The above chapters discuss the reasons for the great migration of humans in the middle and late stages of the last ice age, as well as the survival ability, production capacity, technology and civilization status of humans before the great migration, as well as their industrial division of labor, family style, ethnic status, social form, thought and religion. conditions and other human survival capabilities and the basis for the development of civilization. On the basis of these material and spiritual wealth, in order to cope with the severe changes in the earth's environment and seek opportunities for survival and development, humans living in the New World during the last glacial period launched a global migration. Since then, rich cultural heritage has emerged and formed in various parts of the world. Colorful and splendid human civilization, these civilizations with different styles have gradually evolved over the long years into the civilizations around the world today.
Without this global human migration, many places in the world would be as desolate and lifeless as the Antarctic region and the Sahara Desert today!
In this chapter, we will specifically discuss the arduous and ups and downs of the Great Migration process and route of mankind. The Great Migration of mankind is a complex human activity involving all cultural levels. The Great Migration not only has a profound impact on the formation of human societies and civilizations around the world, but is also a process in which human races undergo differentiation, integration, re-differentiation, and re-integration. The development of this race The process will reveal the commonalities and differences of human civilizations and nations in various places, and create the ideological foundation and cultural conditions to promote comprehensive reconciliation, cooperation, friendship, win-win, and sharing for mankind.
Based on the current distribution of human races and cultural characteristics, as well as geographical knowledge, archaeological knowledge, etc., and the discovery and research of ancient cultural relics and sites around the world, we can relatively clearly reconstruct the routes and processes of the great migration of humans in the middle and late stages of the last glacial period. Come out and see more clearly the integration and differentiation of human races during the migration process.
According to the research results of archaeologists and scientists, 108,000 years ago, there was an ancient human whose skeletal characteristics were very similar to those of the Asian yellow race growing in the Java Island of Indonesia. This shows that at the beginning of the Ice Age, there was a large group of yellow race ancestors living in the New World of Southeast Asia during the last Ice Age (i.e., the Indonesian Islands, the New Land of the South China Sea, southern China, Indochina, and other areas) and other Ice Age tropical and subtropical areas. area. After 60,000 to 70,000 years of tempering and evolution, this group of ancient humans developed into the Yellow race and became the main race in the Great Migration era, namely the Yellow race, a gathering, fishing and hunting nation, an agricultural nation, and a maritime nation. After the Great Migration, They became the modern yellow people distributed in the Eurasian continent, the Pacific Islands, the Americas and other regions.
From the middle and late stages of the last glacial period 45,000 years ago, the earth has warmed and sea levels have continued to rise. The marine peoples who lived in the seaside areas of Southeast Asia during the glacial period were the first to be hit by disasters because their homes were first submerged by sea water. Therefore, they first Relocation of families and property by sea to higher ground on the coast. When sea levels continued to rise and more continents were submerged by sea water, they had no choice but to move to higher areas. The Great Migration of the Sea Peoples began unknowingly.
The peoples who migrated with the Ocean Peoples were the gathering and hunting peoples who lived along the coast and in low-altitude areas during the Ice Age. This was because the gathering and hunting peoples usually lived a wandering life. At the same time, these peoples had economic complementarities and blood ties with the Ocean Peoples. They often live in the same area with relatively rich land resources, so they will definitely move together when a disaster strikes. The Yao people are an ancient ethnic group living in southwestern China and Southeast Asia. They have lived in mountainous areas with limited traffic such as the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Guangxi and Southeast Asia since ancient times. They live an ancient lifestyle of hunting and gathering. Ancient stories passed down from generation to generation tell the story of their ancestors who encountered a great flood and sailed across the ocean to mainland China. Ancient ethnic groups such as the Yi people in China also have stories of their families fleeing during the great flood. These stories illustrate that during the early warming period of the last glacial period, that is, between 45,000 and 35,000 years ago, they lived in the coastal and low-altitude areas of the New World in Southeast Asia during the last glacial period. The ancestors of the Yao, Yi and other ethnic groups, because their homes were submerged by the sea, they reached Indochina and southern China by sea and land. Archaeologists once discovered ancient human fossils in a cave in Liuzhou, Guangxi, China. According to scientific determination, these fossils were left by ancient people about 40,000 years ago. These human fossils have obvious yellow characteristics.
In the early stages of the warming period, a large number of people gathered in the Indochina Peninsula and southern China, resulting in food shortages in the region. This led to the in-depth development of agriculture, breeding, and animal husbandry in the region, and also triggered the spread of humans to various parts of the world via sea and land routes. migration.
According to scientific examination and analysis by paleoclimatologists, during the middle of the last glacial period, between 35,000 and 25,000 years ago, the earth's warming intensified and the sea level rose more rapidly, causing more land to be submerged by sea water. The melting of ice caps is accelerating, forming more lakes, swamps, rivers and desert areas on the surface of the earth, and a large number of submerged areas, waterlogged areas and barren areas have appeared in low-lying areas in the interior. These harsh geological environments add endless difficulties and survival threats to the migration of marine peoples, gathering, fishing and hunting peoples, and farming peoples.
The Ocean People are the first human race to carry out the Great Migration. "First come the moon near the water, and ducks are the prophets when the water is warm in the spring river." The Ocean People were the first to realize that mankind was about to suffer a catastrophe, so they were the first to start the Great Migration of mankind at sea. Their migration route is Migrate to the east and west coasts and island areas of the Pacific through the coasts and island chains with relatively rich natural resources; migrate to the Indian Ocean and Atlantic coasts and island areas through the coasts and island chains with relatively rich natural resources.
The process of the Sea People's migration from the New World of Southeast Asia to the east and west coasts and islands of the Pacific Ocean is as follows: The Sea People first migrated eastward by boat to the South China Sea, East China Sea coast areas and offshore islands of mainland China, which are now the coast of Peninsular Malaysia, the coast of Thailand, the coast of Myanmar, and the coast of Bangladesh. , the coast of Cambodia, the coast of Vietnam, the coast of Guangxi, the coast of Guangdong, the coast of Fujian, the coast of Zhejiang, the Yangtze River Basin waterway area, the Philippine Islands, Taiwan Island, the Ryukyu Islands, the Japanese Islands, the Pacific Islands, the Pacific coast of South America and other areas.
The migration process of maritime peoples from the New World of Southeast Asia to the Indian Ocean, Atlantic coasts and islands is as follows: the coast of the South Asian subcontinent, the coast of the Middle East, the coast of Africa, the coast of the Mediterranean and other areas.
After the maritime peoples settled in these areas, they relied on local natural resources such as rivers, lakes and seas to develop production activities such as fishing, gathering, and hunting, and created local societies and civilizations together with the peoples who arrived in these areas.
According to the findings and research of archaeologists and anthropologists, the Great Migration of farming peoples (including peoples who still rely on farming peoples to engage in breeding and animal husbandry) occurred in the late warming period of the Ice Age, which was between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago. Since the coastlines, rivers, lakes, swamps, etc. on the earth's surface have stabilized in the late warming period, most of the barren land has been transformed into forests and grasslands, becoming a paradise for animals and plants. The improvement of the natural environment provides material foundation and environmental conditions for the migration of farming peoples and their accompanying peoples.
According to the research results of ancient climatology and archeology, during the last glacial period, the early homelands of farmers and pastoralists were the Indochina Peninsula, South China, and the South Asian subcontinent in Southeast Asia. This area had a typical northern climate with four distinct seasons and obvious alternations of hot and cold climates. Characteristics, the climate conditions in the area at that time were equivalent to those in the area north of the Yellow River in China today. During the Ice Age, geographical barriers such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and Lingnan Mountains blocked the cold air from the north from invading China's Lingnan region and Indo-China Peninsula. Therefore, during the last Ice Age, the natural climate in this area was very suitable for agriculture, breeding, and Development of animal husbandry. The progress of civilization in this region provides material, spiritual, technological and cultural support for the great migration of mankind, and also lays the foundation for the great development of human civilization.
Since early farming peoples and nomadic peoples originally lived in inland areas with higher altitudes, these areas had typical continental landforms, such as mountains, hills, rivers, swamps, grasslands, and oases. These areas were very suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry. develop. Since the food source of the agricultural and pastoral people is relatively stable and they live a stable and semi-settled life, they have more time to think about and solve problems, and thus engage in the development of civilization in terms of thought, culture, technology and religion. Production methods and cultural development methods determine that agricultural and pastoral peoples are superior to gathering, fishing and hunting peoples, and maritime peoples in terms of population, society, and culture.
In the early days of the Great Migration, although the agricultural and pastoral peoples did not have very close contact with the maritime peoples and the peoples living in low-altitude areas, with the increase in the internal population of the agricultural and pastoral peoples and the migration of other ethnic groups into the areas of agricultural and pastoral peoples, the population just now After completing their migration and living a settled life, the farmers and herdsmen have a strong need and impulse to migrate.
When climate warming intensified, the geographical distribution of lakes, rivers and swamps in inland areas was basically stable, and the environment in uninhabited areas such as desert areas and floodplains improved, mature farmers and herders began to develop in southern China and Indochina. Start an earth-shattering migration to all parts of the world.
In the early stages of the great migration of farmers and herders, farmers and herders have basically developed the Lingnan region of China, Yunnan of China, northern Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India into their own agricultural and animal husbandry industry bases. According to As a result of joint research by archaeologists and biologists, this area was the earliest and only agricultural and livestock area for humans during the last glacial period. Archaeological evidence reflects that the earliest animal husbandry areas of mankind (at that time, agriculture and animal husbandry had not been completely separated, the production method of animal husbandry was a combination of confinement and free range, the scope of animal husbandry was smaller than nomadic herding, and animal husbandry still relied on agriculture and villages to survive). Western Myanmar, Bangladesh, South Asian subcontinent and other regions. Moreover, the ancient humans living in these areas at that time were all yellow race people.
After the farmers and herdsmen began the Great Migration, they first entered the southern part of the South Asian subcontinent from their base areas to the west and merged with the local brown people to form a new farming people; they then entered the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the northeastern part of the South Asian subcontinent, and they formed a predominantly yellow people group. They are farmers and herdsmen who are suitable for the plateau climate environment; they moved westward from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau into the northwest of the South Asian subcontinent and the Indus River Basin, and merged with the local white gathering and hunting people to form a new nomadic people of yellow and white blood. . Since then, yellow, brown and white people have been fully integrated in the South Asian subcontinent and other regions, forming a multi-racial geographical distribution pattern that continues to this day. The migration and immigration of Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen to the South Asian subcontinent, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Indus River Basin in the Middle East and other regions contributed to the emergence of early civilizations in the region. As the new humans from the South Asian subcontinent and the Middle East merged with the new humans from Central Asia, they will form more powerful humans. The new nation made the Middle East, the Mediterranean coastal areas and all of Europe begin to enter the process of human civilization.
The most complex and long migration routes of farmers and herders are northward and eastward. First, the farmers and herdsmen started from their base areas and headed east and north into Yunnan and Guangxi, China; then from Guangxi and eastward they entered Guangdong and Fujian, then northward into the Yangtze River Basin area, then northward into the Yellow River Basin area, and then northward into Northeastern Plains and Mongolian Plateau; enter the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau from southern Yunnan and northwest Guangxi, enter Sichuan and other regions via two routes including Chongqing and Luzhou; then start from Sichuan, cross the Qinling Mountains, enter the Qinchuan Basin and Hexi Corridor and other areas, and then go north Entering the Loess Plateau, Mongolian Plateau, Siberia and other regions, and then heading east through the Bering Strait into North America; Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen migrated to Shaanxi, Gansu and other regions, and they headed west into China's Xinjiang, Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, the Mediterranean coast and Europe and other regions; farmers and herdsmen migrated to Siberia and then westward into the hinterland of Europe.
In the end, the migratory detachment of Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen who "first moved north and then turned west" merged with new humans in Central Asia such as the Indus River Basin, and they merged into human groups in the Middle East and Europe. The migratory detachment of Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen who "first migrated north and then turned east" entered North America through the Bering Strait land bridge. Finally, they merged with the South American yellow people who came north from the Peruvian Andes, that is, the Southeast Asian maritime peoples, in Central America. From then on, they created the ancient civilization of America together.
In short, the agricultural and pastoral peoples of Southeast Asia formed the earliest human race in these areas. They developed Chinese civilization, Central Asian civilization, Middle Eastern civilization (Sumerian, Assyrian, Persian, etc.), Mediterranean civilization (Egypt, Greece, Rome, etc.) , European civilization, American civilization (Mayan and other civilizations) and other world civilizations.
The ancient civilization of Southeast Asia during the Ice Age was the earliest civilization of mankind and the mother body of human civilization everywhere. After human subjects migrated from the base areas in Southeast Asia to various parts of the world, they did not participate in the Great Migration. The humans who stayed in Southeast Asia (i.e., Indo-China Peninsula, Indonesian Islands, Philippine Islands, etc.) still maintained their original racial characteristics, lifestyles, and production methods. and a civilized state, living and developing in compliance with rules.
After the Great Migration, the language and culture of the maritime peoples became the language and culture of the migration destinations and settlement areas. Austronesian and Poseidon worship became common cultural features of Pacific islands and coastal areas, Indian Ocean islands and coastal areas. Currently, Austronesian and Cultures such as Poseidon worship are still very popular in the southeastern coastal areas of China, Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan Island, Pacific Islands and other regions.
In the process of the development of agricultural and pastoral society, the farming peoples gradually developed and matured the ancient Thai language and Samana religious beliefs. Currently, the farming and pastoral peoples in China's Lingnan region, China's Yunnan, northern Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, northeastern India, Nepal and other regions The original ancient Thai language and Samana religious beliefs are still more or less preserved.
With the migration and ethnic integration of agricultural and pastoral peoples, ancient Thai differentiated into ancient Burmese, and ancient Burmese became the language of semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral residents and nomads. These new ethnic groups live in the southern foothills of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Extensive areas such as the junction of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
After a long period of cultural experience and development, Shamanism eventually developed into Jainism and Buddhism in the middle and lower reaches of the Ganges River in the South Asian subcontinent; Shamanism and Menzhenism (Me
gim, in ancient Vietnamese, me
It is a prompt to ask questions, gim is a god or a divine teacher, me
The overall meaning of gim is to ask gods, consult ghosts, gods and souls, and divine fortune and misfortune).
During and after the Great Migration, Southeast Asia, as the oldest civilization region of mankind, has maintained economic and cultural exchanges with India, China and other parts of the world. However, this region is also the oldest, most conservative and most conservative region in the world. Areas where traditional and cultural development lags most behind. Complacency will inevitably lead to comprehensive laziness and corruption. Only those who have experienced suffering and embraced crises will think hard, work hard, and make progress.
Archaeologists have discovered in Mongolia that the earliest living remains of modern ancient humans appeared between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago. This data shows that the great migration of nomads began around 35,000 years ago and ended 25,000 years ago. The migration of nomadic people reached its peak around 10,000 years ago. Around 15,000 years ago, the nomadic people basically completed the Great Migration.
Archaeological results show that the peak period of the migration of the Marine Peoples was between 45,000 and 27,000 years ago. After the peak period, the Marine Peoples basically completed their immigration, settlement and development around the world, and the world distribution pattern of the Marine Peoples was basically formed; agriculture and animal husbandry The peak of ethnic migration was between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago. After the peak period, immigration, settlement and development around the world were basically completed, and the global distribution pattern of agricultural and pastoral ethnic groups was basically formed.
About 11,000 years ago, the earth's climate began to stabilize and the ice age basically ended. At this time, the climate and environment of the earth became very social for the survival and development of animals and plants. Farmers and herders began to split into farming peoples and nomadic peoples. The nomadic peoples began to live a life of chasing water and grass on the grasslands of East Asia, Central Asia and Southern Europe. nomadic life.
