Let’s talk about the first question first. Recently, I suddenly had doubts. What are the core differences among so many sects during the Kingdom of War? As I read some history of the Church of England, the History of the Danish Church, and the History of the Frankish Church, I saw many eras from them. Regarding the background and culture, after searching for the article, I made a brief summary and shared it. Friends who know it well can also leave a message in this chapter.
The first one to appear, Judaism: originated in 2000 BC. In 1400 BC, Moses established the commandments and firmly believed that God would only save his own nation.
This is the concept of the chosen one. I believe in the first five books of the Bible. These five books are called
"Old Testament". Believe in Jehovah God.
"The LORD said to Abraham, "Leave your country, your kindred, and your father's house, and go to the land that I will show you, and I will make you into a great nation. I will bless you and make your name great, and you will be called Others will be blessed. Those who bless you, I will bless them; those who curse you, I will curse them. But all the families on earth will be blessed through you." This is the name of God for believers in this religion.
There are currently several branches. .Christianity: Christianity is a collective name for the various sects that believe in Jesus Christ as the savior. They believe that the Father Jehovah, the Son Jesus and the Holy Spirit are a trinity.
This is also the fundamental difference between it and Judaism. Judaism does not believe that Jesus Christ is the Messiah, nor does it recognize Jesus as the Son of God.
Jesus was considered a heretic by the Jews, so they handed him over to the Romans, where he was ultimately crucified.
We believe that the classics are the Bible, and God cares for his people and sends his son, Jesus, to come to the world and take on human flesh through the virgin Mary, the Word became flesh.
Therefore, Jesus is both God and man. He was crucified on the cross to save mankind. Finally, Christ means the anointed one. When the ancient Jews appointed kings, the ceremony of anointing the head of the anointed person was also equivalent to the Hebrew nouns in slang
"Messiah" is
In the New Testament of the Bible, Christ is the special title for Jesus.
“Lord Jesus Christ” is the powerful Savior chosen by Jehovah and inspired by the Holy Spirit. In the Pauline letters of the New Testament, a formal view of Christ has been formed. They often mix the terms Christ and Jesus or collectively refer to them as Jesus Christ.
So the name is different, but there is actually a difference. .Catholicism: After Christianity was spread to Rome, it was designated as the state religion by the Roman Empire. The center of Christian power, the Holy See, was located in the Vatican.
In the 11th century AD, as the Roman Empire was divided into two, Christianity was also divided into two large dioceses, the east and west.
Western Rome was still in Italy, and the church called itself the Ecumenical Catholic Church, or Catholicism. Since the 2nd century, the Western Church, headed by Rome, and the Eastern Church, headed by Constantinople, have had differences in theology, church organization, discipline and other aspects due to their different ecclesiastical, political, social, cultural and other reasons. The differences gradually expanded and they argued endlessly, which eventually led to the great schism between the Eastern and Western churches in 1054, forming the Catholic and Orthodox churches in the future.
In 1965, after the Second Vatican Council, Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople lifted each other's excommunications against each other.
In other words, Christianity separated: the Roman Catholic Church, under the control of the Pope. Orthodox Christians, ruled by the Patriarch.
Both sects believe in Jesus Christ, but some of their systems are different. Catholics believe in God Jehovah and Jesus Christ, respect Mary as the Virgin, and worship saints. There are statues of the Virgin and saints in churches.
The Catholic Church still retains a unified church, the Holy See is the center of world Catholicism, and the Pope is the supreme leader of the Catholic Church.
Catholicism believes that people must go through the church and clergy before they can communicate with God, so the church and the clergy are sacred.
Clergy cannot marry. Catholicism is the Christian sect with the longest history, the most profound cultural heritage, and the largest number of believers.
So Catholic. .Orthodox The state church of Eastern Rome is located in Byzantium. In order to emphasize that he inherited orthodox theology and his own orthodoxy, he named it
"Orthodox Catholic Church", that is, the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox Church, like the Catholic Church, originally had its own Unification Church, centered in Byzantium.
With the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, churches in various countries no longer had a subordinate relationship. In the 16th century, Protestantism, in response to the privileges and corruption caused by the traditional Catholic church system, religious figures led by the German priest Martin Luther launched the European religious reform movement.
As a result, new religions such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism were separated from Catholicism, and they were collectively called Protestantism.
Protestantism fundamentally denies all the privileges possessed by the pope and the clergy. They believe that people can communicate with God by faith and do not have to go through the church to communicate with clergy.
The church is just a group of believers, and the priests are just believers who undertake the work of the church. Therefore, from the beginning, Protestantism did not establish a unified church.
Protestantism believes that the Virgin Mary and saints are human beings and cannot be worshiped. Setting up icons for idolatry is even more contrary to the Bible.
Protestantism also simplified sacraments and rituals and gave clergy freedom of marriage and the right of women to hold the priesthood.
.The Christian Church is the largest Christian church in Egypt and is a branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Since the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD, it has been distinguished from other churches by its unique doctrine and adopted an alternative position in Christological theology, which is different from the Orthodox and Catholic churches, which were still united at that time.
The schism resulting from serious theological differences is still a matter of debate and is highly strictly adhered to this teaching.
Their main emphasis in Christology is the union of the two natures in the same person, but they deny this in their arguments in support of monophysitism.
However, it should also be noted that the Coptic Orthodox Church accepts the doctrine of the Trinity and also regards Arians, Nestorians, etc. as heretics.
The Church's founding roots are in Egypt and Ethiopia, but it also has large numbers of believers around the world.
The Copts in Egypt mainly belong to this sect. Nestorianism, Nestorianism, a Christian school introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty, belongs to the branch of Greek Orthodoxy, because the founder is Nestorian, so it is also called Nestorian, and Nestorian advocates
"The theory of the connection between the two natures of Christ" believes that Jesus is a god and a human being...so to foreigners, they are all Christians, but they have different sects of belief, so it is more accurate to call the sect to which they belong.
Catholic heresies: Lesser Brotherhood, Cathars, Lollards, Waldenses...Orthodox heresies: Iconoclasm, Bogomil, Monophysite, Paulician...Nestorian heresy: Prayerists...In short I read the Old and New Testaments, as well as encyclopedia articles and several related monotheistic articles.
Comparing the information found on the Internet, I did a little ranking. My own understanding is that Christians can be called Christians, but if different sectarian terms are used, it is actually very different.
As for the heresies mentioned, they only belong to their own sect and do not occupy the mainstream. They have been suppressed in history.
I searched for the name of each sect and could always see a lot of information. I feel that it is difficult to separate the relationship between writing in the Western calendar and the church. However, the relevant information is too vast, so I will briefly describe it here.
If we follow the timeline of this book, it has not yet reached the Great Schism in the 11th century. Some holy places have not yet appeared.
...Did people eat breakfast in the Middle Ages? As for the concept of the Middle Ages, in the previous article of this book about whether people took a bath in the Middle Ages, we made an explanation. The medieval timeline and regional lines should be precise and cannot always be called such general terms, so we changed it to, In some parts of Europe in certain eras, I recently went to look up information on why people didn’t eat breakfast. First of all, I did some sorting in the Du Niang Encyclopedia, various public account articles, the English Encyclopedia, and the French Encyclopedia. People will go hungry. , when you are hungry, you want to eat, when you are thirsty, you want to drink water, and when you see a good-looking girl, spring is here.
I previously had a book on ancient inflation, which roughly introduced each era. The currency conversion of the relevant countries was roughly equivalent to the modern equivalent. The book is from the 9th century, so I will take 500 years, people from the 9th to 14th centuries, It is very poor, has low productivity, has many diseases, and often suffers from natural disasters and wars.
From the 9th to the 10th century, the climate began to warm, causing a large number of natural disasters in Britain.
This era has entered the so-called Medieval Warm Period, but according to the information I searched, as the climate warms, more things can be grown, and various natural disasters will actually occur.
Thousands of lives will be harvested in one go. So they are all poor people. Materially, I don’t have much money to eat, but spiritually, according to the characteristics of the seven evils in the church, there are
Like "Gluttony", investigate in depth. After Christianity arrived in the city of Rome, it slowly developed. Since the 4th and 5th centuries, people have condemned gluttony and waste and advocated skipping breakfast. But what should children, the elderly, patients, etc. do when they are hungry and do a lot of physical work? What to do when you are hungry? The English Encyclopedia also lists that these groups did not fully comply with the prohibition at that time, especially manual workers who also ate, and there were also late night snacks at that time... But among the nobles, many people did not comply.
In addition, people were affected by the fasting month of Ramadan and thought about what to do if they wanted to eat meat. This led to the conclusion that sea creatures do not count as meat, and certain animals do not count as meat. The following is the original text.
The Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches had a significant influence on medieval diet. For a long time, fasting has been implemented in various places for about one-third of the year in order to suppress desires, sublimate the soul, and remind all living beings to appreciate the suffering of Christ's crucifixion.
Fasting time is generally every Wednesday and Friday. Fasting is also observed on some important days such as Advent, Lent and before receiving Holy Communion. During this period, no meat, milk, cheese and eggs are allowed, and only fish and vegetables are allowed.
This is not to say that fish is particularly holy, it is just to achieve the effect of abstinence from eating meat and wine, but children, the elderly, pilgrims, workers, homeless poor and beggars are exempt from the regulations.
And if ordinary people violate the rules, they have to do penance to atone for their sins. I searched for the last sentence in English again, but I couldn't find how to practice hard work. I probably confessed myself. In addition, from the previous chapter 145.5 of this book, the examination of noble wives and concubines, we know that the lives of the church monks were chaotic, and Charlemagne was originally very Chaos, a serious violation of 'chastity', but the nobles still did it.
I always believe that human nature is self-interested, so I will still eat what I want, and I will make a clever name, so that such and such meat is not meat, so I am very happy to eat it. As mentioned above, there is even a special order for the elderly and weak workers. Everyone can eat it. Since the mouth is so wide, this prohibition may have existed, but can I say that it is actually very flexible and many people will violate it. I have watched some British and American historical dramas before, and aristocrats also eat breakfast.
I didn’t see this point being particularly emphasized in the play. So in summary: I think there is this ban, but it is of no use to the nobles. Among the common people, those who are really not religious enough will still eat it secretly, and it is difficult for monks to detect it.
It's not that people don't like to eat breakfast, it's more likely that they can't afford it and are restricted by the monks' dogma.
