In the middle and late stages of the last glacial period, that is, between 45,000 and 15,000 years ago, due to the warming of the earth's climate, glaciers melted and sea levels rose. Therefore, the human subjects who lived in the New World of Southeast Asia during the glacial period began to migrate to the continental highlands. As the earth's climate As warming intensifies, humans are once again migrating to the interiors of continents around the world, establishing living and production bases and developing societies and civilizations along the way. The Great Migration spanned 30,000 years and covered almost all parts of the world, including the Eurasian continent, the American continent, and the African continent. Therefore, the migration process was a complex process of the spread of civilization, the formation of nations, and the development of civilization. In order to have a systematic and correct understanding of the development history of human civilization, it is necessary for us to clarify the basic situation of the spread of human civilization, the formation of nations and the development of civilization.
According to archaeological evidence, there were already modern ancient human activities in Liuzhou, Guangxi 35,000 years ago. This shows that during the middle and late stages of the last glacial period, early humans who lived in the New World of Southeast Asia moved to the Lingnan area because their homes were submerged by sea water. Perhaps the early humans who entered the Lingnan region were the ancestral groups of ancient ethnic groups such as the Yao, Miao, and Yi people. These ancient ethnic groups were engaged in natural economies such as gathering, hunting, and fishing. As warming intensified and the earth's ecological environment improved, 30,000 years ago, farmers and herders engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry in Thailand, Laos, Myanmar and other regions began to migrate to northern Vietnam, southeastern Yunnan and Guangxi. In the southwest and other regions, settlements, agricultural areas and livestock areas were developed. After the Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen successfully settled in this area, this immigrant group gradually separated from the Gutai ethnic group and independently developed into the Guyue ethnic group.
At present, the language that still systematically retains the cultural connotations of the ancient Thai language is Thai, and the language that still systematically retains the cultural connotations of the ancient Vietnamese language is the Zhuang language of Guangxi, that is, Zhuang language. By comparatively studying the cultural customs and language of the Thai people in Thailand and the cultural customs and language of the Zhuang people in Guangxi, we can clearly see the epitome of the spread, evolution and development of human civilization during the migration process.
Tai tai is the ethnic name of the ancient Thai people. In Thai, the noble grandmother becomes tai or dai, which is equivalent to "old lady" in Chinese. In ancient times, humans experienced matrilineal clan society, and female worship was a social system and a social fashion, so it can The people who use their grandmother's name as their clan name must be direct aristocrats and the ruling class of ancient Thai national society.
According to the results of our research on the Zhuang people, as well as the Dai people, Buyi people, Vietnam's Dai Nong people and other ethnic groups whose culture and language are detailed with the Zhuang people, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Central Plains dynasties began to have a clearer understanding of the ethnic groups and cultures south of the Yangtze River. , the historians of the Central Plains Dynasty generally called the farmers and herdsmen south of the Yangtze River at that time Yue people or Baiyue people, while the Yue people in southwest Guangxi and northern Vietnam were called Luo Yue. According to our investigation, the Zhuang people currently call themselves Xilou or Youyou, which means Youyou in Buyi language and means an adult man. When we investigated the names of people during the matrilineal clan period of the ancient Thai people, we found that the ancient Thai people’s names for men and women were very detailed and systematic. Famous female elders are called Tai or Dai, and famous male elders are called Uncle Bo; women with children are called Yaya, their mothers are called Mimie, and their fathers are called Uncle Bo (there is no concept of father in matrilineal society, and only after the emergence of patrilineal families) The title of an adult free citizen is yi (corresponding to the Chinese aunt, Yi, Yi), and the title of an adult free citizen is 廻lou, youyou, lao lao (in a matrilineal clan society, not everyone can become a free citizen). , only children of nobles and royal families are eligible to become free people. Free people have free areas in terms of residence, marriage, economy, movement, etc. Non-free people must enter the women's camp village or the men's camp village established by the tribe to live and work after they reach adulthood) ; Young men are called Cai cai or sai sai, and young women are called sister-in-law sao or search sou.
Judging from the fact that the Guyue people call themselves Xilou, Youyou, and Laolao, it can be seen that the earliest agricultural and herdsmen ancestors who settled in the southwest of the Lingnan region of China were the male descendants of Guyue aristocrats and royal families. By studying modern Vietnamese and Zhuang, we found that modern Vietnamese retains many Champu (a southern Vietnamese dialect, very similar to Cambodian, which belongs to the Khmer branch of the Austronesian language family and belongs to the Oceanic ethnic language family) vocabulary. The Zhuang language also contains a small number of Zhanpu words, which shows that the Guyue people first arrived in the migration area and merged with the maritime peoples, gathering people, and fishing and hunting peoples. Therefore, the Guyue people created living habits and cultural customs that are different from the ancient Tai people.
According to a comparative survey on the living habits and cultural beliefs of the Zhuang people and the Thai people, it is known that the Thai people advocate vegetarianism. They believe that eating meat affects health and life span. Therefore, they only use flowers, fruits and vegetarian snacks to worship their ancestors and Buddha, and absolutely do not Using meat, they believed that the gods hated killing and bloody meat. In terms of cultural atmosphere, they advocate a gentle and elegant female style, like to sing and dance, and like to live a quiet and leisurely life. The Zhuang people are just the opposite of the Thai people. They like to raise pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks and other livestock. They eat meat and drink wine during leisure time and during festivals. Rich people drink and drink meat every day. Vegetarian food is often just a non-staple food. They think meat can Nourish the body and make it stronger, so when they pay homage to their ancestors, in addition to flowers, fruits and vegetarian snacks, they must use cooked chicken, fish and pork as the main sacrifices. The ancients believed that the things they liked were also liked by the gods. At the same time, the Zhuang people only Belief gate chastity me
gim, I don’t want to believe in Buddhism or other religions. Zhuang people are also good at singing and dancing, but they are fierce by nature, advocating force and hard work, and do everything vigorously and resolutely. Everyone is a hard-working Saburo. In Zhuang society, no one wants to die. In today's life, everyone wants to make a splash in the world and make a difference.
Color vocabulary is one of the oldest words in the language. By comparing color-related vocabulary between Thai and Zhuang, we can also see the cultural differences between the ancient Thai and ancient Yue people. The color red is called da in Thai
(equivalent to Dan and Dan in Chinese), yellow is lia
g (corresponding to the Chinese word "bright"), both of these names are based on the ancient people's observation of astronomical phenomena. The rising sun in the morning is called dan, and the brilliance of dan is red; the brilliance of the sky starting to shine in the morning is golden yellow, so using "bright" means that yellow is extremely bright. appropriate. This was in the ancient Thai era. The ancients respected nature, loved nature, and hoped to gain knowledge and power from nature.
In Zhuang language, the name red is
i
g, in Zhuang
i
Another meaning of g is meat, and the color of meat is indeed red; yellow is hae
, in Zhuang language hae
Another meaning of is cold ha
, cold, when the weather gets cold, the leaves and fruits of plants basically turn yellow. These titles show that the Guyue people care more about food, because they leave their hometown and move to unfamiliar places mainly to fill their stomachs.
The historians of the Central Plains Dynasty called these farmers and herdsmen living in the south of the Yangtze River "Yue people, Baiyue"? What is the original meaning of Yue? In Zhuang language, the pronunciation of Yue is ye, and ye generally refers to the raw meat of pigs, cows, sheep and other animals. According to this meaning, Yue may be a derogatory name for the ancient Yue people, a vegetarian nation, because the ancient Yue people like to eat meat. Another interpretation of Yue is that Yue means jumping and frog. Because frogs are beneficial insects in rice fields and have strong vitality, the ancient Yue people regard frogs as their national totem.
Why are the Guyue people in Guangxi and its adjacent areas called Luoyue? Luoluo means "bird" in Zhuang language. This shows that the Guyue people worship birds. They believe that birds have extraordinary spirituality, the extraordinary ability to perceive and predict everything in the world, and the ability to communicate with gods. At the same time, birds have the ability to fly long distances, and they are very sensitive to changes in the natural environment. , they also have very strict requirements on the living environment, so the ancients had the habit of tracking the flight paths and habitats of birds, formulating migration routes, and looking for settlements and agricultural areas, because the places where birds can survive have a mild climate, moisture, and water. There are sufficient places, so the Guyue people also regard birds as their national totems, and the images of birds are often the images of chickens or peacocks domesticated by the Guyue people. Currently in remote areas of southwest China, when performing religious rituals, a live chicken is placed next to the priest for spiritual purposes, and chicken bone divination is also very popular in these places. These are the legacy of Luo worship.
After the Guyue people matured in the agricultural, pastoral and settlement areas of western Guangxi and eastern Yunnan, as the tribal population increased, the Guyue people began to set out from southwest Guangxi, enter the Yongjiang River along the Left and Right Rivers, and develop southeastern Guangxi eastward along the river. The agricultural areas in the central and Guangdong regions; after the agricultural areas in Guangdong and Guangxi were developed maturely, the ancient farming people entered Hunan from the Xiangjiang River in the northeast of Guangxi and fully developed the extensive agricultural areas in the Dongting Lake Basin; from the north of Guangxi, they entered Jiangxi along the Ganjiang River. Starting from the great construction of Jiangnan Agricultural Zone and China's largest land of plenty!
Another migratory team of the Guyue people crossed the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau from the Baise Basin in northwest Guangxi to the Sichuan Basin, then crossed the Qinling Mountains into the Qinchuan Basin, and then headed north into the desert steppe, Siberia and northern Europe; here they headed west They entered the Xinjiang region, Central Asia and the southern European grasslands through the Hexi Corridor; they entered North America from the Siberian Arctic region eastward through the Bering Strait, thereby completing the great migration of mankind during the last ice age.
The Guyue people set out from western Guangxi. They entered southeastern Guangxi and Guangdong through the Yongjiang River eastward, developed agriculture and settled down, and merged with the gathering, hunting and maritime peoples in these areas. The newly formed ethnic group here was called Yangyue. "Yang Ya
g" is the same as "home la" in ancient Vietnamese
"Jianyin agrees. Yang Yue means a householder. The home here may be a stilt-style wooden building. The Guyue people who migrated eastward eventually arrived in Fujian. They merged with the local indigenous people to form Minyue. Among the Guyue people Chinese "闽mi"
"" means leech. The Guyue people are a farming people who grow rice. Leeches like to live in swamps and mud, so the Guyue people are very sensitive to leeches. Maybe when the Guyue people first arrived in Fujian, leeches were rampant here, so the Guyue people called Fujian " Min, here is called Minyue.
The Guyue people entered Hunan and Jiangxi from the Xiangjiang River in northwest Guangxi and merged with the local indigenous people into Western Ouyue. "Oou" is a close pronunciation of "rice/rice hou" in the ancient Yue language. Ouyue is the name of the farmers. Meaning; the Guyue people entered the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River Basin. They integrated with the local indigenous residents and developed into Dongouyue.
Since all ethnic groups in the area south of the Yangtze River have the same way of life and production, as well as the same language, culture and customs, the first scholars to come to the area south of the Yangtze River to collect information (i.e. conduct comprehensive surveys of national economy and culture) will The farming people living in the area south of the Yangtze River in China are the Baiyue or Yue people.
After the Baiyue people matured in the area south of the Yangtze River, they crossed the Yangtze River and migrated north. They entered the Jianghan Basin, Jianghuai River Basin, Yellow River Basin and other areas in Hubei to develop agriculture and settle down. Perhaps the Baiyue also crossed Shanhaiguan and entered the Northeast Plains, in the Liaohe River. River basin, Heilongjiang River Basin and other areas to develop agriculture and settlement.
During the Great Migration to the East, the Guyue people also migrated from southwest Guangxi to the north. This northward migration route is one of the most important migration routes for the Guyue people.
Around 27,000 years ago, a branch of the Guyue people began to enter the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau from Baise, an important town in the northern part of the Baise Basin in southwest Guangxi, from the north. With Guiyang as the center, they developed the land in the valley covering the entire The agricultural areas of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Chongqing, Wuyi Mountains, and Xiangxi areas merged with the local indigenous ethnic groups to form the earliest Ba people (Ba means "mountain" in Vietnamese. Later, the people in this area called the flat cultivated land in the mountains ("ba", generally the Ba people call the mountainous area Bazi, and the river embankments are dams). Later, most of the Ba people integrated into the Han nationality, and the rest formed the Buyi, Tujia, Dong, Shui and other ethnic minorities. The Yao people lived and settled in the area. , Miao and other ethnic groups have always retained their ancient lifestyle and culture, and thrived in the area together with other ethnic groups.
After the Guyue people completed agricultural development in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, they used Chongqing as a bridgehead to control the transportation waterways of the Yangtze River and Jialing River, entered the eastern Sichuan Basin to develop agricultural areas and settlements, and connected with the central and eastern Sichuan, namely the Qujiang River, Jiangling River and Peijiang River basins. The indigenous people of the area are integrated here in the country of Cuba. Another group of Guyue people crossed the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and established settlements in the Gulin Valley Basin. Then they crossed the Yangtze River by boat from the intersection of the Jinsha River and Tuojiang River and entered the Luzhou area (Lulu means boat in Zhuang language). , and then this group of ancient Yue people went north along the Tuojiang River into the Chengdu Plain, and established the ancient Shu Kingdom with Chengdu as the center, covering a wide area in the western Sichuan Basin and the eastern foot of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Founding a country means enclosing land and monopolizing land and water sources. Since animal husbandry requires constant grazing over vast areas, after the founding of the country by the farming people in Sichuan, the nomadic people were forced to separate from the farming people and develop independently. It is the same for anyone at any time. It is easy to go abroad, but it is difficult to return to the country. Because it involves the seizure and distribution of natural resources, if the nomads insist on returning to the Sichuan Basin to graze, they can only solve it through war. Since the farming people wait for work and defend and attack, and because the farming people are superior to the nomadic people in terms of population, materials, and overall quality, the outcome of the war will definitely be in favor of the farming people.
Of course, eliminating war and creating peace is the common ideal of mankind, so national integration is always the best way to solve problems. As a result, Sichuan is like spring all year round, and the climate and environment are very suitable for the growth of animals and plants. Therefore, various ethnic groups gather in the Sichuan Basin. Therefore, the historians of the Central Plains called Sichuan "the land of hundreds of Pus" based on the results of the collection. In ancient Yue language, Pupu or bu is a prefix for the name of a tribe, which corresponds to the modern Chinese meaning of "bu", "part", "troop", etc. In ancient times, due to the large number of ethnic groups in Sichuan, and each ethnic group called themselves Pu, so the Central Plains Dynasty historians can only call the people here Baipu.
After the separation of farming peoples and nomadic peoples, some nomadic peoples were never willing to integrate with farming peoples. They entered the northeastern region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to make a living as nomads. Eventually they developed into the Qiang people. The Qiang people are the oldest nomadic people in the world. The Qiang people are the modern Tibetan people. One of the mother clan.
25,000 years ago, the national structure of the Bashu Kingdom in Sichuan was basically formed. In terms of culture and customs, the Bashu Kingdom still retained the ancient Yue culture and customs. In terms of economic and cultural exchanges, the Bashu Kingdom maintained close commercial and cultural ties with the Yue people in the south. .
After the Guyue people established a foothold in Sichuan, they continued to migrate north. They crossed the Qinling Mountains and entered the Qinchuan Basin, developing the Qinchuan area into the most fertile land of fish and rice in northwest China. After various ethnic groups in the Sichuan area established their country one after another, the people north of the Qinling Mountains It was inconvenient for the Guyue people to return to the south. Therefore, these Guyue people could only develop independently. The residents here gradually called themselves "Huaxia" to distinguish them from other Guyue people. In the Guyue language, "Huahua" means flower. , "Xia xia" is similar to the pronunciation of "young woman/wife ya" in ancient Yue language. Flowers have very important practical and symbolic meanings among the Guyue people and the ancient farming peoples of Southeast Asia. The ancients believed that flowers are not only beautiful, but also the beginning of life. Flowers are the hotbed of fruits. Fruits are the beginning of life and the seeds for sowing. , is the basis of agriculture. Therefore, flowers have practical and symbolic meanings such as enrichment, abundance, and rebirth. In a matrilineal clan society, women are worshiped, so the combination of wife and flowers seems very noble and beautiful. China has a beautiful meaning of endless life, which means the prosperity and sustainability of agricultural production and population production.
The Guyue people and the ancient farming peoples of Southeast Asia have the custom of worshiping flowers. One of the reasons why they worship flowers is related to wine. The Guyue people have the habit of cooking by mixing plant flowers with rice and other staple foods since ancient times. They also like to cool the cooked food for a long time and let it naturally ferment and become sour before eating. This kind of food has the function of relieving heat and can also prevent Role in sepsis, malaria, and heat stroke. By chance, the Guyue people discovered that polygonum flowers, orchid flowers, sesame flowers and other plant flowers can ferment rice and other foods with high starch content into wonderful sweet rice wine. This kind of rice wine is called "mash" by the Yue people. Lao or lou, the mash can be eaten directly, or you can filter out the lees before eating. Wine can make people excited and happy. It is the main drug for treating depression. It is also the most effective organic solvent. It can dissolve and decompose many harmful toxins in the human body. Therefore, wine has always been regarded by the ancients as a sacred thing given to mankind by the gods. Therefore, the ancients valued Flowers are loved and adored even more. Today, there are still many ancient ethnic groups that have the custom of wearing flowers, worshiping gods with flowers, and honoring people with flowers. At present, people in Guangxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi and Northeast China still drink wine as lao or lou.
"Xia xia" is similar to the female ya in Ancient Yue. Currently, girls in rural areas of northern China are still called "Yaya" or "Yatou". This is a survival of the Ancient Yue Chinese.
After Chinese society has fully entered a patriarchal clan society, the society has changed from advocating "women are superior to men" to "men are superior to women." Since "Xia" is a symbol of women, the attitude and view of "Xia" of the ruling class in society have fundamentally changed. They no longer "Xia" is praised and worshiped, and even belittled and denigrated. Therefore, after China fully entered a patriarchal clan society, the name of Xia was gradually diluted and abandoned.
When we turn over the map of China, we can immediately see that starting from Baise, an important town in southwest Guangxi, going north, passing through Lingyun, Leye, Guiyang, Zunyi, Chongqing, Bazhong, Hanzhong, crossing the Qinling Mountains and entering Baoji, the ancient Chencang, it is almost a passage from north to south. straight line! This kind of high-efficiency road shows that the ancient Luoyue people already had very precise road measurement and planning and construction capabilities.
Archaeological discoveries at Pingguo Gansang Mountain in the Bai area of Guangxi found ancient characters similar to oracle bone inscriptions engraved on the cobblestones. One of the characters is exactly similar to the oracle bone inscription "Cong" of the Yin Ruins. Cong is a jade ritual vessel with an inner circle and eight sides. When the tribe decides on major events, it determines the rights and wrongs and attributes of things. At the same time, Cong can also be used to measure geographical orientation in reality. Perhaps the Ancient Yue people were using Cong and the principle of straight-line measurement of three points and one line to plan and build the above-mentioned migration routes.
The ancient Yue people successfully developed agriculture and animal husbandry suitable for alpine and arid areas on the Songpan Plateau, which is west of Chengdu and northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including northeastern Qinghai, southern Gansu, western Qinling, and northwest Sichuan. They were successfully domesticated. They also cultivated highland barley suitable for planting in plateau areas, wheat, barley and other crops suitable for dry land planting. At the same time, they successfully domesticated yaks, sheep, beef cattle, donkeys and dogs and other animals suitable for captivity in the cold climate of the north. They introduced humans to cold and arid areas. Migration and settlement provide material and technological security.
The Ancient Yue people who lived and settled on the Songpan Plateau were called Di by the historians of the Central Plains Dynasty. In the ancient Yue language, Di means "good", "farming", etc., so Di means a good person and a farmer. At present, the Yunnan Dai people, who are close relatives of the Yue, call themselves di or dai, where di is the direct lineage, "emperor di" "It is also the name used by the matrilineal clan society for the supreme ruler of the matrilineal clan. According to the regulations of the matrilineal clan society, only female elders from the direct line can call themselves emperor. The emperor is the supreme ruler of the matrilineal clan. The nation called Di or Emperor must be a noble or royal family among the Guyue people.
The Songpan Plateau has always been the traditional residence of farming and nomadic peoples in northwest China. The place names and landscape names here are full of the cultural characteristics of the ancient Yue people. "Songpan" means "two cities" or "two villages" in the ancient Yue language. Songso
g is the number "two" in ancient Vietnamese; pan pa
Or ba
Among the Guyue people, it means home, village, city, etc.; in the Songpan Plateau area, many plateaus are called "baba" or "na".
a",
a means "paddy field" in the ancient Yue language; many rivers on the Songpan Plateau have the syllable "da", and da means "river" in the ancient Yue language. The main river on the Songpan Plateau is called "Datong River" , according to the ancient Vietnamese interpretation, this road should have been called "Datong", "Da" means river, Tong to
g or duo
g means bright, shining, bright in the ancient Vietnamese language. The attributive in the ancient Vietnamese language is postpositioned, so the overall meaning of Datong is the Guangming River. The Datong River flows from east to west, and the water flows all day long. In the morning and evening when the sun is shining, this The water surface of the river must be shining with colorful lights. Naming this river after Datong is very appropriate and full of poetic and picturesque meanings that make people daydream about it.
Eventually, the Di people merged with the nomadic Qiang people, forming the earliest and strongest nomadic people in the world. They grazed on the grasslands of northern China and Siberia, and developed into the yellow nomadic people in the world. After the Diqiang people matured, they entered the Hexi Corridor, the Altai region, the Tianshan region of Xinjiang, and other Central Asian regions such as the Oasis of the Amu Darya River Basin at the intersection of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan in Central Asia. Entering the confluence area of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the Middle East, Asia Minor in the Near East, the Nile River Basin in North Africa, and Europe, they developed agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as villages, cities, and countries that nourished and nurtured new local civilizations in these areas.
15,000 years ago, the ancient Vietnamese farming and nomadic peoples basically completed their great migration around the world. Since then, human races and cultures in Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe have gradually completed great integration and new development.
In the thousands of years after the completion of the Great Migration and ethnic integration, the Chinese civilization was gradually born in mainland China; the Indian civilization in the South Asian subcontinent; the Sumerian civilization in the Mesopotamia in the Middle East; and the Egyptian civilization in the Nile River Basin in North Africa.
These civilized societies were all founded on an agricultural economy. These societies, with settled residents as the main body, created colorful culture and art. The development of these civilizations provided new guarantees and hopes for human beings to move towards security, prosperity, freedom and happiness.
