Zhu Jingyuan took a general look at the status of the "calculating machine", and Wang Lailai next to him also began to give a basic introduction.
The current situation of this computer is very similar to what Zhu Jingyuan analyzed in his mind.
It's just that the nomenclature of many things is far from my own habits.
The "number of lines" and "character hexagrams" are just the most basic ones, and there are more confusing ones later.
"Ledger: sixty-five thousand five hundred and thirty-six words."
"Basic account: thirty-two thousand, seven hundred and sixty-eight words."
Zhu Jingyuan followed Wang Lai's explanation and translated it in his mind.
"Running memory RAM: 65536B, which can be converted to 64K according to 1024 base."
"Read-only memory ROM: 32768B, total 32K."
This ROM is read-only memory in the original sense, not the storage space of mobile phones as understood by later generations. In fact, those chips on later game consoles are hard-coded and cannot be modified.
Has memory turned into a ledger? Read-only memory, also known as ROM in the traditional sense, has become the bottom line?
These two names give people a very strange feeling, but if you think about it carefully, they seem to be very real.
Starting from the Renwu Dynasty, the status of craftsmen in the Ming Dynasty was actively elevated by Emperor Shizu.
Among China's traditional four peoples: scholars, farmers, workers, and merchants, the status and scope of workers naturally increased with industrialization.
Researchers similar to scientists, planners similar to engineers, and concrete construction and maintenance personnel similar to senior technicians, plus ordinary workers, all belong to "workers" in China's tradition.
They are all collectively called craftsmen, and have specialized schools and grades, and can receive up to the equivalent of a first-grade Grand Master.
Craftsmen and merchants are highly related and can even overlap in many cases.
In the early days, craftsmen ran their own industries.
Therefore, terms such as account books and account books are all taken for granted for them.
Traditional literati may resent the coppery smell of these names.
But they won't.
The craftsmen who are currently developing computers are also people in this circle.
The ledger is a ledger placed on the counter. It is basically a running account that records daily affairs.
The bottom ledger means the original ledger and can also be used as an archive ledger.
On this computer, it is actually used as a specialized font library.
The ledger is a piece of data, a string of people and numbers arranged by date, which can also echo data management.
The ledger serves as a temporary ledger and is archived as the bottom ledger, which also echoes in nature.
If the memory overflows, it means that the ledger cannot be written anymore.
Adding memory means adding ledger.
The space used for calculations and the space used to store basic data is not called "storage" at all.
Maybe there will be no confusion about memory capacity names in the future.
Although Zhu Jingyuan could understand it, were the terms ledger and gossip really harmonious when put together like this?
Is that why there are two terms: "zi" and "gua"?
It should also be because today's craftsmen, especially highly sophisticated researchers, are actually getting further and further away from businessmen.
They themselves are already future generations of scientists and engineers.
At the same time, due to the improvement of the status of craftsmen and the yamen related to craftsmen, there are also many ordinary literati.
"Zi" may be the name in another mentality.
This "character hexagram" is equivalent to the byte in the previous life and is the basic unit of computer data in the Ming Dynasty.
However, in previous generations, general-purpose computers had eight bits per byte, and the Ming Dynasty's computer had sixteen lines per hexagram.
The goal is to encode more than 30,000 standard Chinese characters in one hexagram.
If eight-line hexagrams are used to encode Chinese characters, two hexagrams are needed to represent one Chinese character.
Even the combination of two hexagrams can only be put down to the general Chinese character list.
Because if the Yao is divided into two hexagrams, two Yao must be used as check digits. In fact, only fourteen Yao are used for encoding.
The upper limit of encoding capacity is actually 16,384.
R&D craftsmen took this into consideration.
So although such long bytes are not actually used now.
The current hard disk and memory cannot store and recall all Chinese characters for display.
However, as the first general-purpose computer to be used on a large scale, the impact on the underlying rules of future computers must be considered.
This concept has been emphasized many times by Zhu Jingyuan.
Don’t just focus on the present when doing things, you must prepare in advance to establish relatively reasonable rules.
Therefore, the length of the hexagrams for this set of computers was still selected to be sixteen lines.
One of the sixteen lines was taken out for verification, and fifteen were left.
The encoding capacity is still 32,768 characters, which is twice as large as the capacity of two eight-line hexagrams.
This can accommodate more than 30,000 Chinese character symbols.
Compared with the general-purpose computers of previous generations, the basic byte length of the Type III computer has doubled.
Therefore, although the ledger and bottom ledger are directly converted according to the 1024 base, the results are 64K and 32K.
But the actual capacity is actually equivalent to 128K and 64K in the previous life.
This is already a very high number.
On this basis, one byte can represent a Chinese character.
Therefore, in this computer system, the memory or hard disk has the capacity to record exactly as many Chinese characters as pure text.
It is very convenient for users to estimate capacity needs.
In fact, in the computer system of Zhu Jingyuan's previous life, one English letter occupied exactly one byte.
Computer capacity can also directly correspond to the number of letters.
However, the capacity unit of the Windows computer system, which was most widely used among civilians in the past, used base 1024.
The tenth power of two is carried once, and K, M, G, and T are used as units.
Ming Dynasty’s computers do not yet have a carry system...
It is still directly expressed in terms of normal numbers such as tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousand, billions, trillions and Beijing.
The hard drive capacity of this computing machine is this:
"Library: 16.77 million words."
This is the result of omitting numbers below 10,000 digits, followed by a mantissa of 7,216.
Zhu Jingyuan did some calculations in his mind and found that it was 16M in base 1024, but the actual capacity was equivalent to 32M in his previous life.
Well, this is a big hard drive.
The memory is a ledger, and the hard disk is naturally a warehouse. In fact, it is indeed a data warehouse.
The meanings of ledgers and warehouses are hugely different, and most people should not be confused.
At the same time, this also shows that whether it is a ledger, a bottom ledger, or a library, that is, running memory, read-only memory, and hard disk, they are all physically made in binary format.
Because the hardware performance of early computing machines was very limited, binary alignment directly at the hardware level to facilitate program calls could also slightly improve hardware performance.
It's just that the capacity marked externally by the Ministry of Industry actually subconsciously adopts the traditional decimal system.
So the data gets bigger and bigger, and simple integers are almost never possible.
What Zhu Jingyuan could imagine was that the Ming Dynasty's computer went directly to the sixteen-line group mode from the very beginning.
Then in the new era of computer popularization, many minor program problems will be able to be avoided natively.
Under the eight-bit rule of a byte, the maximum number of codes that a single byte can accommodate is 256, ranging from 0 to 255.
If the programmer has not set up in advance to allow two bytes to be processed, problems may occur if the data exceeds 255.
Or simply ban the use of values above 255.
On Daming's computer, this upper limit will be raised to 65535, directly beyond the range of commonly used numbers.
But this will also make similar problems exposed later.
Attention will be drawn later.
In a similar situation, there is the issue of 32-bit systems supporting a maximum of 4G memory.
When it appears on Daming's computer, it should also be the time when 4G is calculated in binary.
But the actual capacity of this memory is equivalent to 8G in the previous life.
A computer with 8G memory will be impacted significantly later than a 4G computer.
As we all know, the fewer problems a tool has and the longer it has been popular and used, the more old people will be left behind and the greater the resistance will be when it really has to be upgraded.
It is conceivable that if no one vigorously promotes it, the 32-bit system after Ming Dynasty will be more stubborn.
But with me here, I can promote pure 64-bit processors before personal computers and smartphones become popular.
As the emperor, he can control the entire Ming Dynasty and even influence the entire world.
You can do things by yourself regardless of the cost.
Specific rules and systems can be enforced in advance to avoid a lot of confusion and trouble.
For example, before the popularization of personal computers and mobile phones in the Ming Dynasty, processors and systems were directly upgraded to 64-bit.
Then there will be no storage and computing bottlenecks in my lifetime.
Zhu Jingyuan considered these situations in his mind, evaluated and reviewed the development trend of the semiconductor industry in Ming Dynasty and previous generations, and felt that it was necessary to do something now.
It is time to propose a new stage of development direction, goals and rules for Ming's computer industry.
So Zhu Jingyuan continued to ask questions about encoding.
Although Wang Lai had just been transferred to the Ministry of Industry, he was originally from the craftsman system and originally had to use computers.
I am very familiar with this organization and know how they design and manufacture it.
"Your Majesty, for the time being, we have only produced 128 dot matrix data for the fonts in the bottom account.
"There are eighty Chinese characters among them, including the sixteen numbers zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, one hundred, one thousand, one thousand, one trillion, trillion.
"Others are dedicated symbols and command control keys.
“Currently, each Chinese character directly corresponds to a key, and each key directly corresponds to a command.
“But the encoding library has already completed the capacity of all standard Chinese characters.
“If you don’t use the display screen, you can use the keyboard to control the typewriter to type the corresponding words according to the rules of the typewriter.
“With the motor driving the typewriter directly, the key has become an ordinary button.
"There is no longer the problem of heavy typewriter fonts.
“The fastest secretaries today can type about three hundred words per minute.
"The clarity of the printed text is also very close to that of the printing press."
Zhu Jingyuan was quite satisfied after hearing this.
The computer invented by Ming Dynasty certainly did not have case problems within the system, and at the same time there was no full-width or half-width problem.
Numbers in Chinese characters are also words and can also be represented by a position, so there are no Arabic numerals.
In this way, eighty Chinese characters are arranged on the keyboard, and there are still enough control keys left.
Now as long as the capacity of computers continues to increase, it is only a matter of time before all Chinese characters can be displayed.
Zhu Jingyuan asked some more detailed questions and asked the craftsmen to open the cabinet's shell and check the internal structure.
Including the huge hard drive weighing hundreds of kilograms, and the magnetic core memory composed of full of circuits and magnetic rings.
After visiting the computers of Qintian Prison, I mainly found out the current situation.
Then Zhu Jingyuan said to Wang Lai:
"In the afternoon, I convened a meeting with craftsmen related to computing machines, and I had some new ideas...
"Just in the conference room of the Ministry of Industry. If there are more people there, we can speak more clearly."
Wang Lai hurriedly agreed without hesitation, even with obvious surprise.
Any new ideas Zhu Jingyuan has are the craftsmen's dream.
In the eyes of the craftsmen, the current His Majesty is Emperor Guangwu, the ancestor of the emperor, and he is simply the god of the craftsmen.
I wish Zhu Jingyuan would come to his department every day to mention his wonderful ideas.
Zhu Jingyuan returned to the office directly after making arrangements.
Screening away all the entourage, he opened a locked cabinet next to his desk.
Lift out a locked safe from the inside.
Use the key you brought with you to open the lock above, and then adjust the password of the mechanical structure to open this special box.
This seemingly important box contains almost all papers and books.
They were all written and drawn by Zhu Jingyuan himself.
Zhu Zhongliang gave Zhu Jingyuan suggestions more than ten years ago and promptly wrote down his ideas.
If the craftsmen cannot realize it at the time, they can save it for later use.
Lest you think of it at the time and forget it after time passes.
This incident reminded Zhu Jingyuan that things like memory will definitely be blurred.
Especially if there is no contact for a long time.
If you write it down on paper in different categories, you won’t forget it so easily.
In Meng County at that time, Zhu Zhongliang directly read everything Zhu Jingyuan wrote.
Later, the two stopped being together, and Zhu Jingyuan continued this habit.
After more than ten years of continuous thinking and writing, Zhu Jingyuan felt that there was not much left in his mind.
Time can really make people forget a lot of things.
Especially those things that seemed unimportant or even disgusting in previous lives.
When arriving in the Lion City, Zhu Jianyan also asked Zhu Jingyuan to observe and analyze all aspects of Ming Dynasty's data and situation in a timely manner.
If you find any problems or have any ideas, write them down for him to read.
At first, Zhu Jingyuan did write a report for Zhu Jianyan, but as time went by, Zhu Jingyuan wrote his own ideas.
Although Zhu Jingyuan wanted to say, no serious person should keep a diary.
But in this world, it seems that I cannot be considered a serious person, I am an outsider who travels through time.
Of course I am not a normal person, I really have to keep a diary.
It should be said that it cannot be regarded as a diary, but can only be regarded as notes, and they are not completely private notes.
Because I have to consider showing it to my father and grandpa.
Therefore, the recording method of these notes deliberately avoids the habits of previous lives.
Try to fit the situation of this world as much as possible, and use the terms and expressions of this world to express it.
And he has made a plan between the lines for future generations to observe and learn from.
Let future generations understand it, and at the same time, it won't feel particularly strange, making you feel like a person who was born to know it.
Like a native genius, not a time traveler.
Zhu Zhongliang's instructions made Zhu Jingyuan start to write down "ideas" at the engineering and technical level seriously and by category.
Zhu Jianyan's request allowed Zhu Jingyuan to turn the economic and political experiences and assumptions he had seen in his previous life into his own "thinking."
Over the past ten years, Zhu Jingyuan has slowly written down a large number of notes and drawings.
These things are definitely the highest level top secret documents in the world.
Zhu Jingyuan even suspected that even if Emperor Shizu left a pamphlet, it might not be comparable to his own.
Because according to the analysis of what Emperor Shizu left behind, he was just an ordinary person in many aspects.
He should be a liberal arts major, so he should be experienced in history and politics.
I cannot say that my level is higher than that of Emperor Shizu, but I may have more hobbies than Emperor Shizu.
First of all, I am a political person, so I am very familiar with various political thoughts, and I am very familiar with current affairs at home and abroad.
Then I am still a military fan, and I am also very familiar with modern military equipment and technology.
At the same time, he is also a struggling computer assembly enthusiast and is also very familiar with the development of computers and semiconductors.
Of course, I am still a bad game player...
The most important thing is that his current conditions are much better than those of Emperor Shizu.
There are many things that he couldn't do even if he knew it, but he can now do them.
Many facts that he knew but could not explain, and that others could not understand, have now become reality.
So I can do a lot of things.
Zhu Jingyuan sat in front of the imperial desk and looked through his notes and drawings.
Many things, the memory in the brain has been blurred, and now it is necessary to review, restore and strengthen the memory.
At the same time, from your own notes and drawings, you can find inventions and designs that are suitable for the current technical level.
Ming's computer level has reached the level of the mid-1960s in its previous life.
Then if you work harder and take another ten years, it won't be difficult to reach the level of the 1980s in your previous life.
In the original history, by the early 1980s, it was already the era of microprocessors.
Flash memory particles have also appeared, and the memory has reached the 16MB level.
The earliest independent graphics cards also appeared.
The early personal computers and game consoles were basically formed at this point.
Guide yourself in this direction, avoid unnecessary pitfalls in advance, and work harder to achieve miracles, maybe you can achieve it faster.
In the original history, the science and technology center after World War II was the United States, a commercial country.
Many technological upgrades are promoted or implemented by commercial companies.
There's a lot of compromise and waste involved.
Now Ming Dynasty has the ability to concentrate its efforts on big things, and its technological level is also leading the world.
Coupled with guiding yourself in the right direction, it is normal for technology to upgrade faster.
Even if it is not enough to be popularized in the market, it should be no problem if it is used exclusively by research institutions and yourself.
In fact, this is also in line with my own vision.
Before it is popularized to the whole people, the technical specifications should be improved as much as possible.
When the number of users is smaller, the obstacles to leapfrog upgrades will be smaller, and the historical baggage will be smaller.
Zhu Jingyuan had dinner at Wenhua Palace at noon, and took his secretaries to the Ministry of Industry at two o'clock in the afternoon.
Sikong, together with ministers of the Ministry of Works and below, major officials and senior craftsmen, greeted the emperor at the door.
After saluting and saying hello, a group of people surrounded Zhu Jingyuan and entered the conference room prepared in advance.
After everyone sat down, Zhu Jingyuan took his own notebook and several selected drawings, and began to explain his ideas one by one, and put forward his suggestions and requirements.
The first is microprocessors and large-scale integrated circuits.
The basis is complementary metal oxide semiconductor, also known as COMS chip.
Manufacture micron-level processors and dedicated accounting chips (memory) with more than 10 million words (20MB).
Flying head hard drives that utilize the principle of aircraft lift, as well as technical directions for floppy disks and optical disks.
Then a batch of data and design standards related to computers and monitors were drawn up.
Typical business and personal computer designs are included.
Finally, several typical flash memory chip design ideas were brought out, and it was up to the craftsmen to see if they could make them.
