Many readers may want to ask this question, hello! Dude! Have you said enough? You can't speculate on world history and East Asian history just because of a Great Ice Age, a Little Ice Age, or Sanxingdui, right? According to you, Western civilization is not as long-standing and excellent as Eastern civilization? …….
Of course, there must be questions uglier than these. In order to allow more readers to read this article smoothly, it is necessary for us to answer these questions first to eliminate some confusion. Since the West has controlled the discourse and control of the world's culture and education for more than two hundred years, mainstream societies in the East and West believe that Egyptian civilization is the source of Western civilization. Later, Western civilization influenced East Asia through the Middle East, the Western Regions and other regions. , and formed the Yellow River Basin civilization, that is, the Chinese civilization. At the same time, Westerners believe that white people in the Western world are superior to yellow people in the Eastern world. The strong historical evidence that supports this view is that the West has created great buildings and splendid cultures such as pyramids and temples, but there is no such architecture and culture in East Asia.
In fact, we have already explained that the East Asian continent formed civilization earlier than the European continent from the theory of super-sapient creation, the theory of human civilization center in Southeast Asia during the Ice Age, and the Great Migration of humans during the warming period of the Ice Age. Therefore, East Asian civilization has a longer development history than Western civilization. , more systematic and complete.
Recent major historical discoveries also prove our above point of view. Recently, archeology discovered the Pyramid of Padang Mountain in Java, Indonesia. The pyramid is 136 meters high. It is exactly the same as the Egyptian pyramid in terms of construction method and scale. According to the degree of corrosion and weathering of the stone on the surface of the pyramid, , scientists believe that the pyramid was built at least 10,000 years earlier than the Egyptian pyramids, which shows that the ancient cultural circle of Southeast Asia is older than the Mediterranean cultural circle. Without considering the impact of supersapient humans on humans, during the Ice Age the Mediterranean region and the European region were very cold and arid frigid areas. These areas were not suitable for human survival at all. During the Ice Age, these areas were almost no man's land. After the warming of the Ice Age and the great migration of humans, more frequent human activities began to occur in the Mediterranean and European regions.
Recently, Western archaeological circles have discovered human sites dating back more than 7,000 years in Poland, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and other regions. There are caves, tunnels and underground cities where ancient people lived. A large number of tombs and skeletons neatly stacked in tunnels have been discovered. According to scientists and anthropologists According to the determination and research, these tombs and burial methods are similar to the typical burial methods of shamanism, as well as the secondary burials popular in Southeast Asia. These skeletons basically belong to the skeletons of the yellow race. The construction methods of these tunnels and underground cities are exactly the same as the construction methods of cave dwelling villages, large-scale tunnels and underground cities in the Central Plains of China and Shaanxi Province. Therefore, anthropologists believe that the yellow race cultural sites that appeared in Europe came from the Yellow River Basin in East Asia. It was left behind by the settled yellow people who migrated to Europe. Because Europe was still very cold and dry at that time, they could only dig cave dwellings, tunnels and underground cities to live in.
At the same time, anthropologists believe that underground structures such as karez wells in Xinjiang were also built by this group of yellow people who migrated westward. These historical discoveries and scientific research show that the yellow people are the early residents of the European continent. The yellow people merged with the earlier residents of the European continent to become modern Europeans, namely European whites. There are no pure whites in the world, so the race is superior. The theory is a false proposition and has no practical significance. Whether you are superior or not depends on wisdom and hard work. If you want to be a winner, you can only rely on strength to defeat your opponent. In the cruel competition between humans, human genes, appearance and instinct cannot determine effect.
Closer to home, the basic common sense that human history has given us is that selfishness can allow a person to live a prosperous and wealthy life, and it can also provide a small family with food and clothing, and provide them with temporary peace. However, only the selfless saintly character can promote the progress of the entire society and the development of human civilization. Only selfless people who transcend individual interests, break away from narrow thinking and natural constraints, and have great love can be a powerful driving force for social progress and civilization development. Those people and nations who only cling to selfish interests, have narrow-minded thinking, and tremble in the face of natural forces will inevitably be ruthlessly eliminated and disappear in the long river of human history.
Thanks to fate, after experiencing the social turmoil of the Little Ice Age, God allowed the Chinese nation to get rid of the evil trap of selfishness early, and the Chinese nation stepped into a free world of selflessness, open-mindedness and fraternity.
According to traditional Chinese historical concepts, Chinese history begins with the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors". There are at least two typical versions of the Three Emperors. The first version believes that the Three Emperors are Fuxi, Nuwa, and Shennong, from "Spring and Autumn Movement Dou Shu"; the second version believes that the Three Emperors are Fuxi, Nuwa, and Shennong. The three emperors are the Chao family, the Suiren family, and the Shennong family, which come from Zhuangzi and Gangjian Yizhilu.
The Three Emperors Era is a historical era fabricated by the ancients of East Asia based on the memory of ancient human history in order to explain the origin of human life and civilization. The ancient people of East Asia believed that human beings were created by the mother goddess Nuwa. After human beings were created, they immediately entered the chaotic era in which consciousness and thoughts were not fully developed.
Subsequently, Fuxi, the father of mankind, carried out ideological enlightenment education for mankind. He taught mankind the basic methods of understanding themselves, the environment and the world. He also created the theory of "Book of Changes" and taught mankind the theory of "the convergence of yin and yang to create all things". The basic theory of the "Book of Changes" is that "the heaven and the earth are originally nothingness, the profound and subtle give rise to Tai Chi, the Tai Chi gives rise to the two rituals, the two rituals give rise to the four images, the four images give rise to the Bagua, and the Bagua gives rise to all things." That is to say, all things in the universe are originally nothingness, but in the underworld Hidden deep in the darkness is the sprouting and breeding of Tai Chi. Tai Chi generates two rituals, namely yin and yang, under the influence of mysterious power. Yin and yang are the two most basic factors that constitute things. Two rituals generate four images, that is, yin and yang evolve into the general environment and conditions for the existence of four things under the influence of mysterious forces. The Four Symbols produce Bagua, that is, the Four Symbols evolve into eight basic types of things under the influence of mysterious power. Bagua derives all things, that is, through the continuous aggregation and superposition of Bagua, everything in the universe is generated. After Fuxi, many scholars evolved the sixty-four hexagrams based on the eight trigrams. The sixty-four hexagrams are the sixty-four basic causal evolution patterns of all things. Fuxi founded the Yin-Yang theory, which became the theoretical basis for Chinese philosophy, prediction, strategy, art of war, management, sociology, as well as mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine and other disciplines.
Shennong was the founder who taught mankind how to develop agriculture and medicine. He helped mankind understand animal and plant resources and solved problems such as food and health.
Youchao is the founder who taught humans how to choose a place to live and build houses and villages. He taught humans how to choose a base for survival and development, build homes and villages, and taught humans the basic methods of forming and managing families, villages, tribes and clan societies.
Suiren is the ancestor who taught humans how to use fire, and taught humans the techniques of making fuel, making fire, preserving fire, building stoves, making cooked food, firing ceramics, smelting metals, and pyrotechnic manufacturing.
Of course, there must be more than three human ancestors, there must be many of them, otherwise human consciousness, knowledge, thoughts, wisdom, skills, etc. would not be so complete and advanced.
After being taught and civilized by the ancestors, mankind entered the era of the Five Emperors. The Five Emperors are the humanistic ancestors of the Huaxia clan, including Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Yao, and Shun. The Huaxia clan is the direct descendant of the three emperors, so Fuxi is the father-god of the Huaxia clan. Nuwa is the mother goddess of the Chinese people. In this way, the past and present lives of the Huaxia people are clearly explained. Of course, the people who wrote these histories did not write history to let readers know the truth and truth of history. They only wrote it for the imperial court and their own jobs, glory and wealth.
According to the analysis and conclusion of this article, the Xia Dynasty should be counted from the time when the Yellow Emperor proclaimed himself emperor. However, some historians did not want future generations to pay too much attention to the history of the Yellow Emperor, so they classified the era of the "Five Emperors" of the Chinese people into a period of chaotic consciousness and confusion. It was a mythical era with the beginning of civilization, and the Chinese emperors with the different surnames of Huangdi were regarded as the founding emperors of the Xia, Shang, Zhou and other dynasties.
Because when the Huaxia people left northern Shaanxi and entered Sichuan, it was the coldest and driest period of the Little Ice Age, and the climate environment in the north was still very harsh. Therefore, the Huaxia people, their emperors and their courts still live and develop in Sichuan.
The work of the two emperors after the Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu and Emperor Ku, was mainly to appease the people, develop production, prosper trade, and consolidate national defense.
Perhaps in the Emperor Yao era, the Little Ice Age began to end, and the earth's climate began to become warmer, humid and rainier. This should be about 4100 years ago. Because the improvement of climate and environment has greatly promoted the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, it has improved the country's overall strength. Therefore, Emperor Yao sent multiple advance troops and reclamation regiments to settle in "Youdu" to the north; to settle in "Nanjiao" to the south; to settle in "Xitumu Valley" to the west; and to settle in the land of "Sunrise" in the east. . At the same time, the country’s local governance and production development will be strengthened.
In order to complete the country's local governance and production development. Emperor Yao sent Gun, an important minister from his clan, to control floods in the land and educate the people to develop agricultural production. But until the death of Emperor Yao and the reign of Emperor Shun, Gun failed to control the country's floods, let alone develop production. Because Gun was incompetent and delayed important national affairs, Emperor Shun punished Gun and killed him. Then, Emperor Shun's court recommended and appointed Gun's legitimate son Yu, Dayu, to complete the unfinished business of his father - controlling floods, developing agricultural production, and of course defending against foreign invasions and expanding territory were also Dayu's tasks.
In "Historical Records. Xia Benji", Dayu's main areas for water control were the North China Plain and other Central Plains areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including today's Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Jiangsu. Moreover, Dayu's water control footprints involved the Yangtze River Basin, and From the south of the Yangtze River to the vast area of the South China Sea, Dayu was the first person to delimit China's major states and geographical boundaries. Under the conditions of sparse population, extremely low technical ability and equipment, it was absolutely impossible for Dayu to lead a group of ancient people with no clothes or bare hands to manage such a vast and barren swamp land with surging floods!
Therefore, only by returning to Sichuan and its surrounding areas where the Huaxia people lived and developed at that time can we see the true history. When Dayu took office, after being governed by four generations of emperors including Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, and Emperor Yao, the Sichuan area had become the foundation of the Huaxia people. Moreover, the population of the Huaxia people had experienced explosive growth, and the population diversion had become a problem for the Chinese court. The main measure was to reduce pressure and reduce social conflicts, so Dayu became the leader of some Chinese people to develop in areas outside Sichuan.
"Control floods and develop production" is the official expression of population diversion. Of course, outward development can also expand the country's territory and increase its tax revenue. Dayu should know the purpose of the Chinese court better than his father. In order to successfully complete the tasks of the Chinese court, Dayu could only lead the Chinese tribes he was responsible for to pass through the Xiling Gorge area and enter the vast Jianghan Plain, which is now the Hubei region, and the Chu region to look for opportunities!
The Jianghan Plain area is low-lying and has been the hardest hit area by Yangtze River floods since ancient times. Due to the end of the Little Ice Age and climate warming, the glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau melted, heavy rains occurred frequently, the water level of the Yangtze River surged, and the Jianghan Plain and its surrounding low-lying areas turned into oceans and swamps. This was originally the territory of the Shennong clan and Yandi, but floods were rampant. Most of the Shennong and Yandi clans had retreated to the south of the Yangtze River or to higher areas. At this time, the population in this area was very sparse.
Due to years of seasonal floods, Dayu's team has mastered the flooded areas and flooded water levels in Chudi, as well as flooded areas of varying degrees such as floodplains and waterlogged areas. After understanding these situations, Dayu led his tribe to control floods and develop agricultural production on the land abandoned by the Shennong and Yandi tribes.
On the non-flooded land, the Yu people directly reclaimed wasteland, diverted water for irrigation, and planted rice. This directly solved the food supply problem of the Yu people and the flood control team. At the same time, the Dayu team first managed the waterlogged areas and dug ditches to divert floods in the waterlogged areas to ensure that there would be no waterlogging when floods occur. Therefore, these areas immediately turned into fertile farmland after treatment. Floodplain areas are flooded areas caused by low river embankments. Flooding in these areas can be prevented by raising river embankments and building flood drainage channels. Therefore, these riverside areas were quickly managed by Dayu's team. As farmland increased and labor was insufficient, Dayu's team began to recruit refugees from the Shennong and Yandi tribes to plant these cultivated farmlands. In the end, Dayu's water control team reduced the flooded area of the river to the minimum by inspecting the mountain topography, dredging the river or re-planning and digging the river, thereby improving land utilization.
After this rolling operation, the Dayu Group controlled more and more land and population, and produced more and more grain, livestock and materials. These local products not only met the needs of the Dayu Group, but also paid to the Chinese court. taxes.
After successfully developing Chu Land and gaining a complete set of experience, the Dayu Group continued to follow the same pattern. They managed and developed the Jianghuai and Jiangnan areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. At this time, the strength of the Dayu Group had far surpassed the Chinese imperial court!
Strong branches and weak trunks will inevitably cause the tree to overturn. In order to avoid division and war between the Chinese court and Dayu's group, Emperor Shun abdicated the throne of China to Dayu, that is, Emperor Yu.
Emperor Yu was kind and kind. Although Emperor Shun was his father-killing enemy, Emperor Yu let Emperor Shun go and let him go on a tour in the south. Emperor Shun led his followers and guards to cross the Yangtze River south, cross Dongting Lake, go upstream along the Xiangjiang River, to Guilin, go south along the Lijiang River, to Cangwu, the intersection of the Lijiang River and the Yujiang River, and died in the wilderness of Cangwu. After Emperor Shun died, his followers returned him and buried him in Jiuyi, Lingling, in the south of the Yangtze River.
Emperor Shun is the eighth generation direct descendant of the Huaxia people who came to Shu. He has heard and witnessed the folk customs and strong ancient Yue culture of Shu since he was a child. Therefore, he has fully identified with the ancient Yue culture and believes that he is an ancient Yue person because he is at least half pure. With ancient Yue ancestry, he went to the south to find the roots of the Chinese nation. Maybe he got what he wanted, and he left this world full of strife and cruelty peacefully and contentedly!
After Dayu took over the country of China, he continued to control floods, expand areas, develop production, and improve national governance. Ten years after Dayu took over the world, he was patrolling the Jiangnan area eastward and died in Kuaiji Mountain in today's Zhejiang Province.
After Dayu's death, Dayu's son Qi was recommended as emperor by the princes. Since Dayu's surname was Queen Xia, history was called him Queen Xia Emperor Qi, the country was named Xia, and history was called Xia Dynasty. From then on, the patriarchal inheritance system of the imperial throne in China's "family world" model was launched.
After Qi proclaimed himself emperor, some princes rebelled, and Qi led his troops to personally conquer the rebellion. Later, Emperor Qi inherited his father's legacy and continued to expand to the north, annexing other ethnic groups and bringing the Hexi Corridor, Qinchuan area, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the North China Plain into the Xia Dynasty's rule.
The patriarchal system of the family and the world determined its destiny from the beginning, that is, the emperors of the founding dynasty conquered the world through hard struggle. Therefore, the emperors of previous generations knew how to cherish the country and the foundation of the country, which is the people. However, at the end of the dynasty, several generations of emperors often lived extravagantly, were corrupt and incompetent, squandered their financial resources, and harmed the people, which led to the collapse of the dynasty!
More than 3,600 years ago, Emperor Jie of the Xia Dynasty carried out tyranny and was extravagant, which led to the Kunwu family among the princes to rebel. Tang, a direct descendant of Yin Qi, raised an army and led a coalition of princes to attack Kunwu. After putting down the rebellion, Tang led his army to attack Xia Jie. After the fall of the Xia Dynasty, the princes of the world elected Tang as emperor. Since Sichuan and the Yangtze River Basin were the base areas of the Xia Dynasty and the Chinese culture had a strong foundation, in order to reduce the influence of Chinese culture and establish their own basis for rule, Tang led his subordinates and his own people to move to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and made Chaoge the capital. Today's Qi County, Puyang City, Henan Province, the country was named Shang Yin, and the history was called Shang Dynasty.
Since the main areas of activity of the Xia Dynasty were in Sichuan and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, according to the traditional geographical concept of the Xia Dynasty, it is certainly impossible for archaeologists to find historical evidence of the Xia Dynasty in the Yellow River Basin.
The Shang Dynasty was the first Chinese empire to rule from the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the Central Plains. The citizens of the Shang Dynasty mainly included the Dongyi people, a fishing and hunting people, and the Guyue and Huaxia people who migrated north from the Jianghuai and Jiangnan areas.
After five or six hundred years of Xia Dynasty's reform of the matrilineal clan society and religious system, people of all ethnic groups in China have developed a life attitude of adapting to nature, accepting fate, being open-minded, pragmatic, positive and optimistic, and established the "God must be good, devil must be good" "Evil must be evil, gods and demons are not tolerated, respect gods and people, but do not respect devils", which establishes the religious concept of "life is something, death is nothing", "as long as you are happy for a while, don't ask for eternal peace", "this life is miserable and hard, it is better than The outlook on life and values of a positive life such as “Eternal Sleep in the Underworld”. They are essentially free from religious theocracy's control over their minds and spirits.
Historians learned from the deciphering of the divination and sacrificial inscriptions on the oracle bones of the Yin Ruins that the Shang Dynasty people were keen on human sacrifice when they prayed for the gifts of nature and held major sacrifices such as wars and royal funerals. These sacrificial inscriptions involved more than 10,000 human sacrifices. ! This shows that the primitive religion of the Shang Dynasty, that is, shamanism, has seriously recovered, and the matriarchal social theocracy still dominates the spiritual world of the Shang Dynasty people.
In the Shang Dynasty, the systems and customs of the matrilineal clan society gradually transitioned to the systems and customs of the patrilineal clan society. The phenomenon of "theocratic interference in politics" should be completely eliminated in the national system, the exclusive patent system for women's rights should be completely abolished, the traditional ruler style should be abolished, and the Feudal hierarchical governance systems and systems such as emperors, kings, marquises, dukes, monarchs, and ministers in the patriarchal way. Among the ancient Yue people, the "king wa"
g" means to look at, look at wa
g means "king", so the original meaning of "king" is supervisor and governor; in ancient Yue language, "jun ju"
” and “金ji
"The pronunciation of "jun" is synonymous, so Jun's original meaning is "noble law enforcer." These significant social changes laid a good foundation for the formation of Chinese civilization.
In 1027 BC, the last emperor of the Shang Dynasty, Zhou, was fatuous, corrupt, and brutalized loyal people, causing great chaos in the world. Ji Fa, the leader of the Huaxia tribe living in the Qinchuan and Weijing areas, led his tribal army, united the princes of the world, captured Chaoge, the capital of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and eliminated King Zhou and his court. , at this time the Zhou Dynasty had been running for exactly 573 years.
After the fall of the Shang and Yin Dynasties, the princes of the world supported Ji Fa as the emperor. Later, Ji Fa established his capital in Fenghao, Qinchuan, and proclaimed himself the king. He also enfeoffed the capital and the country's land outside the royal territory to the princes of the royal family surnamed Ji and the noble princes of different surnames, and established the The first feudal empire in Chinese history.
During the Zhou Dynasty, the imperial court attached great importance to the cultural construction of the Chinese nation. However, because the intellectual elites of the Zhou Dynasty knew little about the early history of the Chinese nation, and the various ethnic groups in China were seriously divided and lacked mutual recognition, conflicts between ethnic groups were frequent and they hated each other. , therefore the Zhou Dynasty's national concept became very narrow. They regarded the Qinchuan area and the Central Plains area as the ancestral land of the Chinese nation, which must be exclusively enjoyed and defended. Outside the ancestral land, there are all foreign races. Those who live in the north of the Chinese ancestral land are Beidi; those in the south of the Chinese ancestral land are Nanman; those in the west of the Chinese ancestral land are Xirong; and those in the east of the Chinese ancestral land are Dongyi. The ethnic policy of the Zhou Dynasty was to assimilate foreign ethnic groups and convert them to the Chinese ethnic group. Otherwise, they would offend and challenge China and must be punished and conquered. This kind of concept and practice will inevitably lead to deep contradictions and constant conflicts among all classes in the Zhou Dynasty. The society will be in a high-risk state of disintegration, self-government and mutual hatred for a long time.
According to historical records such as "Historical Records", the Zhou Dynasty had very limited influence on the ethnic groups, tribes, vassal states, and Fang states in the Central Plains and its surrounding areas. The Zhou Dynasty's rule over the Central Plains and its surrounding areas was very weak, and it eventually became a powerful vassal state. A puppet controlled by the state, the imperial court has been in a state of existence in name only for a long time. Historical records show that the production methods of the nobles and Huaxia people in the Zhou Dynasty were farming and nomadicism. They sometimes cultivated land in river areas, and sometimes lived a nomadic life in desert grasslands. This shows that the middle and lower classes of the Zhou Dynasty did not care about the court. They just wanted to live a good life. Life.
In the middle and late Zhou Dynasty, the land of China entered the Warring States Period. At this time, the Zhou Dynasty completely lost control of the country and its influence on society. The land of China fell into great chaos and disaster as the princes attacked each other.
At this time, countless vassal states and small local states appeared in the Central Plains and other areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In the Yangtze River Basin, there were also large southern states such as Shu, Chu, Wu and Yue that challenged the royal power of the Central Plains.
On the eve of the Chinese Empire entering into chaos, the first true saint appeared in China - Confucius!
Confucius (551 BC - April 11, 479 BC), surnamed Kong, given name Qiu, styled Zhongni, was a native of Zou Yi (now Qufu City, Shandong Province) of the state of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period, and his ancestral home was Li Yi of the Song Dynasty. (now Xiayi County, Henan Province), a great thinker, politician, and educator in ancient China, the founder of the Confucian school, and the "Sage of Dacheng".
Confucius believed that the struggle and chaos in society were due to the lack of moral education and norms of "abandoning evil and promoting good" and the lack of regulations and laws to regulate all levels of society and all fields. Therefore, Confucius advocated the restoration of Zhou Rites (that is, the moral education and norms of the Zhou Dynasty). model), restoring the Zhou Dynasty's orthodoxy (that is, the Zhou Dynasty's legislation, judiciary and law enforcement, quelling social struggles and chaos). Confucius's ideas were very kind and correct, but the country at that time was already in shape like a rotten tree. How could it withstand Confucius' meticulous carvings? ! Therefore, Confucius suffered a lot of setbacks and wandering throughout his life. Although he was a Confucian throughout his life and had great achievements in the world, he could only live in poverty in the market and make a miserable living!
Confucius thought about etiquette and ethical laws throughout his life, practiced morality throughout his life, and practiced his own opinions. He was humble, hard-working and kind-hearted. He once traveled a long distance to Chu State to visit Laozi, who had served as the historian of the Zhou Dynasty, and asked him for advice on Zhou rites. Laozi said: "The person and the bones of what Master said are already decayed. Only his The words are in the ears." What Laozi means is that due to the long history and the loss of documents, the spirit, content and form of Zhou Rites cannot be verified. At present, we know that Zhou Rites are all passed down orally. Laozi's deep intention was to let Confucius think and practice etiquette and education according to the real needs of society and the country, and not to be confused by ancient methods.
Confucius devoted himself to writing books and theories in his later years, leaving precious spiritual wealth for the Chinese nation and people around the world.
Confucius' great contribution lies in his clear-cut and comprehensive negation of the matrilineal patriarchal system. Confucius advocated benevolence and righteousness, and advocated the equal human rights ethics of "do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you." Confucius was the founder of Chinese people-centered thought; Confucius established the patriarchal patriarchal system system, establishing that men's rights are superior to women's rights, men and women working together, establishing an imperial rule system based on the principles of love for the people and the rule of law, and comprehensively liberating the productivity and creativity of society; he promotes and practices benevolence, integrity, loyalty to the king, filial piety, ethics, order and fraternity, etc. Moral concepts and social systems provide guarantees for the stability, unity and effective operation of society; he advocated the development of education for all, emphasized "education for all", broke the ruling class and the aristocracy's overall monopoly on knowledge, thought and culture, and contributed to Chinese culture He has made an indelible contribution to the prosperity and development of the country; he created the people-centered thought that has a profound impact on Chinese society. The core of the people-centered thought is "the people are the most valuable and the king is the least", emphasizing that the people are the only basis for the country's economic and social development. and strength, the country must meet the people's basic needs in terms of survival, security, participation and freedom. People-oriented thinking has provided the ideological foundation for rulers of all dynasties in China to manage the country; it advocates peaceful development, opposes war and plunder, and prevents the Chinese nation from avoiding and war reduction provided ideological strength.
At the same time, Confucius was the first saint to downplay and deny the concept of ghosts and gods. Throughout his life, Confucius emphasized and practiced the correct outlook on life that "things depend on man-made things, and God rewards hard work. If you get the way, you will get more help, but if you get the way, there will be little help." He opposed asking God for blessings and gifts, and opposed passive waiting and laziness. Lazy, getting something for nothing, encourage to stick to one's heart, dare to be the first, dare to take responsibility, be diligent and hard-working, the more you work, the more you gain, and don't ask for help from others or God.
In the era when Confucius lived, social conflicts were fierce, restless, and chaos everywhere. However, the harsh living environment and severe life pressure inspired people to think deeply about the causes of social disasters and to work hard to save the world. Therefore, in the years, not only great thinkers and social reformers such as Confucius were born, but also great thinkers, philosophers, jurists and military strategists such as Laozi, Mozi, Han Feizi and Sun Tzu were born. Together, these people laid the foundation of Chinese civilization, making it the first great human civilization in the world that was completely separated from the original matrix of human civilization, that is, the ancient Southeast Asian civilization. Since then, Chinese civilization has gradually and steadily moved towards prosperity and maturity. In future chapters devoted to human thought and civilization, we will continue to discuss Chinese civilization.
In 222 BC, the Qin State was founded on the banks of the Wei River in the Qinchuan area. It established the history of China on the basis of conquering powerful countries in the Central Plains such as Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, and Qi, as well as powerful countries in the Yangtze River Basin such as Chu, Wu, and Yue. The first highly unified centralized empire in history was the Qin State, known as the Qin Dynasty in history.
The Qin Dynasty abolished the feudal system of princes and princes based on the patriarchal system that had been implemented by the state since the Shang Dynasty, and established a centralized imperial governance system based on the patriarchal patriarchal system. The emperor was the supreme ruler of the country, and the emperor established a court to manage national affairs and affairs. local affairs. Implementing the system of counties and counties, the country is divided into a number of counties, that is, local administrative regions, based on the conditions of mountains, rivers and terrain barriers, as well as cultural attributes and characteristics. The counties are divided into several counties. County and county chiefs are appointed, assessed, appointed and removed by the court. In order to improve the efficiency of national operations and implement the national standardization system, first, "burn books and bury Confucians", force cultural reforms, comprehensively abolish and ban books, ideas, culture and customs that conflict with national values, ideas, culture and laws. Establish the ideological and cultural system of the Qin Dynasty; second, unify the written language and abolish the common characters and customs in various places; unify the construction and operation standards of roads and inns to ensure the efficient flow of information, materials and personnel within the empire; establish agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicraft industries and other production departments' operating standards and production procedures, comprehensively improve the work efficiency and quality of the production department; establish a legal governance system with clear rewards and punishments, strict laws and rigorous systems, establish operating mechanisms and systems for the court and local yamen, and standardize the operations of the court and yamen Operation, assessment, appointment and removal, rewards and punishments.
The national system and governing culture established by the Qin Dynasty have become the cultural foundation and important model for the establishment of national systems and the governance of the country in all Chinese dynasties.
The State of Qin was the foundation of the Qin Dynasty. The State of Qin arose in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, around 1027 BC. The State of Qin unified China in 246 BC and established the unified Qin Dynasty. Before the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, the Qin State had developed for 781 years in areas such as Qinchuan, Hexi Corridor, Songpan Plateau, and Sichuan. These areas were areas where the Huaxia, Ba, Di, Qiang and other ethnic groups lived together. Production from the Qin State Based on the analysis of lifestyle and people's living habits, the main ethnic group in Qin is the Di people, followed by the Huaxia and Qiang people. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Qin State was the country with the strongest comprehensive strength among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, and it had great influence in the Western Regions, Central Asia, the Middle East and other Western worlds. Therefore, many people in India, Central Asia, the Middle East, Europe and other regions are currently The nation still becomes China's qi
,chi
,chi
a. zhi
a, etc., these pronunciations are their names for Qin. Moreover, many nomadic peoples in northern China also call themselves Qinqi
For example, in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the country established by Fu Jian, the leader of the Di people, was called the Qin State or the former Qin State, because the Di people were once the main ethnic group of the Qin State, and in their hearts the Qin State was their motherland. After Fu Jian, the Qiang people established a country. After the Qin Dynasty was called Qin, the Qiang and Di people had deep feelings for the Qin Dynasty, but the country established by the Huaxia people would never be called Qin, because the Huaxia people believed that the Qin people were not pure Huaxia people; the Khitan qida in the Tang and Song Dynasties
(branch of Xianbei people), qida
Fast reading is qi
. According to many factors, Qin Qi
It should be from the official position of the ancient Yue army special service teqi
That is, the name "Prince and General with Saber" evolved, and the nobles of Qin State, like the Di people, completely preserved the culture and customs of the Ancient Yue people. Due to the characteristics of the Qin State in terms of ethnicity, culture, and customs, the Qin State was able to rule the region steadily and freely for hundreds of years and accumulated the strength to unify China.
In 206 BC, after only maintaining its rule for 16 years, the Qin Dynasty collapsed in a fierce peasant uprising.
From 206 BC to 202 BC, Xiang Yu, the leader of the peasant uprising, the overlord of Western Chu, and Liu Bang, the king of Han, fought for state power and fought a large-scale war. In the end, Liu Bang's group defeated Xiang Yu's group and gained control of vast areas such as the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin. Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty based on the Qin Dynasty's system and legal system, creating China's second highly unified centralized empire.
The Han Dynasty was the first to establish Confucius' Confucianism as national orthodoxy, and based on the spirit and essence of Confucianism, it established the country's cultural foundation, etiquette system, education system, moral norms, folk conventions, etc., and helped China become the world's etiquette laid the foundation of the country.
The Han Dynasty went through the Western Han Dynasty, the New Dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a period of 426 years. In 220 AD, the Han Dynasty perished in the great social chaos and division caused by the peasant uprising.
After 426 years of turbulent and long national governance and cultural construction, China has completed its first great ethnic integration, giving birth to a nation based on the Huaxia ethnic group and integrating the Dongyi, Guyue, Qiang, Di, Miao and Yao ethnic groups. After that, the Han nationality has been the solid foundation of the Chinese nation. Although the Han Dynasty perished, it was the first court that gave the Chinese people a sense of national consciousness, pride, gain, and happiness. Therefore, after the Han Dynasty, Chinese people all called themselves Han. Of course, ethnic groups other than the Han also called the Chinese people. Han people or Han nationality.
The Han Dynasty was the first great empire in the world in which all citizens had a strong national and national consciousness. It was also the first civilized country to implement moral education and legal system. The Han Dynasty cultivated the elite and backbone of the country and the nation. The elites not only had the excellent moral character of "asking for life for the people", "sacrifice for the country", "serving the world for the common good", and "self-denial and serving the public", but they also had the ability to manage the country and The knowledge, skills and abilities to defend against foreign enemies. The system and operating system of the Han Dynasty for cultivating, reserving, enabling and reusing talents, as well as the legal system of the Han Dynasty, became the blueprint and basis for the management of the country by successive courts after the Han Dynasty.
At the same time, the Han Dynasty was the first country in the world to use a national legal system to implement a patrilineal social system. The laws of the Han Dynasty stipulated the patrilineal inheritance rights and the clan genealogy surname system. From then on, the Chinese people had names in Chinese characters, and had patrilineal societies such as genealogies and family ancestral halls. A unique cultural mark, the Han Dynasty played a great role in connecting the past and the future for Chinese civilization.
