I have a few things to say, please read it if you can.
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1. Illegitimate children and concubines:
“He who has a lawful wife and concubines: no priest shall give him the Eucharist, nor shall any rites be performed for a Christian man, unless he turn to repentance.
If he has a concubine but no legal wife.
He should do what he wants; however, he should know that he should have one, whether it is a concubine or a wife. Old English Confession (probably tenth century) This shows that concubinage was strictly prohibited by the Christian Church after the tenth century. "
This is what the book friend of Chapter 144 left behind in the description of this chapter.
Medieval game, CITY OF KING (players refer to this game as CK).
In CK, the game mechanism reflects that an aristocratic patriarch can legalize his "illegitimate child" as a "legal illegitimate child".
Legally illegitimate children can also enjoy "inheritance rights."
Thinking of the book friend's question, I went to look for it.
But most sources like to use "Henry VIII" as an example to talk about the Western monogamy system.
The second king of the Tudor Dynasty (reigned 1509-1547, during the Wuzong period in the mid-Ming Dynasty)
At that time, the power of the church was so high that divorce was not allowed, and remarriage was not allowed unless one party died.
He wanted to divorce the Church and the Pope refused to do so, so he simply announced his conversion from "Catholicism" to "Protestantism"
But even so the king remained monogamous.
Therefore, the West strictly adheres to monogamy.
But this still doesn’t solve my doubts, because churches in “different periods” and “different regions” have very different religious powers.
What are the changes in the concubine system?
What were the views of the religious and royal powers on the concubine system at that time???
For example, many people always say that the church does not allow marriage and children.
However, during this period, there was still a X House in England, and the madam had to pay taxes to the church and the lords. At the same time, discrimination and restrictions were implemented against Ms. X, who was prohibited from entering the church to worship.
Since Christianity believes that homosexuality is anti-nature and anti-God, in the Middle Ages, homosexuality was mostly regarded as the most serious crime and was severely suppressed.
However, under the suppression of sexual abstinence, rebellion appeared under the real situation, and indulgence was very common. During the period of Henry VIII of England, monasteries appeared, and "prostitutes, boys, and male sex" appeared.
Some monks openly married wives, took concubines, and had children. The same goes for nunneries. Abortions often occur, and babies are buried in the walls. Some people say that this is like "the upper body is the Virgin, and the lower body is the X woman."
In the information here, I saw again taking wives and concubines.
TV series Lone Kingdom Spring and Autumn (telling the story of Alfred's struggle with the Vikings. There is a priest who openly finds a Viking girl to live with, and everyone knows it)
For example, many people always use "Gregory" to excommunicate King Frank, which tells us that the religious power was so powerful that the emperor would kneel down, without considering the situation at the time and the follow-up.
After enduring his anger for a while, the Dharma King defeated the rebels in the territory, and then returned the army to Luo (Luo), seized the bird throne, and supported others to become the pontiff.
In Iceland and Ireland during the Viking Age, some people still believed in Christ and Norse gods.
All kinds of things that were unimaginable when religious power rose later were probably present in this era.
This was the early to middle period of the Dark Ages, when the Germanic peoples arrived from Europe with their traditions.
Bringing their beliefs, language, laws (customary laws), etc.
After searching and searching, I found an online document on Chu Yequan's information.
2. First night
August Bebel, Women and Socialism (1879)
It is proposed here that after the birth of the feudal regime, the situation of most free people deteriorated.
Frank cleared away the ancient clans, military leaders and emerging nobles, and replaced the German clan chairman of the meeting (should it be the Germanic people's assembly tradition?)
A large number of wars and land annexations caused many people to place their property under the protection of lords or religious figures, until they finally lost their freedom completely.
Slavery began to spread.
Landlords had almost unlimited control over their domestic slaves;
“He has the power to compel marriage to any man over the age of 18 and to any woman over the age of 14. He can fix a wife for a man and a husband for a woman. The same right also applies to widowers and widows.
As the master of his subjects, he regarded himself as the one who had sexual rights over the use of his maids, that is, the one who had the power of the first night, which fully demonstrated the unlimited power of the landowner. His agent also has the right to have the first night,
The premise is that the agent does not want anyone to provide tribute, but the essence of the tribute can be seen clearly from its name, such as bed care fee, virginity tax, shirt money, apron tax, stamp money, etc. "
As I continue to read, I classify it as a custom left over from the matriarchal era.
At first it was the bride who was open to the men of the commune on her wedding night. However, this right was restricted in its implementation, and in the end it only applied to tribal chiefs and priests. The feudal lord accepted this right again, and he also had great power over the individuals in his territory. He exercises this right whenever he wants, "or gives it up in exchange for products and money."
The important point is mentioned here, in order to get something, you can give up the right to the first night.
It can be seen from page 43 of the first volume of Jakov Green’s Jurisprudence: “The people at the court said that in order to get married, one must entertain the administrator of the property and his wife.
The person who manages the property will definitely give the groom a cauldron for cooking sheep and a cart of wood for the wedding. When he and his wife went to dinner, they would bring 1/4 of the roasted pig. After the wedding ceremony, the groom must allow the administrator to sleep with the bride, otherwise he must pay 5 shillings and 4 pence. "
Can we judge here that this is a way to promote the authority of the landlords and at the same time increase taxes in disguise?
And this right of first night was later included in the tax bill (paying more money would eliminate this problem).
At the end of the 11th century, Malcolm III announced in Scotland that the right of first night would be abolished and replaced by taxation.
But in Germany, the above situation will continue for a long time.
In 1496, the Swabian Adberg Monastery recorded that slaves living in Berteling must do the following before they can request to cancel this right: the groom must give a piece of salt; the bride must Hand over a pound 7 shilling copper coin or a plate "big enough for her to sit on".
Elsewhere, in order to redeem her virginity, the bride must pay "a weight as large as her buttocks" of cheese or butter. In some places, the bride must hand over an easy chair, "one just big enough to sit in,
Mentioned again
According to Chief Justice Welsch of Bavaria, in Bavaria, there was still an obligation to redeem the right to the first night until the 18th century.
Engels further proposed that among the Welsh and Scots, the right of first night was maintained throughout the Middle Ages. However, there was a clan organization here, so the executor of the right of first night was not the landowner or his agent, but all married men. Representative - Patriarch until the abolition of this right.
There is no doubt that the right of first night not only existed in the Middle Ages, but also has been passed down to modern times. It played a certain role in the feudal code. In Poland, a noble has the right to bully any virgin he likes. If anyone complains about this, the noble will have him beaten 100 times.
To this day, the landowner or his followers take the sacrifice of a virgin's virginity as a matter of course. This situation is far more common than we imagine. It happens not only in Germany, but also throughout Eastern and Southeastern Europe, as some familiar with the customs That's what experts on human relations say.
In other chapters of this chapter, I searched with water friends and found literature research by other authors. This system is only popular in some areas and is not obvious at all times.
"The First Cause of All Realms"
This kind of thing requires repeated comparisons to make a more reasonable explanation. If I continue to sort it out in the future, I will rearrange it.
3. Monk marriage
Next, let’s talk about the monks’ wives and concubines.
The landlords are cruel, various diseases, transportation is inconvenient, thieves are everywhere, the unemployment rate is extremely high, and men who cannot serve as soldiers become villains.
The city of Rome is a place of faith. When Rome fell, it left its bad habits to Europe. As long as it was in Italy, a large number of foreign monks who came for pilgrimage and study also spread the bad habits of clergy to Germany.
The clergy, which were almost all made up of men, and subsequently fell, in order to satisfy their desires, began...
A large number of monks and nuns became monasteries.
Various evil deeds were committed in the monastery due to the inability of legal jurisdiction to enter it, such as the killing of "eagles"
Farmers at that time also had to protect their wives and daughters from the temptation or coercion of clergy.
One way is not to receive priests who have not taken concubines.
A meeting of elders was held in Constantine in 1414, and among the participants were more than 1,500 wandering women. This historical fact is sufficient to illustrate the situation listed above.
Such situations, however, did not begin with the decline of the Middle Ages, but occurred long before that, and they constantly gave rise to litigation and became opportunities for law-making. Therefore, in 802 AD, Charlemagne issued an order, which read: "The monastery must be strictly managed. The nuns are not allowed to wander around. They must be closely guarded and they are not allowed to quarrel with each other or cause discord. This is never allowed. They disobey or oppose the elders or heads of the house.
They must abide by all the rules decided by the monastery. Prostitution, drinking and greed are not allowed, but living in any way is to be done properly and with moderation.
At the same time, no man is allowed to enter the monastery except during Mass. After Mass, the man must leave the monastery immediately.
An order issued in 869 AD (this book is in 865) stated: "If a priest has several women around him, or causes the blood of believers or heretics and violates canon law, these priests should be deprived of their qualifications, because they are worse than others. Ordinary people are worse!"
The fact that polygamy was prohibited for clergy at that time suggests that polygamy was already prevalent in the 9th century. In fact, no law has ever stopped the spread of polygamy.
Later, in the age of love singers in the 12th and 13th centuries, polygamy was not frowned upon. For example, Albertrecht von Johansdorff wrote this in a poem in his collection of poems "Love Spring":
If you have one wife, you have to marry a second one.
It’s something no one is allowed to do, right?
Tell me,
Is this correct?
(Men can, women can’t)
The Crusaders had a particularly bad effect on the moral ethos of the time, as tens of thousands of men spent years away from home learning the customs of the Eastern Roman Empire, then little known in Western Europe.
…
Charlemagne once dragged a naked woman to the market and had her whipped.
He himself was the "most Christian" king and emperor, and he married at least 6 wives at once
His daughters, who openly emulated their father, were anything but prudes. The king was sometimes dissatisfied with them because of their behavior, and the daughters secretly gave birth to many illegitimate children. Alquin, Charlemagne's friend and advisor, reminded his students to "beware of the crowned doves of the court at night," referring to the king's daughters.
The brothels established by the government were officially protected. These priestesses of Venus were allowed to enjoy various privileges. It was these official institutions that imposed the harshest and most cruel punishments on poor, abandoned and unfortunate women. .
Infanticides who kill fetuses with their own hands out of despair will be sentenced to the harshest death penalty, while seducers without conscience will not be held accountable. Perhaps he would also be required to attend the court where innocent victims were sentenced to death. Things like this are still happening today.
Women who commit adultery must be severely punished, at least wearing the yoke in public, but men who commit adultery are protected by the cloak of Christian kindness...
There is a lot more information, so I won’t list it here.
Summarize:
1. Europe has the history of many nations and cultures, not just Rome or later Franks, nor only Catholic culture.
And there are many hybrid variants from the same period.
If you divide Europe into five parts, east, west, south, north, and middle, you will see different styles of the same period.
2. In some areas, the right of first night may exist in a state to enhance the authority of the lord, mainly to collect more money and improve authority, rather than to actually sleep.
3. In the early church, it was allowed to marry and have children, but it was later banned (but that happened hundreds of years later)
4. The religious rights have been suppressed in various ways at different times and gradually improved. In the old Anglo territory, they have been at war with European culture.
5. For lords in the early and middle Dark Ages, the state of multiple concubines was obvious. If the father gave the child his identity, he would probably enjoy some inheritance rights.
But when I watched some TV dramas, they rarely expressed this point.
I wanted to see if there was a "legitimate illegitimate child" who inherited the title of master while the "legitimate child" was still there, but I couldn't find it.
Therefore, in this book, I adopt the idea that "illegitimate children" can be legalized by their father and improve their background. However, they can then have two options: inherit part of the title and go out to make a career, or change their surname and go out to make a career, and use part of the emblem to continue to make a career.
Book lovers can refer to Charlemagne’s great example.
At the same time, later searching for examples found that the lords of different regions in the British Isles, such as Scotland and Wales, still stubbornly resisted monogamy on the surface, and implemented polygamy or polyconcubine until the 13th to 15th centuries. This was also the case in Eastern Europe. common.
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I know very little and study often.
Since it is posted in the history section, I will post it in the hope that book friends will learn something new when they read it.
I also took some notes on medieval sexual literature, bathhouse hygiene culture, food and accommodation, travel, etc., and found that they are very different from some popular opinions. I will have the opportunity to discuss them in detail in the future.
I didn't update yesterday, but I re-read what I wrote earlier and found that it was too loose and switching perspectives often gave readers a sense of discomfort. I will slowly improve it.
Also, I checked a lot of information and often saw both positive and negative opinions. If I made any mistakes, I will correct them again in the future.
I waited and prepared to code, because I read the information for too long and it took several hours.
Happy National Day, thank you to the friends who voted for me last night and at midnight.
