Regarding Junggar, a lot of words have been used to explain the Qing Dynasty's conquests against him by the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties. There were victories and defeats, honors and disgrace. After experiencing three generations of leaders, Galdan, Cewang Alabutan, and Galdan Celing, they caused a lot of trouble for the Qing court. Galdan Celing died in the tenth year of Qianlong's reign, and northern Xinjiang fell into chaos. Galdan Celing's legitimate son was killed by his concubine, and his concubine was killed by Amursana, the minister of the Huit tribe.
This Amursana supported a man named Dawaqi and made him minister of the Junggar Department. Not long after the beginning, in the 19th year of Qianlong's reign, the two had a stalemate, and Amursana led several of his men to break into Qianlong's territory and surrendered to Qianlong.
Qianlong was very happy with Amursana's surrender and accepted him as a prince. He also wanted to use him to go straight to Yili, the base of Junggar, to avenge Yongzheng's shame. At the same time, he also wanted to eradicate the northwest threat since Kangxi. He mobilized 50,000 soldiers and 140,000 horses, sent Amursana as the "left deputy general of Dingbian" and Salal as the "right deputy general of Dingbian", and divided them into two groups to drive towards Junggar.
Amursana's branch set out from Ulia Sutai and was controlled by "General Dingbei" Bandi; Salal's branch started from Barkol and was controlled by "General Dingxi" Yongchang. The two groups of troops set out together in the 20th year of Qianlong's reign. Wherever they went, they were invincible and surrendered. It was like entering an uninhabited country. Both sides would attack Yili in May.
Dawaqi was forced to flee to Wushi in southern Xinjiang, where he was captured by the local Hui King and given to the Qing army. An unexpected gain was that Luobuzangdanjin, who had previously caused rebellion, was also tied up and sent over. Qianlong ordered Showing mercy, he deliberately let Luobuzangdanjin go to avoid death. As for Dawaqi, he was even pardoned by Qianlong and appointed as an imperial guard. He was later named a prince and was given a residence. He was given a granddaughter of Yunzhi, the third son of Emperor Kangxi, as his wife.
Because of Amursana's achievements this time, Qianlong named him the "Double Prince" (the prince's status is to get a double prince's salary), but in order to guard against him, he did not give him the territory of Junggar, let alone control the four tribes. The power of Oirat.
Qianlong also named Boshiaksh, the "Taiji" of Junggar, as "Prince of Junggar", and did not allow this Boshiaksh to control the power of the four tribes.
Qianlong's idea was actually quite simple, that is, the four Oirat tribes should operate independently and not be subordinate to each other, but would only be loyal to the Qing Dynasty.
But what they didn't take into account was that Amursana had actually occupied Ili, and also used the "Zungar Khan" seal left by Galdan Celing, as if he was a "Dzungar Khan". In June, they showed their cards directly and simply returned the seal of "Dingbian Zuo Deputy General" rewarded by Qianlong and no longer served as a minister of the Qing Dynasty.
When Qianlong saw Amursana like this, he simply changed Junggar to Choros (Cholos was the surname of the ruler of Junggar), and also named a Galzang Dorji as Choros Khan.
As for Huite, Amursana's own Oirat, Qianlong also made another Bayar as Khan.
The other two Oirats: Heshuote and Dulbert, each also established a Khan, Shakdu Manji and Che Ling.
In this way, it returned to the environment that Qianlong wanted - the four Oirat were independent of each other and did not belong to each other.
By this time, General Bandi of Dingxi was stationed in Nichagon on the other side of Ili, with only about 300 Chahar soldiers and 200 Khalkha soldiers. What about the tens of thousands of troops? He had already warned Qianlong and was retreating one after another. However, Qianlong gave him a secret order at this time, asking him to hunt down Amursana. Of course, he couldn't accomplish this difficult task in his current situation. Amursana had already gone to Dulbert's territory. He took several hundred soldiers to fight against Amursana's men, but was surrounded and committed suicide.
As for Dingbei General Yongchang, he was originally stationed in Mu Lei at this time, but he fled to Barkol in a hurry and asked for the protection of Counselor Celeng. After Qianlong found out, he ordered Yongchang to be arrested and escorted back to Beijing. As a result, Yongchang died on the way. In fact, there was nothing wrong with him as a human being, he was just timid. Qianlong insisted on letting him go to fight, which was an injustice.
After Yongchang's death, Qianlong asked Celeng to act as General Dingxi. This Celeng is a Manchurian and a descendant of Eyidu. Because Eryi was Nurhaci's good friend, confidant, and hero, the Qing Dynasty also treated his descendants very favorably. Even after Neqin was killed by Qianlong with the sword of Bilong, Neqin's title was still assigned to Eyi, who was also the same person. Du's descendants Ce Leng came to inherit. But what Qianlong should not have done was to make Celeng a duke and let him go to war as a general.
Fortunately, Celeng had a lot of Mongolian cavalry under his command. These Mongolian cavalry immediately captured Ili and arrested a local "Zaisang" Keshimu. This happened to be the man who besieged Bandi at that time and forced Bandi to commit suicide.
Qianlong promoted Celeng to General Dingxi and asked him to capture Amursana alive. As a result, Amursana had already fled to Kazakhstan, and Celeng was helpless. There was no news for a long time, so Qianlong ordered people to arrest Celeng. On the way back to Beijing, Celeng was locked in a wooden cage and attacked by Junggar soldiers. Unfortunately, Celeng died in the hands of Junggar soldiers.
General Dingxi of Celeng, Qianlong in May and June, appointed Dar Dang A to succeed him. He was also the great-grandson of E Yidu, but his father was the A Ling who was criticized by Yongzheng for being "violent and greedy". Ah.
Dardang sent his army away and fought twice with Amursana's 5,000 cavalry, killing more than 900 of them, but still let Amursana slip away. Qianlong was furious and took back Dardang'a's double-eyed feathers, summoned him back to the capital, and took away the duke. Fortunately, he was lucky. He did not encounter Junggar soldiers on the road, nor was he imprisoned for execution. He was just sent to Rehe for execution. He was a bodyguard, and later he was promoted to a second-class bodyguard based on his merit.
Also sent to Rehe to wear armor with Dar Dang'a was "Dingbian Left Deputy General" Hadaha. He was a descendant of Fei Yingdong, another founding father. He was later ordered to commit suicide by Qianlong for "incompetent combat" in southern Xinjiang. , but the imperial edict has not yet arrived, and he has already died in "fighting".
Speaking of Amursana, after he fled to Kazakhstan, in the 22nd year of Qianlong's reign, he stole some horses from Kazakhstan and plundered the pastureland of Taijinagarbu in Choros.
During the reign of Yongzheng, Zhaohui, who had been the "Governor of Shandong", was stationed in Jilhalang City in the name of "Dingbian Right Vice General" (this Jilhalang City is not necessarily in memory of Zheng Zheng). Prince Jilhalang's, probably because there is Jilgalang River next to it, hence its name). When Zhaohui heard the news of Amursana's invasion, he quickly sent troops to pursue it. He took up residence in Jilhalang City to guard against the Hui leader Da Hezhuo in southern Xinjiang.
After Qianlong received the report, he scolded Zhaohui for putting the cart before the horse. Zhaohui received the order and had to lead his troops north to attack Talbahatai. Amursana had already gone to Kazakhstan, and this time only captured It was just Huithan Bayar who was originally granted the title of Qianlong.
Qianlong originally wanted to grant the title of Huite Khan to Amursana, but out of balance considerations, he granted him to Bayar. As a result, Bayar not only was not grateful to Qianlong, but was very loyal to Amursana. When Amursana rebelled against the Qing Dynasty, Bayar was the first to respond.
The second person who responded to Amursana was Khangal Zangdorji of Choros. In the first month of the 22nd year of Qianlong's reign, Zhaohui was almost besieged and killed, but reinforcements from the Qing army arrived and Zhaohui had to escape. As for Zhaohui, he was killed by one of his nephews, Zhanagarbu.
Amursana came back from Kazakhstan and even plundered pastureland, probably to avenge Galzang Dorji. However, the revenge was not avenged, and Huithan Bayar was also damaged.
As for the other two Oirats, the one who was most unjustly accused was Heshuote Khan Shakdu Manzi. He had always been loyal to Qianlong, but instead he was raided by troops sent by Barkol Minister Yar Hasan overnight, causing him and himself to be attacked. Thousands of soldiers died unexpectedly.
Good and evil will eventually be rewarded. Later, when Yalhashan besieged Xiao Hezhuo, he allowed Xiao Hezhuo to escape. Qianlong arrested him and brought him back to Beijing to beheaded.
The luckiest of the four Oirat was Dulbert's Che Ling. Qianlong always trusted him very much and approved him to lead the tribe and settled down in Wulangumu.
Speaking of Amursana, he once again fled to Kazakhstan. Zhaohui chased him. The Kazakh Khan hurriedly went to Qianlong to express his willingness to become a vassal and requested an audience.
Seeing that Amursana could no longer find a place in Kazakhstan, he was about to flee to Siberia, Russia. Qianlong asked Russia for help and wanted to extradite the "fugitive" according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk. Russia ignored it at first, but Qianlong In order to save face and prepare to fight, Russia panicked and immediately sent Amursana's body over. As for the cause of Amursana's death, it was said that he had smallpox.
Since both the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties failed to solve the Junggar problem, Qianlong came up with an idea at this time - massacre! I want to use this primitive and bloody method to eradicate the problem.
Qianlong ordered Zhaohui that in the area of Yili and Tacheng, including any city and outside the city, in the valleys and waterside pavilions, as long as they were people from the Choros (Junghar) and Huite tribes, regardless of whether they were loyal to the Qing Dynasty or whether they had participated in the rebellion, In the Qing Dynasty's struggle, all people were massacred, regardless of age or gender. This killing was extremely bloody at the time, and it was even worse than the Yangzhou Tenth Day Massacre and the Jiading Three Massacres.
Later, Qianlong asked Zhaohui to pacify southern Xinjiang (also known as "Huijiang"), and massacred many Hui people in order to attack the leaders of Hezhuo and Xiaohe. As a result, the Hui people had a lot of hatred towards the Han and Manchus. .
