During the last Ice Age, from 115,000 to 75,000 years ago, during this long period of 40,000 years, humans have basically adapted to the environment of the Ice Age. According to archaeological results, in southern China and the Indochina Peninsula, In the new ice age continents such as the New World in the South China Sea, the Indonesian Archipelago, and the South Asian Continent, mankind has established the world's largest and most prosperous center of human civilization.
At the beginning of the last Ice Age (115,000 to 95,000 years ago), the human race maintained its primitive production and living conditions. They mainly made a living through natural economies such as gathering, fishing, and hunting. After the middle Ice Age, with the The earth's natural environment improves, the natural supply of food increases, and the population also increases. In order to obtain more stable and high-quality food, humans began to develop agriculture and animal husbandry, and migrated to cooler areas during the Ice Age to alleviate racial conflicts and survival pressure caused by the rapid increase in population in tropical and subtropical regions.
According to archaeological evidence, in the middle of the last glacial period (95,000 to 75,000 years ago), the subtropical and temperate areas of the last glacial period began to have four distinct seasons, which were suitable for human life and development production with the ability to withstand the cold. At that time, the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia, which is now Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, southern Yunnan in China, southwestern Guangxi in China, and other vast areas, was the largest glacial subtropical and temperate region in the southeastern part of the Eurasian continent. It was a densely populated area in the glacial tropics. The immigrants who migrated to the Indochina Peninsula developed the earliest human agricultural and animal husbandry areas in the Indochina Peninsula, and formed the earliest human settlement and nomadic peoples here, forming the earliest human villages, cities and societies. We call this area the Indochina Peninsula and the ancient agricultural and pastoral area of mankind in southwest China.
According to archaeological evidence, the early humans living in the Indochina Peninsula and the agricultural and pastoral areas of southwest China are the direct ancestors of modern yellow people. We call this early modern homo sapiens the "ancient agricultural and pastoral people of Southeast Asia." In tens of thousands of years of experiments and explorations in agriculture and animal husbandry, the ancient agricultural and pastoral peoples of Southeast Asia domesticated rice, sorghum, corn, wheat, barley and other food crops suitable for cultivation in paddy fields, dry lands and temperate zones, as well as most of the vegetables, Beans and fruits; in terms of animal husbandry, they domesticated and raised relatively docile animals and birds such as pigs, buffaloes, cattle, donkeys, sheep, cats, chickens, ducks, and geese. At the same time, they domesticated livestock such as buffalo, oxen, and donkeys, freeing humans from some heavy manual labor and greatly improving the production efficiency of agriculture and transportation.
If there had not been a major natural disaster that occurred in Java, Indonesia, 75,000 years ago, human beings might have entered the current or higher level of civilization tens of thousands of years earlier. However, the occurrence of this disaster directly changed the climate environment of the earth, and also changed the destiny of mankind and the development process of civilization!
According to geophysical research results, the fourth violent volcanic eruption occurred in the Mount Toba area of Java Island, Indonesia 75,000 years ago!
This super volcano was accompanied by strong earthquakes and tectonic plate oscillations, as well as shocking and terrifying natural disasters such as super hurricanes and tsunamis. This natural disaster caused the earth to shake and tear apart, large areas of land to rise and sink, and rivers to change their course and cause flooding. The hot gases erupted from volcanoes triggered forest fires around the world, drastically changing the nature of the earth's atmosphere and airflow, which triggered global super hurricanes, which swept seawater, trees, rocks and soil on land. into the atmosphere and space. Due to the intensity of the hurricane, a huge hole is formed in the center of the hurricane that penetrates the atmosphere and leads directly into space. Because the hole leads directly into space, a lot of materials and dust on the earth are swept into the vast space by the hurricane.
At that time, the ancients living in the area near the incident should have seen this extremely huge atmospheric hole hanging high in the deep sky caused by the super hurricane. From the hole, people could see the bottomless and extremely dark space, and at the same time The earth's debris and dust are constantly being drawn into the hole. These rising dark debris and dust form a huge airflow column connecting the space hole and the earth and ocean swept by hurricanes. The upward churning airflow column is surrounded by thunder and lightning. Fire! Occasionally, this huge hole in space still emits strong sunlight intermittently towards the ground and the ocean, illuminating this dim world where everything has withered and the seas and rocks are in ruins! These shocking and terrifying disaster scenes and natural phenomena are deeply engraved in the memories of the ancients who personally experienced this catastrophe. This is why there are myths and allusions in ancient human classics such as "The sky was broken, and Nuwa mended it." !
According to scientists' determination, the Toba volcano erupted continuously for several weeks, spewing out 3,200 cubic kilometers of Youngor New Toba tuff. Three days after the eruption, half of the earth was covered with volcanic ash. The volcanic ash in Malaysia was 7 meters thick, and the Deccan Plateau in India was also covered with 15 centimeters of volcanic ash. Scientists believe that this volcano was the largest volcanic eruption on earth in 25 million years. The volcanic ash darkened the sky and caused the temperature on the earth to drop by an average of 5 degrees Celsius, which lasted for 6 years. It even dropped by 15 degrees Celsius in the northern part of the planet.
This catastrophe directly led to the death of animals and plants and the extinction of species in many areas. Through scientific analysis and reasoning, scientists believe that this disaster almost caused humankind to become extinct, with only a few thousand people surviving. Perhaps the actual situation is more optimistic than this data, otherwise , the diversity of human races today would not exist.
Scientists believe that four weeks after the eruption of the Toba volcano, the volcanic ash effect lowered the global temperature and entered a colder ice age. The sun was blocked by the floating dust from the volcanic eruption in the air. The whole world became dim and the living environment of the earth became very dangerous. This extremely harsh climate environment has lasted for 6 years, so only those humans, animals and plants that live and live far away from the severely affected areas of Toba volcano can survive.
According to scientists' analysis of the distribution of ancient humans, humans who lived in areas far away from the Toba volcanic eruption site such as the northern Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia, southern China, northern South Asian subcontinent, and central African continent survived at that time.
Most of the surviving humans live in the Indochina Peninsula of Southeast Asia and southwest China. The ancestors of their modern yellow people are the ancient agricultural and pastoral peoples of Southeast Asia. A small number of survivors live in the South Asian subcontinent and the southern part of the Middle East. Homo sapiens living here are brown and red. The ancestors of humans and whites; there are also a small number of surviving humans who are black people who have been living in tropical and subtropical areas of the African continent. These surviving ancient humans have maintained their original production and lifestyle, and continue to live a difficult life in safe areas where the harm is not serious.
As the earth's climate became colder after the volcanic disaster, humans living in the cold Southeast Asia developed their fire-using technology, cold-proof clothing production technology, cave living technology, food storage and production technology to a higher level, and developed these technologies to a higher level. Survival technology is widely promoted among the nation. At this time, human beings already have certain knowledge and survival skills, and have extremely strong adaptability, resilience and mutual help spirit. Human beings who have survived the disaster have the ability to survive this extreme disaster. Humanity began to continue to survive and develop again.
At present, we are unable to determine how many ancient people survived this disaster? However, judging from the current analysis of human racial purity and genetic diversity, the number of survivors at that time was indeed very limited. The reason for genetic purity can only be the result of inbreeding. Therefore, humans must have gone through a very long period of inbreeding. This is how the human race can reproduce. The finite nature of life makes reproduction of offspring the main hope of human life. Human beings always burst out with infinite courage and wisdom in the face of numerous difficulties and dangers, and always find a way to move forward and pursue hopes and dreams in an extremely limited living environment. , because of this, mankind will create greater glories and push human civilization to new heights.
After the Toba volcano erupted, the earth's climate gradually stabilized in a new state. Since the earth's climate became colder than before, after the climate and environment stabilized, the surviving humans must have migrated to warmer areas such as the New World in Southeast Asia. During this stage, human beings entered a very sluggish period of development. The surviving humans inherited most of the original human civilization achievements - language, writing, production technology, manufacturing technology, religion, thought, philosophy and early science, etc., and In a cold, dark, and resource-deficient natural environment, it is difficult to maintain human survival, reproduction, and civilization development!
According to the research results of paleoclimatologists, the Toba volcanic eruption injected a large amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere. As the volcanic dust in the air was deposited and spread into space, the earth's air returned to clear and transparent, and the sun's rays returned to the earth. surface. Because greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide have the ability to absorb and preserve sunlight, the earth's surface begins to become warmer, glaciers melt, and the earth's surface begins to become humid. Plants gain unprecedented growth. Plant growth leads to the development of herbivore populations. This also led to the great development of carnivore populations, the development of human natural economies such as gathering and hunting, and the new development of human agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicraft industries. At this time, human food and living conditions were improved unprecedentedly, and the population It has also begun to develop rapidly, and human civilization has begun to move towards a high-speed development track!
Thirty thousand years after the Toba volcano erupted, the earth's environment has become very warm and humid. According to the research results of archaeologists, relics of human activities have been discovered in Liuzhou, Guangxi and other areas of southern China 45,000 years ago. These archaeological results show that the Great Migration, which affects the formation, geographical distribution and civilization pattern of today's human race, originated from It started 45,000 years ago.
During this period of human migration, human activities first appeared in large numbers in southern China and the entire Indochina Peninsula, as well as in the south-central, northern and northwest areas of the Indian subcontinent.
Due to climate warming, sea levels began to rise, and many islands and landmasses in areas such as the Indonesian Archipelago in the New World of Southeast Asia were submerged by sea water. At that time, the land bridge between the Indonesian archipelago and the Australian mainland was submerged by the sea. From then on, the Australian red people were isolated from other humans. It was not until the Spanish navigator Torres discovered Australia in 1606 that they resumed contact and exchanges with humans in other areas. However, this lonely and long process for the red people took more than 40,000 years. Current anthropologist research shows that Australian red people still maintain the lifestyle and civilization of early humans 45,000 years ago.
According to 2001 census data, with the help of Australia's racial protection policy, the total number of Australian indigenous residents, namely red people, is 413,000. It can be seen that natural production methods such as primitive gathering and hunting cannot provide sufficient and stable food for humans. At the same time, long-term food shortages directly lead to the belief that humans spend most of their time and energy on obtaining food, thus restricting the development of human intelligence and civilization.
The history of human development shows that only those who master advanced production technologies such as fishery, agriculture, and animal husbandry can obtain sufficient and stable food. At the same time, races and ethnic groups that master tool and daily necessities manufacturing technology, house construction technology, fire technology, kiln technology, sintering technology, smelting technology and manufacturing technology can improve human living conditions and environment, improve work efficiency and happiness, Only in this natural struggle of natural selection and human war can they gain full rights to survival, development, civilization and progress. Those races and nations with backward production methods will be ruthlessly eliminated. And submerged in the long river of human development history!
The prosperous development of fisheries in southern China, the South China Sea, and the Indonesian Islands gave rise to early human shipbuilding and navigation technologies. As the earth's climate warmed and sea levels rose, Southeast Asian maritime peoples who made a living by fishing first began their The Great Maritime Migration.
Archaeological results show that the Southeast Asian archipelago, the southern coast of China and the coast of Indochina are the areas where humans first developed navigation technology and marine fisheries. As the sea level rises, the villages and ports where these maritime peoples live are submerged by sea water. Therefore, they begin to take boats with their families and migrate across the sea to higher-altitude islands and mainland coasts, and to mainland estuaries where fresh water and land food are easy to obtain. Re-settled.
During the migration process of the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia, they first arrived in the mainland coastal estuary areas of the South China Sea and the East China Sea, as well as offshore islands in the South China Sea and the East China Sea.
As sea levels rise further, Southeast Asian maritime peoples continue to migrate to Pacific islands, as well as the South American continent and other American regions. At the same time, they migrated to high-latitude coasts and islands such as the coast of Indochina, the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea of mainland China.
At this stage, Southeast Asian maritime peoples also migrated via sea routes to the coastal areas of the South Asian subcontinent, the coastal areas of Pakistan, the coastal areas of Iran, the coastal areas of Arabia, the coastal areas of the African continent, the Mediterranean coastal areas, etc.!
During this period, the farmers and herdsmen who settled in the Indochina Peninsula and southwestern China had a rapid increase in food supply due to the improvement of the earth's environment. This area became the richest area for mankind at that time, which led to a sharp increase in the population of the area. In order to obtain more and stable food, the earliest farming peoples and nomadic peoples of mankind began to migrate on the continent, looking for places suitable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Of course, following the migration of farmers and herders, there were also land peoples engaged in gathering, fishing and hunting. They supported each other and began the difficult and long land migration.
These land-migrating peoples first entered the entire mainland of China and Siberia northward and eastward, and then entered the Middle East through the Hexi Corridor until northern Africa and the Mediterranean coast. According to archaeological research results, during this period, rivers, swamps, grasslands and Traces of this migratory human life appear in forest areas.
At this stage, the ancient agricultural and pastoral peoples of Southeast Asia moved westward and along the valleys at the southern foot of the Himalayas into the South Asian subcontinent, where they established colonial settlements and developed agriculture and animal husbandry in the rivers, swamps, grasslands and forests. At the same time, they entered the Indus River Basin and the entire Middle East and southern Europe through the northwest valley of the South Asian subcontinent. Perhaps many years later, this migratory people should meet their own people here - farmers and herdsmen who migrated from the Hexi Corridor and other eastern regions to the Middle East!
As global warming intensifies and sea levels rise further, the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia and agricultural and pastoral peoples around the world continue to carry out the last great migration, moving to colder and more remote areas.
Eventually, the Southeast Asian marine peoples settled on the west coasts of the North and South American continents and the Central American Islands, developed marine fisheries, and became the earliest human inhabitants of the Americas. These immigrants left a large number of stone round anchors on the west coast of America such as the coasts of Chile and Peru. These anchors were discovered by archaeologists in the middle and late last century. Scientists determined that the stones used to make the anchors were produced on the coast of southern China. area.
By migrating overland, Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen eventually crossed the Siberian tundra and reached the coast of the Arctic Ocean continent. At the same time, they entered North America through the Bering land bridge that was not yet submerged at the time. In the middle and late last century, archaeologists discovered the remains and activities of these immigrants in the North American continent. According to scientific determination, they first arrived in the American continent 25,000 years ago. At the same time, archaeological results show that human migration through the Bering Strait stopped 15,000 years ago. This shows that the Bering Land Bridge was completely submerged by sea water 15,000 years ago, and humans can no longer reach the North by land. America. These humans who migrated to North America became the earliest human inhabitants of North America.
Eventually, humans from North America and South America merged in Central America, and they formed the yellow race in South America. They developed society and civilization independently. It was not until the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus helped the King of Portugal to sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean and open a sea route to India and China in the east that humans in the Americas resumed contact with humans outside the Americas. Columbus crossed the Atlantic in August 1492 and arrived in the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti and other places. In mid-1493, he arrived in Jamaica, Puerto Rico Islands and the coastal areas of Central and South America. After discovering the American continent, Columbus and others discovered that the Americans had typical yellow characteristics, so Columbus thought he had arrived in India and called these humans Indians.
This time occurred between 45,000 and 15,000 years ago. The great migration of humans through sea and land is the only known global human migration. The Asian maritime peoples and land peoples, that is, the Asian yellow people, are the main subjects of this great migration. They not only migrated to high latitudes such as the Americas and Siberia in Asia, but also migrated to the inland and coastal areas of the entire Indian subcontinent and the interior of the Middle East. They brought the most advanced agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery, pottery, smelting, carpentry and construction to these areas. Production and living technologies also brought their languages, writings, thoughts, religions and social management systems to these areas.
Between 45,000 and 15,000 years ago, the earth's climate continued to warm, sea levels continued to rise, and many lands and islands were submerged by sea water. This extremely tragic and unforgettable disaster has deeply remained in human memory. , the myths and legends of ancient peoples around the world about human beings experiencing super floods should be based on these real historical disasters!
The legend written in Western classics that "the once highly civilized Atlantis sank to the bottom of the sea" should be because a group of humans migrated north along the Malaysian Peninsula. They witnessed with their own eyes a prosperous island in the Indian Ocean to the west of their industry. The terrifying scene of the mainland being instantly swallowed up by the waves.
In the middle and late stages of glaciers melting, many new rivers, freshwater lakes and swamps were created on the land. Therefore, Chinese myths include many myths related to great floods. Various ethnic groups in East Asia have a history of regulating rivers and fighting floods for tens of thousands of years. .
The series of climate and environmental changes triggered by the Toba volcano have had a profound impact on human survival, development and civilization progress. We cannot explain the depth and breadth of this impact at once. In the following chapters, we will go into more depth and detail. Analyze and discuss them.
After the last ice age gradually passed, the earth's environment became more and more suitable for human survival and development. From then on, human civilization entered a stage of rapid and prosperous development!
