had mastered the techniques of highland barley, wheat, and wheat. and other dryland crop cultivation techniques. In the early days of human development, animal husbandry was not separated from production methods such as farming, gathering, and hunting. Before the Great Migration, farming peoples had already mastered domestic animals and poultry such as buffalo, cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks, and geese. Buffaloes were farmers. The main animal power for cultivating paddy fields; cattle are the main means of transportation for farming people; pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese and other livestock and poultry are the main source of animal protein food for farming people. At the same time, the farming people also mastered the use of fire, smelting metals, firing ceramics, cooking food, brewing wine, medicine, textiles, making leather, making clothing, and making tools and utensils such as metal, stone, bone, and wood. All aspects of the production and life of the farming nation must be described through language and writing and passed on from generation to generation. This process promotes the explosive development of language and writing.
Farming peoples live a settled life in groups, and their food sources are relatively abundant and stable. Therefore, farming peoples have an advantage over other peoples in terms of population development. The earliest human society is a human society with farming peoples as the main body. Social management issues, Promote the development of the language and writing of the farming people in a more comprehensive and complete direction, making the language and writing of the farming people become the common language and writing of humans in Eurasia during the Great Migration period and after the end of the Great Migration, with the ancient Yue culture as the core of China Culture is the source of the universal language and writing of humans in Asia and Europe. Therefore, the cultural elements of ancient Vietnamese culture and Chinese culture are still more or less retained in the languages of various regions and countries in the world.
According to the results of archaeological and anthropological research, the cultivation technology of rice, vegetables and fruits around the world, the raising technology of buffalo, cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks and other livestock and poultry, the technology of using fire, making pottery, brewing rice wine, cooking The food technology was brought to all over the world by the ancient Yue people and the early Chinese. Without the great global migration of the ancient Yue people and early Chinese people, there would not be so many people in the world who like to eat rice, pork, chicken and duck meat, take baths, sing and dance. These technologies and lifestyles are unique to the ancient Yue people and early Chinese people.
According to the current analysis of archaeological results, the language and writing of the Ancient Yue people were formed between 35,000 and 25,000 years ago. Before the Ancient Yue people entered mainland China, ancient ethnic groups engaged in fishing, hunting and gathering had already migrated here. There were already settlements and villages of maritime ethnic groups in the estuaries of various rivers in mainland China. However, due to the limitations of production methods, The population development of these ethnic groups has been restricted, so the populations of marine, fishing, hunting and gathering ethnic groups are very limited.
After the Guyue people migrated to Guangdong, the Guyue people quickly assimilated the local fishing, hunting and gathering ethnic groups to engage in agricultural production, forming the Yangyue people. The Yangyue people are basically the same as the Guyue people in language and writing. In order to distinguish the ethnic groups conveniently , the Guyue people who settled in southeastern Yunnan, northern Vietnam and southwestern Guangxi were called Luo Yue. In ancient times, the languages spoken in the Lingnan area were all Ancient Yue. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the official languages of the Qin and Han Dynasties began to influence the Lingnan area. The official language of the Qin and Han Dynasties merged with the ancient Yue language to form early Cantonese, the predecessor of Cantonese. Early Cantonese and the official language of the Tang and Song Dynasties After fusion, the modern Cantonese dialect was formed, namely Cantonese. The Wu, Wenzhou, Hokkien, Chaoshan, Hakka, Pinghua, etc. in the area south of the Yangtze River are the result of the fusion of local ancient Vietnamese and northern Chinese such as Qin and Han Mandarin and Tang and Song Mandarin.
One of the results of ethnic integration is language integration. According to our survey, the Hokkien language family in eastern Guangdong and Fujian retains many vocabulary words from the maritime national language, that is, Austronesian, such as people (
e
g), go (ti, di), eat (cie, qia), fish (ho), meat (
i.e.
g), cow (gu), etc.; at the same time, the Old Vietnamese vocabulary is retained in the Hokkien language family: such as mother (mie), father (bo), woman or wife (ya), man (di)
g), short (dem), tall (sa)
g), water (lem), rice (hou), porridge (moi)
)wait.
Since the Tang and Song dynasties had a profound influence on the Lingnan region, Min language, like other languages in the Lingnan region, retains many Chinese words pronounced according to the pronunciation of the Tang and Song dynasties, such as Xian (pronounced ham in Tang and Song Dynasties), Salt (Tang and Song dynasties). The Song sound is lu, which is equivalent to halogen, lu) and so on.
The Ancient Yue people entered Hunan and the Dongting Lake area to develop Western Ouyue. Their languages were Ancient Xiang and Ancient Chu. In the long historical process when the cultural connections between the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin were not close, the Xiang-Chu culture was not much different from the Ancient Yue culture. There are many differences, but they all retain the same customs of rice farming civilization and matrilineal culture. They call rice hou糇 or ouou; they call rice wine 醆lao or lou; they all believe that their ancestors are mimie. Mimie is the mother.
The Ancient Yue people entered Poyang Lake and the Jiangnan area to develop farming. They merged the local inland ethnic groups into Wu people, Yue people, Wenzhou people, etc. In the ancient Yue language, Wu Wu means me, one of my own people, and a king of the Wu people. , the pronunciation of Fu Chai is very similar to the word busai for ancient Yue men, so Fu Chai may be a "macho man", and he has no words to call "you".
o
gnon, in ancient Vietnamese,
o
g Nong means younger brother, elder brother, brother. It is a very affectionate term. Currently, Shanghainese and other Wu dialects call you Nong.
o
g, this is the legacy of ancient Yue language in modern Wu language. Calling themselves Yue people in the Jiangnan area shows that these people have completely preserved the cultural customs of the ancient Yue people. The Wenzhou people are the product of the fusion of the Ancient Yue people and the maritime peoples. They can be classified as the same type of people as the Minyue people. Among the Guyue people, Wenwe
It means people, human beings, sun, etc., which shows that before the integration of the Nonghai people, many humans gathered and settled here, forming a prosperous society. The Guyue people were the first southern people to trade with the Central Plains peoples, so they left many business-related Guyue words in Chinese vocabulary, such as "buy si" in Guyue, which evolved into "market shi" in Chinese; Guyue The word "selling hai" in Chinese evolved into "jiejie" in Chinese. Sichuan dialect retains the ancient Chinese pronunciation. The pronunciation of street in Sichuan dialect is gai. This pronunciation is very similar to the pronunciation of "selling hai" in Ancient Yue, so in Guyue In slang and Chinese, "street market haishi" means a place of buying and selling, that is, a commercial place. The Chinese "ka" may have evolved from the ancient Vietnamese "foot ga". "Ka" means to control the passage of pedestrians, and pedestrians are porters. Of course, some Ancient Yue words are retained in Sichuan dialect and other ancient Chinese languages, but have been lost in modern Chinese. For example, "xie" in modern Chinese is pronounced "hai" in Sichuan dialect and Ancient Yue language (i.e., Zhuang language). The pronunciation of "child".
Since the Warring States Period, the Yangtze River Basin region has had frequent exchanges with the Central Plains region located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin. Therefore, cultural entities such as Chu, Hunan, Wu, and Yue have gradually been influenced by the Chinese culture in the Central Plains. After entering the Han Dynasty, the Yangtze River Basin region was basically integrated into In Chinese culture, it has become a part of the main body of Chinese culture. After the Han Dynasty, the people in the Yangtze River Basin most likely identified with the Han Dynasty and Han culture. They all called themselves Han Chinese in public, but among the people they still retained their original language and ethnic customs.
The northward migration and development of the ancient Vietnamese farming people was an important part of the formation of Chinese civilization. The migration route of the Guyue people is from northwest Guangxi and southeast Yunnan, heading north into the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The Guyue people first developed agricultural areas throughout Guizhou such as the Nanpanjiang River and Beipanjiang River basins. The Guyue people who settled here evolved into night The Lang people are the current Buyi people; the Guyue people merged with local ethnic groups in Chongqing and the Jialing River Basin to form the Ba and Di people. The Ba and Di people are mainly Guyue people, so the cultural customs of the Ba and Di people are the same as those of the Yue people ; Another group of Guyue people from northwest Guangxi and southeast Yunnan went north along the east bank of the Jinsha River to develop agricultural areas. They crossed the river at Yibin and Luzhou and entered southwestern Sichuan. Finally, they entered the Chengdu Plain area to develop agricultural areas and settle. These Guyue people After integrating with the local ethnic groups, they developed into the Shu people, who established the ancient Shu state. The Shu people, the Ba people, and the Di people are brotherly ethnic groups with common cultural customs. They just belong to different interest groups.
After the sphere of ethnic influence in Sichuan was delineated, the Di people continued northward into the Qinling Mountains and Songpan Plateau, then northward into the Qinchuan Basin and the Hexi Corridor, then northward into the Loess Plateau, Mongolian Plateau, Siberian Steppe, Arctic Frigid Zone, Alaska region of North America.
This is a long and developing process of ethnic migration. During this process, the specialization of agriculture and animal husbandry deepened, and the two industries began to be completely separated. At this time, the Di people were the main agricultural and pastoral people. Some farming people who were proficient in animal husbandry gradually merged with the hunting people and developed into the Qiang people, the earliest nomadic people in mankind. The Qiang people are the earliest nomadic people recorded in Chinese history. Later, they evolved from the Di Qiang people. Among the ethnic groups, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Turks, Mongols and other nomadic groups dominated the world. These nomadic peoples retain the primitive religion of the Guyue people, shamanism, as well as the management methods and systems of tribal society. At the same time, nomadic peoples and agricultural peoples have maintained close economic and cultural exchanges. The economically and culturally prosperous farming society has always provided strong spiritual and material strength to the nomadic peoples. In a long historical period, the farming peoples and the nomadic peoples have maintained a very close interdependence. In this era of ethnic harmony, the farming people have adapted and cultivated food crops in high-cold and arid areas. In these areas, highland barley, millet, wheat, sorghum, etc. are widely planted; in terms of nomadic life, they have invented large-scale oxcarts, tents, and stoves. and other nomadic equipment, and master the techniques and practical operations of livestock domestication, grazing, winter and summer transitions such as sheep, cattle, donkeys, camels and horses, etc., making the animal husbandry industry a large-scale industry with complete technologies and sustainable development.
After becoming more and more estranged by blood and culture, conflicts of interest between ethnic groups became increasingly serious. Eventually, the two major ethnic groups, the farming and nomadic ethnic groups, became incompatible and became enemies of each other. They fought to the death for land and natural resources.
During the era of the great ethnic split, the farming peoples in areas such as Qinchuan and Hetao gradually evolved into the Huaxia people. The Huaxia people became the general representatives and defenders of the interests of the farming peoples in the Yellow River Basin. In order to defend their territory, the Huaxia people had no choice but to move the people around the territory. The nation is regarded as a foreign race and an enemy. This inevitable thinking and behavior leads to the formation of a country and the intensification of ethnic conflicts.
Since China's unified dynasties of Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing were all based in the Yellow River Basin, Chinese culture has always been established as China's orthodox culture. However, Chinese culture has different forms of expression in different historical stages. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chinese culture was presented in the form of Confucianism and other schools of thought; in the Han Dynasty, Chinese culture was presented in the form of Han culture. Now our understanding of Chinese culture is basically It comes from Han culture, the "Historical Records" of the Han Dynasty, as well as the etiquette, regulations and systems of the Han Dynasty. The Tang and Song dynasties enriched, improved and developed Chinese culture on the basis of Han culture. Chinese culture has the qualities of freedom, openness, tolerance, detachment and exquisiteness. The culture and customs of the Tang and Song dynasties are still preserved in Chinese culture and customs. The culture and customs of the Tang and Song dynasties have benefited the Chinese and the people of the world immensely. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the cultural elites of mainstream society no longer knew the original appearance and value of Chinese culture. They could only follow historical classics and copy the gourd, and Chinese culture lost its vitality and space for development.
In this long history of writing development, Chinese characters have become the only Chinese characters. Modern Chinese characters have evolved into modern Chinese characters after undergoing the evolution of oracle bone inscriptions, seal script, official script, regular script and other forms. The bone carvings and stone carvings found in the ancient Yue places such as Youjiang River and Hongshui River in Guangxi are very similar to oracle bone inscriptions, and some of them are completely consistent in form. This shows that the Guyue and Huaxia people once used the same writing system.
Since Chinese characters are ideograms, not phonetic symbols, and the language of emperors and royal families has been the common language of the country in all dynasties of China, the pronunciation of modern Chinese is no longer the original pronunciation of the Chinese language. Despite this, we can still find traces of the ancient Yue language in Chinese characters. For example, "朔suo" means north in ancient Chinese, and among the Guyue people it means trembling or trembling. At first, the Guyue people definitely didn't know how to call it. In the north, people tend to shiver and tremble when encountering cold, so it is natural and effective for the ancient Yue people to call the north "朔suo"; in ancient Chinese, "Danda"
" means the rising sun, da in ancient Yue language
The red color means Dan. One of the main features of the rising sun is its bright red light, so the word "dan da" is used.
"It is very appropriate to express the rising sun; the ancient Yue people called themselves gu and wu, and in ancient Chinese, they called themselves "Wu Wu", while the ancient nomadic people called themselves "Huhu", "Huhu" and "Wuwu" The pronunciation is very similar and easy to confuse. People in southern China still cannot distinguish the pronunciation of these two words. In ancient Chinese, "ti" is commonly used to express tears, and in Cantonese (a typical representative of Tang and Song Dynasty Chinese), "te" is pronounced as dei. , the name for tears and crying in Ancient Yue is also dei. It can be seen that tears are a reservation of Ancient Yue in Ancient Yue. The above discussion shows that in ancient times, Ancient Yue, Ancient Chinese, and Ancient Hu (that is, the Altaic language family) were once interoperable. Integration.
There are still many place names related to ancient Vietnamese in various parts of China, such as Luzhou, Sichuan, which is the intersection of Jinsha River and Tuojiang River. Because the river is winding and circuitous, the river here is wide and gentle. It is an ideal place for boat crossing and construction of waterway transportation. A good place to connect to the dock, so these are the main transportation routes connecting Sichuan and the southwest region from ancient times to the present. They are one of the main passages for the ancient Yue people to enter the Sichuan region during the great migration of mankind. In the ancient Yue language, Lulu means big ship. The place name Luzhou should be named by the ancient people. There is a Naxi District in Luzhou. Na in the ancient Yue language
a is a paddy field for growing rice, xixi means young husband or lover, and Naxi means "lover's field." Perhaps it was a matriarchal society at that time, and a queen gave this land to her lover. This place Hence the name. In the Yangtze River Basin, there are many place names related to lu (Lu, Lu, Lu, Lu). This place may be the ancient Yue boat dock or dock. In ancient times, the southwestern part of Shandong was the State of Lu. The oracle bone inscriptions with the word Lu represent fish in a long shape with a round bottom. In terms of equipment, this is a specific image of a boat, so it can be inferred that "Lu" refers to a boat. In ancient times, the State of Lu had many lakes and crisscrossed water networks. At that time, many ancient Yue people living here must have made a living by fishing. Nowadays, 湹LU is just the name of a paddle. Why is this? Perhaps during labor, the ancients gradually gave up calling the boat "lu", because when the ancients stopped fishing, they would pull the boat to the shore to dry the bottom of the boat, repair the fishing boat, and then put the boat into the water when fishing started, and in ancient Vietnam, they would lift objects from high places. Sliding down is called chua
or shua
, the cry that was heard most often during the arrest ceremony was "chua
or shua
", over time people simply became Chuan Chua
, which is the evolution process of a verb to a noun. In ancient Vietnamese, a small boat is called ti
g, modern Chinese boat is also called boat ti
g, this ancient Vietnamese word has been preserved in Chinese.
The cultural information contained in human languages and texts listed in this article is only one billionth of their actual connotation! Let us respect human history, protect human language and writing, and let them continue to serve the progress of human civilization.
