As the grassroots representative of Yingtian Microchip, Zhu Jingyuan introduced the microchip personal computer to Zhu Jingyuan.
Let’s first talk about the hardware itself, and then explain the software functions of the computer.
Including the most important calculation itself of the computer, as well as the storage and management capabilities of electronic data.
Then there is the ability to exchange, interconnect and collaborate between different computers.
During this process, Wang Lai brought in the craftsmen responsible for the Internet and introduced the situation of the Internet.
At the network hardware level, the coaxial cables used in telephone and broadcast systems are directly abandoned, and a physical connection layer of twisted pairs and optical fibers is established.
Twisted pairs are responsible for short-distance signal connections and the establishment of local Internet.
There is no difficulty in the process of twisted pair wire. Daming’s existing metallurgical and petrochemical industries can easily complete mass production.
Therefore, the introduction personnel did not show too much merit and focused on optical fiber.
The entire system of optical fiber is brand new. From the material of the optical fiber itself and the transceiver equipment, to the accuracy and control, as well as the layout equipment, everything is difficult.
However, Daming also has a foundation in this aspect. The petrochemical industry has been developing continuously for twenty years.
The semiconductor industry, which is both a supplier and a customer, is also focusing on tackling key problems.
The problems existing in the optical fiber transmission system have been gradually solved in the past five years.
Of course, the current production and layout costs are still relatively high, much higher than the original coaxial cable.
However, the current network communication does not need to cover a large area. In the short term, it only needs to establish connections with various parts of the Ming court.
The transmission speed of optical fiber is really much higher than that of coaxial cable.
In particular, the theoretically achievable speed is extremely exaggerated.
According to the person in charge, optical fiber can theoretically provide a transmission speed of one million words per second.
Zhu Jingyuan nodded slightly, but felt that they were being conservative.
This unit of one million is a word composed of sixteen binary lines, which is equivalent to two eight-bit bytes in Zhu Jingyuan's previous life.
The transmission speed of one million words is approximately equal to the download speed of 2M in the previous life, which is about 20M broadband.
In fact, once the technology matures, the bandwidth will soon rise to the 100M level.
Of course, the current speed is definitely a very terrifying speed for today's world.
After all, the hard disk capacity of the largest data warehouse has just reached the 100 million word level.
Theoretically, it can be filled up in more than a hundred seconds.
But in fact, current computer access equipment cannot achieve such high access speeds at all.
The ultimate speed of the latest data warehouse hard disk has barely reached 500,000 words per second, which is roughly equivalent to about 1MB per second in the previous life.
It is only half of the theoretical network speed.
More importantly, the most powerful computer in the world has just reached one million calculations per second.
Data access of this magnitude may fully load the processor.
Now we have to use the world's top processors to do the work of routers or switches to barely maintain this level of data transmission.
It is equivalent to using AMD's Threadripper or Intel's Platinum Xeon as the core of the router to meet basic network transmission needs.
However, if you consider that this is actually the demand of the data center, it seems to be somewhat reasonable...
According to Wang Lai’s introduction, currently only the Daming Internet Center to the Three Main Halls, the office buildings of the Central Government Office of the Imperial Court, the headquarters buildings of the four major industrial groups, plus several semiconductor and Internet-related R&D and testing institutions, have installed this top-notch Data processing equipment can theoretically achieve a transmission speed of one million words per second.
In fact, due to hardware performance limitations, coupled with various attenuation and error correction losses, the final actual transmission speed is within 100,000 words per second.
The download speed is equivalent to 200K in the previous life, which is already very impressive in this era.
For offices of other sub-departments and agencies, the actual network speed is around 20,000 to 30,000 words, which is in the range of 40 to 60K.
Zhu Jingyuan is quite satisfied with the current situation.
Now that we have just set up the rack, we have already reached the speed of the dial-up Internet era.
In the future, as the semiconductor industry upgrades and microchip efficiency continues to improve, network speeds will continue to soar.
The next generation of processors and hard drives must at least achieve the current theoretical network speed.
Even if it cannot be popularized on a large scale for the time being, within the scope of its own use, it must be done to the extreme.
Wang Lai and several craftsmen introduced the hardware equipment of the Internet one after another, and then began to explain the situation of the Internet itself.
In other words, it is the most basic operating rules of the entire Internet system that are currently tentative.
For example, the way network addresses are allocated and managed, such as the process of establishing communication and transmitting data between different devices.
For example, technology to prevent leakage and data verification logic and solutions, etc.
Zhu Jingyuan knows how much potential the Internet has in the future, and it may even become another virtual world.
Zhu Jingyuan does not want the future Ming Internet world to become the same state as his previous life.
So I have been involved in the formulation of Internet rules from the beginning.
However, Zhu Jingyuan was not a professional and was not good at specific technical details. He only put forward a series of requirements in the direction.
For example, the most basic network address management and allocation system.
Any device or network device that wants to join the "Daming Computer and Data Internet Network" must have an identity that is different from other devices.
Let other computers know its identity and be able to connect and exchange information with it.
Equivalent to the computer's ID number.
Zhu Jingyuan's IPv4 address in his previous life has not been completely fixed for a long time, and is even getting closer to being completely unfixed.
Zhu Jingyuan now directly requests the Internet department to set Daming's network address to a fixed and unique one.
Each device has one and only one fixed address, which is bound to the identity of the owner.
At the same time, after the technology and environment mature, a fixed network address will be pre-assigned to all Daming people and activated when they need to handle network services.
If there is a need or ability to implement it in the future, you can try to synchronize this fixed network address number with various social information.
For example, a unified social identity credit number, gradually improved social insurance and bank accounts, and even possible exclusive mobile communication numbers in the future, and even accounts for various commonly used social platforms...
Let a number follow a person for a lifetime, and the same number will be used uniformly wherever a number is needed in the entire society.
This requires that the capacity of the address library must be large enough.
The main reason why IPv4 addresses are not fixed or cannot be fixed is that the initially planned capacity is too small.
The address length of IPv4 is four bytes, which is four groups of eight-bit binary numbers.
The format of 192:168:0:255 that the user sees on the computer is actually the result of translating the binary number into decimal.
The range of each group is 00000000 to 11111111, which translated into decimal is 0 to 255, a total of 256 numbers, which is the 8th power of 2.
The total capacity of four groups of eight-digit binary numbers is 2 to the 32nd power, and the total number of addresses is just over 4.2 billion.
This number is exactly the same as the memory addressing range of a 32-bit processor. The 4G memory is also 4.2 billion when converted into bytes.
When IP address standards were formulated in the 1970s and 1980s, computers were still very cherished things.
Devices that require an IP address to connect to other devices on the network are also very rare.
At that time, it was mainly used by American government agencies, scientific research institutions, universities, laboratories and other institutions.
People at the time could not have imagined that humans would have dozens or even tens of billions of devices connected to the Internet.
It is even more unimaginable that one person may own several network devices in the future.
It was almost unimagined that this Internet network of American computing resources would become the World Network.
As a result, a total of more than 4 billion addresses were exhausted in just over 20 years.
Nowadays, Ming’s semiconductor and Internet personnel also have very similar mentality and ideas.
They naturally feel that computers and network addresses must only be used by organizations with professional needs.
Zhu Jingyuan deliberately asked Wang Lai what address range should be set to leave as much margin as possible, but Wang Lai's answer was to use the length of two hexagrams.
A Ming hexagram consists of sixteen binary numbers, and its capacity is 2 to the 16th power, which is 65,536.
The capacity of the two hexagrams is 2 to the 32nd power, which is exactly the same as ipv4.
Therefore, Zhu Jingyuan gave a clear requirement at that time. The length of the network address should be added by two characters, and it should be the same as IPv4, which is four sections.
The total capacity of four sixteen-digit binary numbers is 2 to the 64th power, which is approximately 1844 6744 073.7 billion, or converted to the size of 1844 Beijing.
It also happens to be the same as the memory addressing range of 64-bit processors.
The capacity is 4.2 billion times that of IPv4.
Even if the Ming Dynasty has a population of 100 billion in the future, and each person is assigned 100 million fixed network addresses, there will still be more than 80 billion left for other purposes.
But in reality there is no need to give everyone 100 million network addresses.
Daming's network address is four groups of sixteen-digit binary numbers. The first three groups are used as the addresses of the networked accounts, and the last group is used as the private device address under the account.
This results in a total of 281 trillion online account capacity, and each account has 65,536 private address capacity, all of which are public network addresses.
This allocation refers to the IPv6 standard of Zhu Jingyuan's previous life.
IPv6 has a total of eight groups of sixteen-digit binary numbers, and the total numbering capacity is 2 to the 128th power.
But only half of it, that is, 64 bits, is the account address.
The remaining 64 bits are the private address, of which 48 bits are the hardware physical address.
The original network hardware physical address, which is the hexadecimal network card MAC address, is theoretically unique.
The MAC address is 48 bits long and has a capacity of 281 trillion, tens of thousands of times more than the IPv4 address capacity.
IPv6 translates the MAC address intact.
But in most cases, it is impossible for a user to have three-digit network equipment.
Two hundred and eighty trillion private address capacity is a complete waste.
Just because ipv6 appeared after the MAC address became completely popular, it has no ability to require the MAC address to change with itself.
At the same time, there was no strong court to forcefully promote the merger of the two systems.
Therefore, when ipv6 wants to be compatible with MAC addresses, it can only take the initiative to compromise and copy it.
As a result, IPv6 itself is smelly and long, and the actual response speed is slower than IPv4.
The effective account capacity is only 64 bits, totaling 1,844, and there are only 65,536 private addresses that can be adjusted by oneself.
Today's Ming Dynasty is already formulating a network equipment management plan before Internet applications are fully spread.
Therefore, Daming does not need to allow network equipment to develop an independent unique numbering system when it leaves the factory. Instead, it is integrated into the network account address system.
Special regulations can be made in management, requiring all network devices to go through the registration process online when they are enabled.
Register the network device under the user's own network account address.
The user's three sets of account addresses, plus a set of network device numbers, form the complete network address of the network device.
It is impossible for individual users to have tens of thousands of private network devices, so giving the network device a set of sixteen-digit binary number 65536 is completely sufficient.
The entire network address is a binary number inside the computer. When displayed and recorded to the user, hexadecimal numbers are used like IPv6.
Because a set of sixteen-digit binary numbers is exactly equivalent to four hexadecimal numbers.
The final standard network address should look like this:
One, two, three, four: five, six, seven, eight: ninety, A, B: B, D, E.
In each group of numbers, the 0 before the first non-0 number can be omitted. If all four digits in a group are 0, then at least one 0 must be written.
This writing rule is very similar to ipv4. In fact, it is a rule that does not require filling the digits with zeros.
At the same time, only pure numeric numbers from 0 to 9 are reserved for use in the household registration system as a unified social identity credit number for residents.
The last group of four hexadecimal numbers is the reserved private network device address in the network system. The Ming Dynasty's own number does not require this section.
In the household registration asset system, it can be used as the asset number of land, real estate, vehicles, and ships.
If you own slaves in a vassal country, you can also use it as a slave number.
Normal Ming people themselves will have only three groups of twelve pure numbers in their social identity credit number in the household registration system.
There are less than one trillion numbers in total in this system, which should be able to last for hundreds of years. If it is not enough, more capacity can be added.
When ordinary people need it, they can directly go to the Internet company to pay and activate their identity number into an Internet address and account number.
In this way, the home network addresses of all ordinary individual users will be composed of pure numbers within ten.
Numbers with ten or more Tiangan characters are temporarily used as registration numbers for factories and firms, as well as equipment network addresses for all factories and firms.
There are also the numbers of all court and official agencies, as well as the network addresses of all their equipment.
Regarding the unified identity credit number and network address number, Zhu Jingyuan, as the Ming emperor, certainly had the opportunity to select special numbers.
But Zhu Jingyuan did not do this at all, and even specifically ordered the corresponding departments to number the emperor and all clans according to their residence or work address.
They were arranged together with everyone in the same prefecture, county or even province to prevent clan clans from being concentrated in specific numbering intervals.
Because Zhu Jingyuan has always been committed to making the clan less special.
If the royal family and clan are not special, then all noble officials cannot be special either.
Everyone is numbered according to the most convenient way to work.
Therefore, Zhu Jingyuan also specifically requested that when used as a unified social identity credit number, all zeros must not be omitted.
This is to ensure that everyone's ID number has the same length of digits.
At the same time, number ranges of different sizes are pre-allocated according to administrative divisions and population to reduce the difficulty of number application and issuance.
Even if multiple areas are issued numbers at the same time, there will be no duplicate numbers.
However, the number segments are not completely bound to the region. If one number segment in a region is used up, you can apply for more number segments.
On the whole, it is similar to the mobile phone number of later generations, rather than the ID number.
There is no time code directly visible in the number, and can only be queried in reverse based on the delivery time of the number segment.
