The research on superconductivity, just like condensed matter physics, is divided into experimental and theoretical directions.
The experimental direction of superconductivity research is easy to understand, and it is almost equivalent to the research of materials science. What scholars who study this area think about every day is to synthesize room temperature superconductivity, so various academic frauds have occurred.
It is a common thing to use the hidden rules that make it difficult to reproduce the same experimental results and publish some results that shock the world.
Of course, there are also some people who are trying to develop high-temperature superconducting materials with better performance in order to replace the position of superconducting materials such as niobium-titanium alloys in the current superconducting materials market.
Although there are already high-temperature superconductors such as YBCO, which only require liquid nitrogen to reach the superconducting state, these high-temperature superconductors have not occupied the market due to their process and their own properties.
For example, there are problems in their preparation in kilometer length, and the size of the magnetic field they can provide is limited. The size of the magnetic field that these high-temperature copper-based superconductors can provide is only about 0.5T to 3T.
The most common place where superconductors are used, that is, nuclear magnetic resonance equipment in hospitals, requires relatively high magnetic field strength. Therefore, high-temperature superconductors such as YBCO are far inferior to low-temperature superconductors such as niobium-titanium alloys, which can provide a strong magnetic field of up to 11.7T. Superconductor.
Of course, for such scientists, their main purpose is to make money.
But it is different for scholars with a theoretical orientation.
Although they also need to conduct experiments to verify, their main purpose is to determine the principle of superconductors.
As Professor Wilbur just said, as long as other superconducting principles are discovered, it is destined to win the Nobel Prize in Physics, and this is what those scholars who study theory are keen to pursue.
Therefore, research on superconductors has always been very popular.
And Li Mu now belongs to the latter, a scholar who takes a theoretical direction.
The only difference is that he is not as obsessed with the Nobel Prize in Physics as other scholars.
Anyway, he has already achieved comparable results.
His current research on superconductors is mainly because the detailed technical explanation in his mind reveals the role of dimensional force in it, and this can help him delve deeper into the meaning of dimensional force.
…
Use professional tweezers to pick up the YBCO block that has been cooled to the superconducting state by liquid nitrogen, and mist is still coming out of it.
Li Mu placed the YBCO block on the magnet circle next to it, and then he could see it floating on the magnet circle and shaking on it.
After turning the magnet circle over, the YBCO was still hanging in the air, but it still did not fall.
"The Meissner effect..."
Li Mu sighed slightly in his heart.
If he were allowed to go to ancient times to show such a magical effect to the emperors, wouldn't he be able to get any position like national advisor?
But in modern times, it was these magical things that made him very interested in science.
Shaking his head slightly, he then stopped talking nonsense and clamped the YBCO again, then began to put it into the angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer and began to measure the relevant electronic structure.
The angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer can help scientists analyze the behavior of electrons in materials and provide very realistic experimental data to capture interactions and phase transition phenomena that are more accurate than calculated results.
This is very important for scientists.
After putting YBCO away, Li Mu returned to the computer and started arpes.
Soon, arpes began to emit light sources to YBCO. The principle of arpes is to use the photoelectric effect to "kick" the electrons out of the material by emitting light sources, and then collect relevant data of these electrons. Analyze the behavior of electrons in materials.
So to a certain extent, arpes analyzes the 2-dimensional surface of the material.
Of course, that's enough for superconductors.
…
Soon, as time passed, he finally collected all the required data before YBCO lost its superconducting state.
"Hmm..." Looking at the collected data, Li Mu did not forget the YBCO block still in the instrument. After taking out the YBCO first, he sat at the table next to him and began to process the data.
【Ekin=hv-Φ-|EB|】
[P=hk=√（2mEkin）sin……]
After basically listing all the main analysis results, Li Mu raised his chin and started thinking.
These data are basically the same as the arpes analysis of YBCO in other papers, and their properties are similar.
But for Li Mu, these people are not enough, because the analysis results of these data do not correspond to the content in the detailed explanation of superconducting material technology in his mind.
"So there's still something missing."
He mused.
What's missing in the middle?
"According to the detailed technical explanation, in the process of forming superconductivity in this type of high-temperature superconductor, another new electron pair will be formed between electrons. However, due to the higher temperature, these electrons are not as strong as the library That way, because the temperature is low enough, the connection is closer."
"At high temperatures, they approach a new state. Although it is a quantum effect like Cooper pairs, from another perspective, the constraints brought by dimensional forces cannot be ignored. …”
"Um?!"
Suddenly, Li Mu's eyes suddenly lit up when he thought of this.
"correct!"
He suddenly picked up the experimental data in his hand, and then read it carefully from beginning to end, remembering the data deeply in his mind, and then quickly took a piece of scratch paper from the side, and then started budget.
"The previous academic world's way of processing these data has always been a bit too monotonous, and some changes should be made."
"Statistics, statistics, it is really a perfect subject."
He thought silently in his mind until finally, his eyes locked on the two sets of data.
"Since electron pairs are formed, then, under the photoelectric effect, such electron pairs must be traceable from some clues."
"And these two sets of data..."
There seemed to be no similar data between the two groups, but Li Mu saw "entanglement" in it.
Physicists can see the phenomena behind them from experimental data, but of course this also requires extremely deep knowledge.
Unfortunately, Li Mu has such skills.
"Luckily, I discovered it."
Li Mu smiled slightly, then extracted these two sets of data separately and processed them again.
"OK, let me find out."
In this high-temperature superconductor, the electron pairs formed in the superconducting state are such electron pairs that flow unimpeded in the superconductor, making the magical phenomenon of superconductivity appear in the real world.
Of course, just discovering such a group is not enough.
What Li Mu wants to do is to determine the principles of superconductivity, not just discover electron pairs.
He wants to know how this electron pair is formed, just like in the BCS theory, the formation of the Cooper pair is fully described.
"Got to keep collecting data, more data."
No nonsense, Li Mu stood up again, cooled YBCO again until it entered the superconducting state, and then placed it in arpes and continued to use the photoelectric effect to collect corresponding data.
Of course, in addition to YBCO, there are several other high-temperature superconductor materials, such as thallium, barium, calcium, copper oxide, etc. At the same time, it is not just these copper-based materials. He also measured the second type of superconductor.
The BCS theory only explains the first type of superconductors, but does not explain the second type of superconductors. Only by explaining the second type of superconductors can it be convenient for him to find the connections between these different types of superconductors, and use this to Determine the unifying principles of superconductivity.
…
In this way, time passed slowly.
In the next few days, he repeated this work, collecting various data, and then processed the data.
Until another two weeks passed.
The time has come for him to apply for a lab.
After finishing the last day's experiment, Li Mu began to clean up the laboratory, and at the same time, the door of the laboratory was opened.
George Evans entered.
As the director of the laboratory, he needs to come back for inspection at the end of each use of the laboratory to ensure that there will be no malfunctions in the instruments or anything like that.
"Hey, Professor Li."
He smiled and said hello, and then he looked at the situation at the scene, "It seems that the professor didn't use these instruments very much."
Li Mu spread his hands: "Basically, I only need arpes, and I don't need any other instruments."
After all, only arpes could help him accurately observe the behavior of electrons in materials.
"That's true." Evans nodded, and then helped Li Mu start cleaning up the laboratory - of course, there was nothing to clean up.
"It seems that Professor Li has achieved considerable results?"
Hearing this question, Li Mu smiled calmly: "It's not bad, it's just some small results, not worth mentioning."
"Really? I don't believe it." Evans shrugged. "If the results achieved by Professor Li are only small results, then I guess the theory of relativity, or quantum mechanics, or the Langlands Program are just some small results." Case."
However, at this time, a familiar voice came from the door again.
"It seems that the results of Professor Li's experiment are not very satisfactory?"
Professor Wilbur walked in again.
"Professor Li, superconductivity is indeed not that easy to study. Of course, the promise I made to you at the beginning is still valid now. Join us to study the principles of room temperature superconductivity. We have already achieved certain results. If you don’t believe it, I can even briefly reveal our current results to you, and then you can consider whether to join us.”
Evans was stunned: "Professor Wilbur, why are you here again?"
Every time, not long after he came in and got better, this Wilbur came in.
Wilbur moved his hands as if he were playing an accordion: "Don't worry about this detail. I'm just here to take a look at the laboratory our team will use next."
"Professor Li, what do you think of my proposal just now? I am very sincerely inviting you."
"We may even send out our paper after the results of this experiment are completed. This is your last chance to join us."
"Nobel Prize~" Wilbur opened his hands and shook his head.
Li Mu twitched his lips and refused without hesitation: "Uh... I'm sorry, I really have no interest in this matter."
He still feels that what he has in his hands has a higher chance of winning the Nobel Prize.
After looking at the situation in the laboratory, he said to Evans next to him: "Director Evans, since the laboratory has been tidied up and my experiment has been completed, I will not disturb you for now. I will be waiting for you." I will go to the laboratory management office to hand over the key later."
"Okay, you're welcome." Evans nodded.
Then Li Mu didn't waste any time, walked past Wilbur, and finally left.
Seeing Li Mu leave, Wilbur shook his head: "I originally thought Professor Li would be interested in room temperature superconductors, but I didn't expect..."
Evans in the laboratory shook his head with a smile: "Interested in room temperature superconductivity? Professor Wilbur, I don't think many people will believe this. We don't even have samples of room temperature superconductors yet. How can you do that?" Derive the principle of room-temperature superconductivity?”
"That's what people thought before the atomic bomb."
Wilbur waved his hand: "Practice can guide theory, and the same theory can also guide practice. Director Evans, if you were on my team, you should understand, but unfortunately, you are not."
Then, he looked at the time and said, "It's time for me to leave. We will be here on time tomorrow."
Then, he also left here.
Watching him leave, Evans shook his head, "Normal temperature superconductor?"
If Wilbur could really figure out the principle of room temperature superconductivity - he looked at the jar of liquid nitrogen in his hand - he would just drink it up.
…
Li Mu, who returned to the office, also took out all the experimental data he had completed in the past half month.
A total of thousands of data, I believe, is enough for his analysis and research.
Taking out the pen and scratch paper, he started calculating again.
The next analysis will take a certain amount of time, probably about a week. Of course, what he lacks most now is time.
The office became quiet, leaving only the sound of writing.
His office has always been quiet, and no one often disturbs him. No one knows whether the man in this good office is creating another academic miracle.
Until a week later.
…
"finished."
The pen in his hand stopped, and there was a thick pile of draft paper in front of him.
"If there is nothing wrong..."
"The basic principle of all superconductivity is——"
The tip of his pen moved and he wrote a formula on the scratch paper.
[H=∑kσξkCkσ+1/N∑kk`……]
"This is it."
This seemingly complex formula has five terms in total. The first term includes kinetic energy and chemical potential, the second term describes the generation and annihilation of electron pairs, and the following three terms are constraints. Throughout these items, there is another condition that cannot be ignored, and that is the existence of dimensional force.
"The lower the temperature, the easier it is for dimensional forces to manifest, so there are many superconductors at low temperatures, but under special conditions, the constraint of dimensional forces can also be excited."
"Therefore, as the structure of the material changes and the temperature increases, the various properties of superconductivity also change."
"The most fundamental reason for superconductivity lies in..."
When Li Mu's thoughts reached this point, suddenly, his cell phone rang.
He frowned. Who could be calling at this time?
When he saw the phone number, he was stunned. Was it George Parisi?
"Professor Parisi, what's the matter?"
"Professor Li, have you read the superconductivity theory?"
"What do you want?"
Li Mu was stunned.
What theory of superconductivity?
Or... George Parisi also knew that he was studying superconductivity?
Seeing that Li Mu seemed to have no idea at all, George Parisi was stunned: "Huh? You don't know yet? It's Professor Wilbur of Oxford University. He led the team to develop a theory of room-temperature superconductivity. It looks pretty decent.”
"He used a relatively simple mathematical processing method, and also added the factor of dimensional force, and then discovered that at normal temperature, a superconducting material structure can be formed."
"You're in Oxford, so I thought I'd ask you."
"Wilbur...?"
Li Mu raised his eyebrows, what kind of tricks did this guy really do?
(End of chapter)
