The Han Dynasty was the dynasty that had the most profound impact on Chinese history. Modern Chinese historians believe that the Han Dynasty was the first unified dynasty established by the orthodox Huaxia people. However, the Han Dynasty did not place the Huaxia people in prominent texts in terms of cultural promotion. They were also willing to downplay the concept and historical deeds of the Huaxia nation, and instead focused on promoting traditional Chinese thoughts such as Confucianism and Taoism, and adopted a policy of equality and tolerance without discrimination in ethnic policies. The Han Dynasty directly gave the Bashu people who contributed to the founding of the country to National treatment has made the Sichuan region the home of the Central Plains Dynasty from now on; it adopted a conciliatory and gentle policy towards the northwest ethnic groups such as the Di and Qiang who contributed to the founding of the country, and classified the Songpan Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Hexi region and Mobei region as their territories. Let them encircle the northwest territory for the Han Dynasty; for the northern nomadic peoples such as the Xiongnu who had conflicts and hatred, the Han Dynasty built and opened border trade cities, practiced intermarriage with the outside world, and ensured normal economic and cultural exchanges between farming peoples and nomadic peoples as much as possible. The use of war methods was avoided, thus ensuring the border security of the northwest and northern regions during the Han Dynasty.
Because the Han Dynasty promoted the national normality of equality and tolerance, it also promoted people-oriented policies such as equality, freedom, legality and moral education in the country, and legislated to deny theocratic rights and women's rights, establish a patriarchal patriarchal system, and promote secularization, civilianization, and pragmatism. and other social and economic development policies, which enabled the Han Dynasty's agriculture, breeding, handicrafts, construction, and commerce to flourish, and the Han Dynasty's population to develop rapidly. The Han Dynasty's urban and rural construction reached the highest level in the world at that time. The Han Dynasty The people's happiness index was the highest in the world at that time. At that time, when the people of the Han Dynasty were living and working happily like this, people outside the Han Dynasty were still under the cruel rule of theocratic, female, royal and clan rights, living a life of misery that was worse than that of horses and horses, and miserable. Therefore, the people of the Han Dynasty developed a centripetal force towards the country. The people of the Han Dynasty liked to call themselves Han people, and people outside the Han Dynasty also called the people of the Han Dynasty Han people with envy. Although Han is a national concept proposed by modern ethnologists, Han is indeed the first and most common name for Chinese people. Han people and Han surnames have become important cultural features of the Chinese people and the Chinese cultural circle. Without the Han Dynasty and Han surnames, historians would not know how to tell Chinese history and culture.
After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty established its capital in Chang'an in the Qinchuan area and inherited the economic and cultural heritage of the Qin Dynasty to rule China. At that time, in the northwest region of China, in areas such as the Songpan Plateau, the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Hexi Corridor, the Loess Plateau, and the Mongolian Plateau, there were still living northern ethnic groups such as the Di, Qiang, Huns, and Xianbei who were both farmers and herders. Ethnic groups profoundly influence Chinese history and world history, so they should not be forgotten by history.
The Xianbei people are an agricultural and pastoral people that evolved from the ancient Yue people. After the Han Dynasty defeated the Huns, the Xianbei gradually replaced the Huns and became the overlord of the grasslands in northern China. Later, the Xianbei tribe split into the Khitan tribe, who continued to dominate northern China and threatened the rule of the Chinese dynasty. In ancient Vietnamese, fresh xia
It means female, holy mother, which is equivalent to "immortal" in Chinese; bei/bi means younger brother, younger sister, prince, or princess. Xianbeixia
Bei as a family name means the direct descendants of the Virgin and the Prince, that is, the Virgin Nobles.
Xianbei is the general name for the nomadic people of northern China, who are mainly of yellow race. The Xianbei people retain the complete ancient Yue culture. They and the Huaxia people were an ancient people that developed in parallel. The Xianbei people have a very wide range of activities. In the summer, they travel in the Siberian grasslands, the Eastern European plains and Grazing on the grasslands of southern Europe, the Xianbei people sibe to Siberia
The ethnic branch that developed in ia is the Xibo tribe (the Chinese pinyin of Xibo is xibo, the English is sibe, and the ancient Vietnamese is Shiva sipo, so the original meaning of Xibo is the worship of God Shiva and Shiva), hence the name of Siberia. Since the Xianbei and Di people both belong to the ancient Yue ethnic group, perhaps the Xianbei people are what Zhou Dynasty historians called Beidi, that is, Beidi (di people who moved to the north). According to Xianbei historical records, every winter the Xianbei people bring their livestock and tribesmen to their location. Winter pastures and settlements in the Hexi Corridor, Songpan Plateau, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other areas. Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, the Xianbei people had very close exchanges and connections with the Han people and the Han Dynasty. Of course, since the nomads all possess cavalry units with great mobility and powerful attack power, in years when the income from animal husbandry drops sharply, the nomads will definitely invade and rob the farmers' villages and cities of the Han Dynasty. In the era of frequent ice disasters in the north, wars between nomadic peoples and farming peoples also became frequent. This method of national struggle became an important reason for the overthrow of the Central Plains dynasties and frequent dynasty changes.
After the Han Dynasty, all Chinese dynasties stepped up their efforts to reorganize and train the army to deal with the northern nomads, and the northern nomads launched endless wars in the northern deserts, the Western Regions, the Central Plains, and even the entire China. These wars not only tempered China's The people are also trained by the nomadic peoples of northern China. In the process of war and national integration, the northern nomads learned Chinese culture from the Chinese, including philosophy, science and military science such as Taoism, Yin Yang, Yi Jing and the Art of War. Through countless wars and national integration, the Chinese The Asian nomads in northern and northwest China have developed into the most powerful military group in the world. As if they were entering uninhabited territory, the nomads in northern China have swept across Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe, becoming a force that scares the Western world. Great conqueror.
Because the Huns were defeated by the Han Dynasty, the Huns were forced to move westward and settled in northeastern Europe. Because the Huns could not stand the Romans' forced conquests, the Huns launched a resistance. The Huns almost wiped out the Roman Empire and occupied the entire Europe; due to the defeat of the Turks by the Tang Dynasty, the Khitans moved westward from China to Central Asia and Southern Europe. From then on, the Turks became the subversive forces of the Western world in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. After that, the Turks dormant in the Middle East, integrated with local ethnic groups, and laid the foundation for later subversion. The Eastern Roman Empire, the backbone of Western civilization, laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Germanic Empire across Europe, Asia and Africa; at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Khitans were defeated by the Jin people and were forced to move westward to Central Asia and Europe. The Khitans helped the Asian yellow race take root and expand in the Western world. and conquest infused with new strength and wisdom. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols launched powerful and terrifying wars against Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe. These wars made Westerners deeply feel the great power of the East.
In suffering and despair, Westerners prayed to their God again and again, but were met with despair again and again. Finally, Westerners woke up and began to abandon their God. They no longer believed in the nonsense described by those fatalists. They began to think about how to defeat their enemies and how to avoid being massacred and enslaved.
After Westerners experienced disaster and despair, their thinking about the world and life led to Europeans' cultural awakening and reflection from the 14th to 16th centuries AD. Europeans made up their minds and rapidly promoted religious reform and liberated human rights and ideas. Developing science and technology and productivity, launching the Age of Discovery, inventing and using guns and artillery, the Oriental's spears, swords and bows became exhibits in history museums; they invented the steam engine, making cattle, horses, camels, laborers, ox carts, Animal power such as horse-drawn carriages became synonymous with barbarism and backwardness.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Westerners relied on scientific and technological progress to achieve a comeback. They used strong ships and cannons to open China's door, and since then they have invaded, occupied, exploited and enslaved China for more than a hundred years. If Europeans do not have cultural awakening and reflection, the Western world will continue to live under the rule of theocracy and women's rights. The Western world will have no technology and no revolutionary spirit. Then how can Westerners dare to challenge the Qing Dynasty? The Qing Dynasty will definitely be cruel and ruthless. Destroying the entire Western world, because the Manchus of the Qing Dynasty were the last powerful ethnic group outside the Great Wall to emerge from the grasslands and forests of northern China. The fighting power of the Qing Dynasty far exceeded that of the Huns, Turks, Khitans, and Mongols. In the era of cold weapons, the population of the Eastern world was dozens of times that of the Western world such as the Middle East and Europe, and the combat effectiveness of the Eastern world's military was dozens of times that of the Western world. Just imagine how the Europeans of that era resisted the Qing Empire's millions of cavalry. Crazy attack and massacre? Europeans' cultural awakening and reflection, revolutionary spirit and technological strength saved the Western world, but also plunged the Eastern world into a dark and desperate abyss.
The Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties were a critical period in the development of Chinese civilization. The Han people in the Central Plains, as well as the Di, Qiang, Xianbei, Khitan and other ethnic minorities in the northwest and north dominated the development of these eras.
Khitan is an evolved branch of Xianbei. The pronunciation of Khitan is "Qin, Qin". The Qin Dynasty's regime was based on the ethnic minorities in the northwest. Therefore, it is normal for Xianbei people to use "Qin" as their ethnic name. At the same time, " "Qin" has a very good meaning. Qin means metal, weapons and guerrilla generals in the ancient Vietnamese language. At the same time, "Qin" is also the title of a great empire. At present, most countries in the world call China "Qin Chi".
”, Chinese chi in English
The pronunciation of a should be chi
Deformed pronunciation.
The Cao Wei Group led by Cao Cao is the most powerful military and political group among the Han people in the Central Plains. Cao Cao is a great figure in Chinese history who absolutely cannot be bypassed.
Cao Cao (July 18, 155 AD to March 15, 220 AD), whose courtesy name was Mengde, whose first name was Jili, and whose nickname was Ahao, whose surname was Xiahou, was from Qiao County, Peiguo (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province). The son of Cao Song, a powerful official in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the founder of the Cao Wei regime.
Cao Cao was a debauched knight in his youth, and when he was twenty years old, he promoted Xiaolian to the rank of Lang and was awarded the title of Lieutenant of the North of Luoyang. Later he served as the Cavalry Commander, participated in the suppression of the Yellow Turban Army, and was appointed Prime Minister of Jinan. When Dong Zhuo was good at governing, he dispersed his family wealth and raised troops to attack Dong Zhuo. In the third year of Chuping (192), according to Yanzhou, more than 300,000 Yellow Turban troops were divided and surrendered, and the elite were selected to form the Qingzhou Army. In the first year of Jian'an (196), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was welcomed to Xu County. From then on, he issued orders and took charge of the government in the name of Emperor Xian. He defeated Yuan Shu, Tao Qian, Lu Bu and other forces one after another. In the fifth year of Jian'an (200), he defeated Yuan Shao, who was separatist in Hebei, in the Battle of Guandu. He then defeated Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan, attacked Wuhuan in the north, and unified the north. In the 13th year of Jian'an (208 years), he became prime minister. In the same year, he led his army to march south and conquered Jingzhou, but was defeated by the coalition forces of Sun and Liu in the Battle of Chibi. In the 20th year of Jian'an (215), he took Hanzhong, and the following year (216) he was promoted to the Duke of Wei from the Duke of Wei. In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (220 years), Cao Cao died of illness in Luoyang at the age of sixty-six. After the founding of Cao Wei, he was honored as Taizu, posthumously named Emperor Wu [112], and was buried in Gaoling.
Cao Cao employed people based on their talents, restrained powerful forces, and strengthened centralization of power; he cultivated fields in the north and built water conservancy projects. His various measures enabled the social and economic recovery and development of the ruled areas to a certain extent. In addition, he knows the art of war, is good at calligraphy, and is good at poetry. Most of his poems express political ambitions and reflect the suffering life of the people in the late Han Dynasty. They are majestic, generous and desolate, and pioneered the style of Jian'an literature. The author of "Collection of Emperor Wu of Wei" has been lost. Today's collection of works is compiled by Cao Cao.
The greatness of Cao Cao lies in his noble character, excellent strategy, decisive killings, and endurance of humiliation. When foreigners and bad guys controlled the Eastern Han Dynasty and the world was in chaos, he was able to form the elite army of the Han nation without hesitation and calmness. Maintain the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and finally unite all forces to unify northern China, forming a tripartite triangle with the Shu Kingdom based on Hubei and Sichuan, and the Wu Kingdom based on the Jianghuai and Jiangnan regions.
Cao Cao was a great man who was shaped like the backbone of a nation due to the influence of Chinese and Han culture. He was not only talented in literature and martial arts, but also had the great feelings and benevolence of a philosopher and poet. He could see through life and everything in the world, but he was also incompetent. Lost the pursuit of noble sentiments and truth. In the face of doubts and abuses from everyone, he can still maintain his noble integrity and moral character. The emperors, generals, ministers, scholars, and counselors who lived in the same era as Cao Cao could not compare with Cao Cao in terms of merit, cultivation, and enlightenment. Since the literati of all dynasties in China believed in Confucianism and were also the spokespersons of the rulers, the biggest crime they accused Cao Cao of was "coercing the emperor to order the princes." In fact, they characterized Cao Cao as a traitor and a traitor. However, have these historical judges ever thought about how difficult and painful it was for Cao Cao to sincerely assist a Han Dynasty emperor who was confused, weak, imbecile, and unable to take care of himself? ! But Cao Cao did it, and until his death, Cao Cao was only the Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty - the backbone of the Han nation, the great Prime Minister Cao! Cao Cao is indeed an eternal model of China's all-round civil and military talent!
After Cao Cao's death, his son Cao Pi established the Wei State on the basis of the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains and formed a confrontation with Shu and Wu. Ordinary people only know the splendor and luxury of being an emperor, but they don’t know that being an emperor means sitting on a chopping board and a fire pit. The Wei State (220 to 265 years) only lasted 35 years before being replaced by important court ministers and military officials of the Wei State. Sima Yan overthrew and conquered the Jin State controlled by the Sima family. The Sima family originated from Sima Yi, who was Cao Cao's main counselor and general. Therefore, the Sima family became the direct lineage of Wei.
In order to end the country's split as soon as possible, the Jin State formed a military alliance with the Qiang, Di and other forces in the northwest region, as well as the Xianbei tribes on the northern border, and launched an all-out war against Shu and Wu. This caused a large influx of foreign ethnic groups such as the Qiang, Di, and Xianbei into the Central Plains and other parts of China, paving the way for China's next national split.
After the Jin State destroyed the Wu State in 280 AD, the Jin State won an overall victory in the war to unify China. From then on, the Jin Dynasty began to rule the world.
From the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, the ruling system of the imperial court has been based on the clan system. The clan system is a system that provides family members and descendants with education, court and local positions based on the family's national merits, performance and achievements. Qualifications and powers of officials. In that era, only those family members and descendants with meritorious service, achievements, and official experience could enter the official school, learn various knowledge and skills, and learn the knowledge and principles of governing the country. After completing their studies, they became scholars, and only scholars could He served as civil and military officials at all levels of the imperial court. This system of selection and appointment of officials is a modified hereditary system of authority. This system eventually led to the monopoly and control of state power by a small number of powerful noble families, and eventually the emperor was emptied out and abolished.
Not long after the founding of the Jin Dynasty, after the death of the founding emperor Sima Yan, the harmfulness of the gentry system was revealed. A fratricidal palace battle involving the gentry and Prince Sima immediately broke out!
Because Sima Yan chose his son Sima Zhong, who had a very low IQ, to be the crown prince. After Sima Yan died, Sima Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Hui of Jin. Because Emperor Hui of Jin could not handle the affairs of the court, the harem came to power. At the same time, the important officials of the imperial court united with the local Sima clan to confer the king. To control the court, we must remove Emperor Hui and support the new emperor to come to power. From then on, the Jin Dynasty entered a period of 16 years (291 to 306 AD) of internal fighting in the palace and national war, known as the "Eight Kings Rebellion".
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, social turmoil and frequent wars between the Three Kingdoms led to a sharp decrease in the population of the Central Plains. In order to fill the vacancy in the population of the Central Plains, the Wei and Jin Dynasties continued to "recruit the Five Hus" from the northwest and north outside the Great Wall, including the Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Di, and Qiang. The Hu population moved to various parts of the Central Plains. Within a hundred years, millions of Wuhu people moved inland, including 700,000 Xiongnu, 800,000 Qiang, 1 million Di, and 2.5 million Xianbei. According to the household registration statistics files of the Jin Dynasty, after the Western Jin Dynasty entered the "Eight Kings Rebellion", the total population in the north was 15 million, and the "Five Hus" represented by the Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Di, and Qiang entered the Central Plains one after another. The ethnic composition of the Central Plains has been changed, and the ethnic distribution pattern has also undergone great changes. At this time, the Han people accounted for one-third of the total population in the north. Therefore, the Wuhu were the real ethnic minorities in northern China during the "Eight Kings Rebellion" national subject.
The situation of Hu civilianization in the northern border areas was even more serious. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the situation in Guanlong area, which was once inhabited by Han people, was that "all the counties in the northwest were inhabited by soldiers" and "there were more than a million people in Guanzhong, and the rate was much smaller. , the situation of "Rong Di Ju Ban".
After the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, the Jin Dynasty was divided, its national power was empty, and people's livelihood was in decline. Due to the continuous civil war, the Jin Dynasty's military power weakened rapidly, and the Jin Dynasty lost control of the barbarian forces in the Central Plains and surrounding areas. As a result, the Hu people established separatist regimes one after another and broke away from the rule of the Jin Dynasty, which eventually led to the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty and Chinese history entered the "Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty".
In the tenth month of the lunar calendar in 304, Li Xiong, the leader of the Di people, occupied Chengdu and called himself the "King of Chengdu", and was known as Cheng Han in history. In the same year, the Xiongnu nobleman Liu Yuan raised troops in Lishi, which was known as the former Zhao in history. This was the beginning of the founding of the Five Hus.
In 310, the fourth year of the Yongjia reign of Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty, the former Zhao founding emperor Liu Yuan died, and his son Liu Cong killed the prince Liu He and ascended the throne.
In April of 311 (the fifth year of Yongjia), Liu Cong's subordinate Shi Le annihilated more than 100,000 Jin troops in Ningping City, Ku County, and captured and killed Taiwei Wang Yan and others. Liu Cong then sent General Hu Yanyan to lead his troops to attack Luoyang. He repeatedly defeated the Jin army and annihilated more than 30,000 people. In June, Hu Yanyan arrived in Luoyang, and Liu Yao and others led troops to join him and conquer Luoyang. This was known as the "Yongjia Disaster" or "Yongjia Rebellion" in history.
In 313, Liu Cong poisoned Emperor Huai of Jin. Sima Ye (or Sima Ye), nephew of Emperor Huai, ascended the throne in Chang'an and became Emperor Min of Jin.
316 years ago, Zhao Liu Yao attacked Chang'an, and Emperor Min of Jin voluntarily surrendered.
In 317, Emperor Min of Jin was killed. The nobles Wang Dao, Wang Dun and others supported Sima Rui, a distant clan member of the Jin Dynasty. Because Sima Rui was unwilling to proclaim himself emperor, he was named King of Jin.
In 318, under the persuasion of advisers and warlords, Sima Rui left Shandong and other Central Plains areas, retreated to the Jiangnan area to establish his country, and ascended the throne in Jiankang (Nanjing) as Emperor Yuan of Jin Dynasty.
From then on, the Western Jin Dynasty, which lasted for 51 years, fell and the Eastern Jin Dynasty began. At this time, there were many countries in the land of China outside the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the more powerful sixteen countries were the former Zhao (Xiongnu), the latter Zhao (Jie), the former Yan (Xianbei), the former Liang (Han), and the former Qin. (Di), Later Qin (Qiang), Later Yan (Xianbei), Western Qin (Xianbei), Houliang (Di), Southern Liang (Xianbei), Xiliang (Han), Northern Liang (Lushuihu), Southern Yan (Xianbei), Beiyan (Han), Xia (Xiongnu), Chenghan (Badi) and other regimes.
The Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty lasted for 135 years from 304 to 439. During this period, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which adhered to the Jianghuai region and the area south of the Yangtze River, was seriously threatened by the Hu regime in the north. The most serious threat was from the former Qin ( The Battle of Feishui (383 AD) during the 351-394 AD period. If the Eastern Jin Dynasty failed in this war, Chinese history would take another direction.
The former Qin Dynasty was one of the regimes during the period when the Di people established the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, and was also the most powerful country among the Sixteen Kingdoms. In October 350, Fu Jian occupied Guanzhong, ascended the throne the next year, appointed hundreds of officials, and made Chang'an the capital. There were six emperors in the fifth generation of the former Qin Dynasty (including eight posthumous emperors), and he enjoyed the country for forty-four years. From 349 AD, Fu Jian It was forty-six years since Hong Zili became king.
The Di people are the ethnic minority that has most completely preserved the life and production methods of the ancient Yue people, the culture and customs of the ancient Yue people, and has well absorbed Chinese culture and Han culture. The Di people have settled in the intersection of the Chengdu Plain and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Songpan Plateau, and the Qinling Mountains since ancient times. and the Daba Mountain area. They are the direct descendants of the imperial family, the aristocrats of the ancient Shu Kingdom. After the fall of the ancient Shu Kingdom, the Di people migrated from the Chengdu Plain to the above-mentioned settlement areas.
Since the Di people were inferior to other Hu people in terms of population, production methods and cultural accomplishment, they quickly unified the Central Plains and other northern regions after establishing their political power, making the former Qin the strongest in the northern Hu people's regime. After the former Qin unified most of the north, it comprehensively restored production, life and social governance in the ruled areas, making northern China a place where people lived and worked in peace and contentment and all industries recovered. After the country became strong and prosperous, the former Qin Emperor Fu Jian had the great ambition to unify the world and end the troubled times. After formulating a war strategy, the Unification War broke out.
In 370, Fu Jian sent Wang Meng and Deng Qiang to lead an army to destroy Qian Yan and capture the six states in Kanto.
In 371, the former Qin Dynasty destroyed Qiuchi and captured Yang Zuan. Tuyuhun surrendered to the former Qin Dynasty.
In 373, the former Qin captured Bashu and Hanzhong, and Qiong, Zuo, and Yelang all surrendered to Qin.
In 376, the former Qin Dynasty destroyed the former Liang Dynasty and the Dynasty in the same year. To pacify the countries in the Western Regions.
In 383, the "Battle of Feishui" broke out between the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the war, the Qin Army's more than 200,000 elite divisions and the Jin Army's 80,000 resistance troops faced off across the river at Feishui (southeast of today's Shouxian County, Anhui Province). Because the Qin army listened to the Jin army's tricks, the Qin army retreated along the river defense line. Instead of attacking the Jin army when the Jin army crossed the river, let the Jin army cross the river and land before annihilating the Jin army. However, as soon as the Qin army retreated, the Jin army spread rumors among the Qin army that the Qin army's vanguard had been wiped out by the Jin army, so everyone should run for their lives! During the retreat, the Qin army believed the truth without knowing the truth. In the chaos, the Qin army fled one after another, and serious congestion and stampede accidents occurred. In this case, the Jin army crossed the river quickly and annihilated the Qin army who had no time to escape.
The Battle of Feishui extended the Eastern Jin Dynasty's national destiny for 37 years, and at the same time led to the decline and division of the former Qin. The northern ethnic groups broke away from the rule of the former Qin one after another. Finally, the former Qin split into several local separatist regimes such as the Later Qin and the Later Yan. The Eastern Jin Dynasty took advantage of the chaos in the north to launch the Northern Expedition and regained some lost territory in the Central Plains. The Jin army once pushed the Jin state's border to the south of the Yellow River.
After the former Qin Dynasty destroyed the country, the Di people either integrated into the Han nationality or left their homeland and migrated to the Western Regions and Central Asia. After the Di people merged with the locals, they formed a new Altai nation - the Turks. In ancient Vietnamese, Tu Tu
du means beans or seeds, and jue is pronounced ki in the Cantonese vernacular (preserving the Chinese pronunciation of the Tang and Song Dynasties). In the ancient Yue language, ki means hard and unyielding. Therefore, among the ancient Yue people, tujue means the steel race. The ancestor of the Turkic people, Ah Shi Na used to be a blacksmith, and he had a special affection for tenacity. At the same time, he was a descendant of the Di people. He must still have fresh memories of the great leader of the Di people, Fu Jian. Fu Jian was the spiritual representative of the nation's tenacity and strength, so he changed his family name to Tuki means Turks. Later, the Turks who established a great empire spanning Asia, Europe, and Africa also called themselves Tuki. This is all due to Ashina's legacy. In the ancient Yue language, a is the prefix of the honorific, and Shi is
She refers to an ox, which means a strong man, hardworking and hard-working;
a refers to fields and land, and has the meaning of landlord and lord. Ashina means "noble strong lord".
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Turks became the overlords of China's western regions and northern grasslands. The Li Jiajun who established the Tang Dynasty was one of the Turkic forces that entered the Central Plains. Li Bai, the great poet of the Tang Dynasty, may be a descendant of the Di people who migrated to Central Asia after the defeat of the former Qin Dynasty. Li Bai was born in Suiye City on the edge of the Chu River in Central Asia. When he was 11 years old, Li Bai followed his uncle back to Changlong, Mianzhou, Sichuan. He settled in Qinglian Township, County (now Qinglian Town, Jiangyou City, Sichuan Province). Jiangyou is located in the south of Songpan Plateau. It has been the hometown of the Di people since ancient times. If Li Bai’s family were not descendants of the Di people, they would not have been able to return from the distant Middle East. Come settle and develop here. This shows how prosperous Chinese culture and Han culture were in Central Asia at that time. Otherwise, Central Asia would not have been able to give birth to a great poet and literary master like Li Bai who was proficient in Chinese culture and Han culture.
After the northern region of China entered a full-scale warlord war, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was also destroyed by the Wei and Jin gentry forces. Subsequently, Chinese history entered the period of the Great Split between the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 to 589) are the collective name for the Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, southern and northern China were in a state of division. From the Sixteenth Kingdom of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, it began in 420 when Liu Yu established the Southern Dynasty and the Song Dynasty and ended in 589 when the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Southern Dynasty. List.
The Southern Dynasties (420-589) inherited from the Eastern Jin Dynasty and included the Southern Song, Southern Qi, Southern Liang, and Southern Chen dynasties, all with Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) as their capital.
The Northern Dynasties (439-581) inherited from the Sixteen Kingdoms, including the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Friday Dynasties. The Northern Wei split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei. Northern Qi replaced Eastern Wei, Northern Zhou replaced Western Wei, and Northern Zhou destroyed Northern Qi.
During the 169-year Great Split, due to the migration of the Chinese and Han people to the south, the Southern Dynasties always regarded themselves as orthodox Chinese. During this period, Chinese culture with southern Chinese characteristics was also developed. Southern China became the main inheritor of Chinese culture and Han culture.
At this time, the Hu people in the north had been influenced by Chinese culture for one or two hundred years, as well as the intermarriage between Hu and Han. Northern China also formed a new cultural form with Chinese cultural characteristics that integrated the culture and customs of the Hu people. Since most of the Hu people were from the working class, they were not aristocrats. , wealthy and aristocratic people, so the Hu people's society is relatively equal and pragmatic. They employ people based on their talents. Therefore, the Hu people's court has many capable people, righteous people, sages and talents, and they are more effective in doing things; they only do very practical things. Therefore, they are more able to create and accumulate wealth and strength. They do not care about face and ostentation, and oppose extravagance and waste. These cultural and institutional advantages of the northern regime laid the foundation for the Northern Dynasty to defeat the Southern Dynasty in the future.
In the 169-year history of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the area south of the Yangtze River in China was for the first time comprehensively and profoundly influenced by the ruling culture of the Central Plains emperors. A wealthy and noble class began to form in the south. They studied as officials, served the court, and the pursuit of fame began to become common in the south. But it's just the opposite in the north. Because the Central Plains region was the core of the rule of the Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, and Jin Dynasty, it has a strong imperial culture and the aristocracy has penetrated the whole society. Anyone who has lived in the Central Plains for a long time has a strong aristocratic background. , and most of the people such as the Hu people have just moved from other places. If the court, government and army still select talents based on family status, clan status, etc., it will inevitably lead to many outsiders being excluded and losing their qualifications and qualifications to serve the court. Chance. In order to better select and activate talents, the Northern Dynasties broke the monopoly of education and talent training by the aristocracy, promoted comprehensive education combining official schools and private schools in the whole society, and established standards, systems and institutions for talent selection, examination and selection to ensure that It ensures fairness, equality, efficiency and smoothness in the training and selection of national talents. By the time of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, China's imperial examination system, as well as personnel systems such as talent selection, recruitment, assessment, promotion, promotion, appointment and dismissal, had been fully established. The establishment of these systems and offices played a key role in reserving talents for the Northern Dynasty, improving social justice and equality, improving the efficiency and integrity of the court, and laid the foundation for the Northern Dynasty to defeat the Southern Dynasty and undertake the mission of unifying the world.
In 581 AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 589 AD, the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty in the south and unified the world.
The Sui Dynasty was a groundbreaking dynasty in China. The Sui Dynasty not only established a complete imperial examination system and talent system, but also carried out comprehensive and fundamental reforms of the imperial court and official government systems. The Sui Dynasty was based on the "Three Officials and Six Ministers" system of the Han Dynasty. , and implement more efficient and scientific national management systems such as the "three provinces and six ministries system". These systems have become institutional models for subsequent generations of Chinese courts. At the same time, the Sui Dynasty attached great importance to social and economic construction. The Sui Dynasty built the North-South Grand Canal for the first time to connect the Yellow River water system, the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River water system, connecting the Yellow River basin area with the Jianghuai area and the vast area south of the Yangtze River. Due to the smooth waterway transportation, It ensured the exchange of talents, materials and funds between the north and the south of China, making the Sui Dynasty truly a huge empire that integrated the north and the south without geographical isolation, shared economy and culture, and prospered together.
Although the Sui Dynasty perished after only 37 years of rule, the Tang Dynasty, which emerged from the wars at the end of the Sui Dynasty, completely inherited the achievements of the Sui Dynasty in reform and construction of the court, society, culture and economy, and created a The era of comprehensive social prosperity that had a profound impact on Chinese culture was the prosperous age of the Tang Dynasty!
In 618 AD, the Tang Dynasty was proclaimed in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, and the war of unification began. After the world was pacified, in 627 AD, Li Shimin became Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty through the Xuanwumen Incident, ushering in the prosperous age of the Tang Dynasty.
Li Shimin was born into a northern noble family that combined Hu and Han culture. He was deeply influenced by Hu and Han culture and had a very profound heritage of Han culture. He was well aware of the sufferings and needs of the people and the importance of national integration and social fairness and justice to national governance. Therefore, he vigorously promoted land reform to allow the people to obtain and cultivate land as much as possible, eliminate economic monopolies as much as possible, and ensure fairness and freedom in the economy and business; he promoted comprehensive education, the imperial examination system, and the three provinces and six ministries system in the court and social reforms; In terms of diplomacy, "protectorates" were established in the northwest, north and southwest border areas to systematically develop and manage foreign trade and cultural exchanges, stabilize the border areas, and prosper the national economy; in terms of military affairs, the new overlords of the northern grasslands, the "Turks" , took military action to drive the Turks to the Middle East and completely eliminate the threat of nomadic forces to the Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty not only had a strong economy, but also had a very prosperous culture. As a result of passing the imperial examination and becoming an official, it became a common ambition and dream for scholars all over the world. Literary creations such as poetry, calligraphy and painting and other art forms became fashionable in society. The Tang Dynasty was an era when China's cultural creations such as poetry and classical Chinese, as well as artistic creations such as calligraphy, painting, sculpture, music and dance, prospered and developed. Behind every poet and artist of the Tang Dynasty, there was a deeply touching and inspiring story. Great stories that shed tears, they include Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Li Shangyin, Du Mu and so on. The development of literature and art has enriched the emotional and spiritual world of the Chinese people, empowered the Chinese people to fully transcend the constraints of nature, materiality and nature, and soar freely in the emotional and spiritual world, making the Chinese people the most unrestrained and refined in the world. , a free-spirited, affectionate and righteous cosmopolitan nation. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty was once the dream paradise of people all over the world, and the goal of life and spiritual pursuit of people all over the world. From then on, people all over the world became Chinese as Tang people, and the places where Chinese settled and traded in foreign countries were called Chinatowns.
After the Tang Dynasty experienced 289 years of ups and downs, with the establishment of the Liang Dynasty by the powerful hero Zhu Wen, the Tang Dynasty sadly disappeared in the long river of history. From then on, the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" era began, which lasted for 53 years, with the Hu and Han warlords fighting each other and taking turns to rule the Central Plains.
In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin, an auxiliary minister and military commander of the Zhou Dynasty, "wore a yellow robe" and became the Yellow Emperor, surrounded by his entourage. This ended the era of social turmoil in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and opened another prosperous age in China - the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty quickly unified China through civil and military strategies. When the Song Dynasty pacified China, the people in the north and south of China had been fully integrated into a unified nation - the Han people, while the Huns, Xianbei, Turks and other ethnic groups had disappeared in China. Therefore, the Song Dynasty's policy towards its own people was very equal, cordial and friendly. Tolerance and harmonious relations among all social classes. The good social foundation enabled the Song Dynasty's economy to achieve unprecedented prosperity. In addition, the Song Dynasty attached great importance to the development of domestic commerce, foreign trade and banking, making the Song Dynasty quickly become the international commercial and financial center of Eurasia. The Song Dynasty's commodities, Currency, talents, etc. circulated all over the world. The metal coins of the Song Dynasty and the paper currency Jiaozi became the world's currency in the true sense. China's language, characters, weights and measures, product standards, product manufacturing technology, etc. were fully exported to all parts of the world, benefiting people around the world. China's papermaking, printing, carpentry, smelting, casting, compass, gunpowder, medicine, abacus, scales, weights, measuring instruments, etc. have fully entered the Western world.
During the Five Dynasties, Shi Jingtang of the Jin Dynasty ceded the "Sixteen Prefectures of Yunyan", a barrier land in northern China, to the Khitan in order to get help from the Khitan warlords. At the same time, he also paid a certain amount of money and materials as tribute to the Khitan every year. After the Khitans had this geomantic treasure, their war horses and infantry could enter Shanxi, Hebei, Henan and other Central Plains areas at any time, posing a fatal threat to the whole of China.
After the Song Dynasty took over China, in order to avoid war and reduce national consumption, the Song Dynasty inherited the treaty signed by Shi Jingtang and the Khitan, recognized the Khitan's sovereignty over the "Sixteen Yunyan Prefectures", and handed over a certain amount of money and materials to the Khitan every year. Despite this, the Khitan was still a sharp sword hanging over the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty had to guard against Khitan threats and aggression at any time.
In 1115 AD, the Jin Kingdom was in the "White Mountains and Black Waters" area of Heilongjiang. The Jin people were a fishing and hunting people in the Northeast. Since the Jin people were very resentful of the rule and exploitation of the Khitan, the Liao Kingdom, they developed their army and court and established the Jin Kingdom to compete with the Liao Kingdom.
Perhaps the Khitan people's life was too easy and comfortable, so the Khitan people neglected military construction. In the war between the Jin Kingdom and the Liao Kingdom, the Jin Kingdom became stronger and stronger as they fought, while the Liao Kingdom grew stronger and weaker. The Liao Kingdom almost lost all its territory in the northeastern region and north of the Great Wall. The Liao Kingdom could only move its capital to Yanjing (today's Beijing) and stick to Yanyun. Sixteen states. At this time, the Jin State sent a signal to the Song Dynasty to unite to destroy the Liao State. In order to take back the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, the Song Dynasty established a northern border barrier. Therefore, the Song Dynasty responded to the call of the Jin State and signed the "Treaty of Alliance to Destroy the Liao" with the Jin State. , the Song Dynasty began to cooperate with the Jin Kingdom to destroy the Liao Kingdom.
In 1125 AD, the Liao Kingdom was destroyed. The leader of the Liao Kingdom, Yelu Dashi, led the remaining Liao Kingdom to flee to the Western Regions and Central Asia to continue the Liao Kingdom's national destiny, which was known as the Western Liao in history. At this time, the Jin State occupied the sixteen states of Yanyun and had no intention of returning this place to the Song Dynasty. At the same time, the Jin State required the Song Dynasty to pay tribute to itself in money, grain and materials in the same way that the Song Dynasty paid tribute to the Liao Kingdom. How could the Song Dynasty tolerate the Jin people's breach of contract and exploitation, so the conflict between the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty quickly evolved into a large-scale war.
In 1127 AD, the Jin soldiers captured Bianliang, the capital of the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty was sacked. Tens of thousands of people, including Emperors Huizong Zhao Ji and Qinzong Zhao Heng of the Song Dynasty, as well as hundreds of civil and military officials from the harem and court of the Song Dynasty, were captured by the Jin soldiers and escorted to the Northeast for incarceration. and slavery.
After the fall of the Bianliang Song Dynasty, Zhao Gou, the son of Song Huizong, led his troops to retreat to the Jianghuai and Jiangnan areas, and once again stood firm and established the country. It was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history, and the Song Dynasty was called the Northern Song Dynasty in the past.
Subsequently, the Jin people entered the Central Plains and occupied the area north of the Yangtze River in China. At the same time, the Jin State had the ambition to occupy all of China, and the Jin soldiers never stopped their military operations to completely eliminate the Song Dynasty.
After the Khitan forces were eliminated and the Jin people took over the Central Plains, a vacuum of powerful forces appeared in northern China. This provided a good environment for the rise and development of the Mongolian forces.
In 1206 AD, Mongolia unified all the grassland tribes and established a country on the grasslands of northern China.
In 1219 AD, the Mongolian army began to launch the Western Expedition that changed the history of the world. At this time, the great drama of Mongolia's conquest of the world was staged.
In 1279 AD, the Mongolian army destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty. At this time, all of China fell into the hands of the Mongols, and China entered the Mongol Yuan Dynasty era.
The Mongols were very disgusted and discriminatory towards the Han people, especially the southern Han people. Therefore, the Mongols introduced a large number of Semu people (i.e. white people, yellow and white people) from the Western Regions, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe to China to consolidate the foundation of their rule. . In the management of the people, the Mongolian court implemented hierarchical management, with high-level rule and exploitation of low-level people. The highest level was Mongolians, followed by Semu people, northern Han people, southern Han people, and ethnic minorities. The Mongols resisted Chinese culture and farming production methods. Therefore, the Mongolian court did only one thing in China to force and converge and cruelly squeezed the Chinese people.
In 1368, after the Chinese people experienced the dark rule of Mongolia in 1989, the Mongolian court was destroyed by Zhu Yuanzhang's leadership of the peasant rebels. From then on entering the Ming Dynasty, China has returned to the Han rule again, and Chinese culture and customs have become the mainstream of Chinese society.
In the military, the Ming Dynasty was stronger than the Song Dynasty, but the Ming Dynasty was often threatened and aggressive by Mongolian residual forces and the threats and aggression of the Northeast Qing people (they claimed to be descendants of the Golden Man).
In 1644, Li Zicheng led the peasant rebel army to capture the Beijing Beijing Beijing. Subsequently, the Ming Dynasty Shanhaiguan defending Wu Sangui, cited the Qing army to enter the customs, attempting to extinguish the peasant uprising army.
The Qing people are descendants and cultural inheritors of the Golden people. Therefore, the Qing people are very familiar with the Han, Chinese culture and systems. Therefore, the Qing people quickly swept the Qingming dynasty forces and the resistance from all over China, and established the Qing Dynasty, that is, the Qing Dynasty.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing people's re -clan numbers were Manchu. At this time, the Manchu nationality was already a very high degree of Chineseization. The Manchus had fully adapted to the production and lifestyle of the farming nation, and the Manchu nobles were highly affected by Han cultural education. They are familiar with Chinese ideology and culture and the principles of governing the country, so the national contradictions of the Qing Dynasty were not as violent as the Yuan Dynasty.
In 1911, under the pressure of the Revolutionary Army, the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty announced his abdication under the pressure of the Revolutionary Army.
The awakening, rise and expansion of the Western world were the root cause of the demise of the Qing Dynasty and the development of China into the current situation. This is a very developed historical process, we detailed in the next chapter.
