When the Treaty of Nerchinsk was concluded, Outer Mongolia had quietly been occupied by Galdan, the leader of the Junggar tribe from Xinjiang. It is for this reason that the border between China and Russia is actually drawn to Nerchinsk, while the areas west of Nerchinsk, especially the boundary between Outer Mongolia and Siberia, are not discussed.
At that time, the Mongols in Outer Mongolia were divided into three parts: first, the Chechen Khanate in the east, then the Zasaktu Khanate in the west, and finally the Tushetu Khanate in the middle. The Khans of the three khanates are all descendants of the 16th generation grandson of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Together they are collectively called "Mobei" or "Mobei Khalkha". In the east of Jehol, there is actually Khalkha, which is divided into left and right parts.
The Mongols in northern Xinjiang were divided into four oirat during the Yuan Dynasty, with Junggar in today's Ili region, Khoshote in the Urumqi area, Durbot in the Chenghua area, and Torgut in Ya near Tacheng. Seoul area.
The official documents of the Ming Dynasty called Oirat "Wala". By the Qing Dynasty, it was called "Elut" or "Elut".
Junggar was the most powerful among the four Oerats, and even in the late Ming Dynasty, they forced the Turgut tribe to move to the Volga River Basin in Russia (they did not move back until the Qianlong period).
Junggar was already strong, and during the Kangxi period, a very capable leader appeared in Junggar—Galdan. He annexed the Heshuote and Duerbot tribes, unified the northern part of Xinjiang in one fell swoop, and used force to make the Kargar, Yarkand and other Muslim tribes in the south of Xinjiang also belong to him.
In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi's reign, he took advantage of the "internal strife" and contradiction between the Zhasak Tuhan tribe and the Tuxie Tuhan tribe. He took the opportunity to lead 30,000 cavalry to help the Zhasak tribe fight against the Tu tribe. He defeated the Tu tribe and occupied Zhabu. , but it is somewhat like the fake Guo's plan to destroy Tu, and then invaded the Chechen Khanate. Since then, Galdan has become the de facto overlord of the grasslands, spanning Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang, just like Nurhachi's rise in Liaodong, but the territory is much larger than where Nurhachi originated.
As we all know, Kangxi was also a talented monarch. How could he endure such a threat? Any ruler with any brain would not allow another powerful territory next to his own regime. No matter how bad it is, there must be a buffer zone. As Zhao Kuangyin said, "How can we allow others to snore and sleep beside the couch?"
At this time, the khans of the three "Mobei Khalkha" tribes and their subjects collectively fled to the south of the desert, numbering hundreds of thousands in number. Kangxi welcomed them and placed them in the various banners of Sunit.
Galdan pressed hard and kept chasing after him. From a perceptual evaluation perspective, Galdan would not regret dying from now on.
Kangxi felt that the time had come and decided to conquer it himself.
After leaving the Great Wall, he stationed himself at Bohe Luotun and handed over the main force to his half-mother, Prince Yu Fuquan, who was named Fuyuan General to attack Galdan.
The two armies met together in Ulanbutong. On the first day of August, Galdan tied up the camels and covered them with water-soaked blankets to form the so-called "camel array", but they could not stop the Qing's guns. Dan was defeated.
Galdan sent representative Yilaguk Sanhutuktu to negotiate peace with Fuquan of the Qing army. His request was to hand over the Khan Chahu Dorji of the Tushetu Khan tribe and to propose the Mobei Khalkha tribes. Jebtsundamba (living Buddha) who fled south. Fuquan felt that the conditions were too harsh and refused to pass, and scolded Ilaguk Sanhu Tuktu away.
As a result, just one day later, Galdan sent another Hutuktu named Jilong and said: Galdan no longer requires the handover of Chahu Dorji, but only needs to hand over Jebzundamba. And escorted to the Dalai Lama in Tibet for punishment, that's it.
Fuquan meant that he was not qualified to agree at this level and had to consult Kangxi first before he could get any news. He also said: You must ensure that Galdan is not allowed to go to other places and rob my subjects while waiting for the news. Jilong said he could guarantee it.
While Fuquan reported to Kangxi, he sent his guards to accompany Jilong to see Galdan and asked him to kneel down and kowtow in front of the "Weiling Buddha" to take an oath. After the oath was completed, Galdan sent Ilaguksan again and handed Jilong a memorial to Kangxi, asking Kangxi to forgive his sins and asking for permission to "stand by". Kangxi approved, but told Fuquan, "Galdan is cunning, so you should still be wary of him." By this time, Galdan had really gone out of his way.
In October, Fuquan retreated his army to Hamar Ridge on the pretext that there was too little food. Kangxi was furious and believed that the army should not act rashly. He ordered Fuquan to return to Beijing and simply withdrew all the troops. Kangxi dismissed Fuquan from the post of "minister of political affairs", fined him a salary of three years, and deprived him of three assistants (900 servants and farmland, cattle and sheep).
In May of the next year, Kangxi met with the Mongolian tribal leaders in Duolun and organized "Mobei" (Outer Mongolia) into thirty-seven banners, which were treated the same as the forty-nine banners in Inner Mongolia. Each banner had a hereditary "Zasak". This kind of measure is very similar to Mulan Qiu Mi. It has increasingly closer communication between the Manchu nobles and Mongolia. It is also a Manchu-Mongolian joint policy considered for the stability of the regime.
Two years later (the 32nd year of Kangxi), Kangxi planned to send people from Mobei Khalkha back to their original place. However, Horqin's memorial said that Galdan invited them to invade the south together. Kangxi stopped sending the Mobei Khalkha people back to their original place and prepared to meet Galdan again.
In March of the 35th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, he once again ordered a personal expedition. He led the Central Route Army and drove straight into the vicinity of the Daklulen River. Galdan was on the other side of the river. Before he started fighting, he was already afraid of withdrawing to the west. Kangxi was there It was only two days later that I found out that the other party had run away.
Galdan retreated to Zhaomoduo and met the Qing's Western Route Army. At this time, the soldiers of the Green Camp robbed Galdan's rear team and severely defeated Galdan. His own "Kedun" (Queen) Anu also died in the battle.
Galdan wanted to return to Xinjiang most at this time, but news came that his nephew and enemy Cewang Alabutan had accepted Kangxi's order and returned to Ili. The house leaked and it rained all night, so Galdan sent his two sons to Hami. As a result, Hami's son was tied up by the king and handed over to the Qing army.
Galdan was at the end of his rope and committed suicide by drinking poison in the 36th year of Kangxi's reign.
In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi's reign, Kangxi went on his third personal expedition and was stationed in Yulin. Galdan's men returned his body, his daughter, and the remaining population of 300 households to the Qing army.
Kangxi felt relieved and issued an order to return to Beijing.
Hundreds of thousands of people from Mobei Khalkha were sent back, and the thirty-seven banners were expanded to fifty-five banners. Another Saiyin Nuoyan tribe was added, and Celing (consort) was enthroned as the first-generation Beile (Noyan), and governed nineteen banners. From then on, Outer Mongolia had a total of seventy-four banners (by the Qianlong period, the number increased to the Eighty-Three Banners).
