In November of the first year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1403), Aha, the leader of the Jurchen Huli tribe in Liaodong, who had come under the rule of the Ming Dynasty, went to the capital (Nanjing) to pay tribute to Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty who had just succeeded to the throne, to show his submission. Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty was delighted, so he made Aha the commander and gave him the name "Li Sicheng". The Amu River (Omu River, the area on both sides of the Tumen River in Huining, North Korea) where his tribe lived was the first place to build a military base. land.
In April of the second year of Yongle (1404), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty granted Huli the name of "Jianzhouwei" (today's Helong County, Jilin); in the first month of the third year of Yongle (1405), Meng Ge, the leader of the Oduoli tribe of Jurchens in Liaodong, Timur also went to the capital in person to pay tribute. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Chengzu appointed Mengge Timur as the commander of the Jianzhou Guard (the same position as his father-in-law Aha). In the 14th year of Yongle (1416), the Ming Dynasty divided the Jianzhou Guard into two divisions, and established the "Jianzhou Left Guard", with Mengge Timur as the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard.
Since then, Mengge Timur's descendants have hereditary "Jianzhou Left Guard Commander", successively serving as Mengge Timur, Dong Shan (the second son of Mengge Timur), Tuoluo and Tuoyimo (the eldest son and second son of Dong Shan). Son), Fuman (son of Dong Shan's third son Xibao Qipiangu) and other five commanders.
Fuman assumed office between the first and twentieth years of Jiajing (1522-1542). After he became the commander of Jianzhou Zuowei, he moved the main city of Jianzhou Zuowei from Foala, his original place of residence. Hetuala (both located in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province) and Jianzhouwei live in the same city.
Fuman died from the middle to late Jiajing period to the early Wanli period (around 1560 to 1575); after his death, his third son Suo Chang'a and his fourth son Jue Chang'an successively inherited the post of commander of the Jianzhou left guard. . In order to bury Fuman, Jue Chang'an, the new commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard and his fourth son, chose the site at the foot of Hulan Hada (Yantong Mountain), about ten miles northwest of Hetuala, on the north bank of the Sukeshu River (Suzi River), Ni A treasure land at the southern foot of Yaman Hill (today's Qiyun Mountain) was used to build a cemetery for Fuman, which seemed very simple at the time.
This is the origin of the Qing Dynasty royal ancestral mausoleum - Qing Yongling, which is about two kilometers northwest of Yongling Town, Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province today, but it did not have any name at the time.
In the eleventh year of Wanli (1583), Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, sent troops to attack the rebellious Atai tribe of Jianzhou Right Guards. During the attack on Gule City, the capital of Jianzhou Right Guards, the Ming army mistakenly killed the then commander of Jianzhou Left Guards. Jue Changan and his son Tucker were born. Afterwards, the 25-year-old Nurhaci, the eldest son of Tucker, was very angry when he learned that his father had been killed. He wrote to the Ming Dynasty and asked the Ming army to give an explanation. Li Chengliang felt guilty after knowing this, so after returning the bodies of Jue Chang'an and Takshi to Nurhaci, he gave him thirty imperial edicts (that is, proof of tribute trade), thirty horses, and also gave Nurhaci Inherited the official position of commander of Jianzhou Zuowei.
After that, Nurhaci, relying on the official certification status granted by the Ming Dynasty, officially started the process of starting a business and even unifying the Jianzhou Sanwei Jurchen and other Jurchen tribes in Liaodong; by the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), the fifty-seven-year-old Jurchen Nurhachi has basically unified all Jurchen tribes in Liaodong except the Yehe tribe of Haixi Jurchen. In this year, Nurhaci founded the country in Hetuala (the old city of Xinbin, Liaoning) and called himself Khan. The country was named "Dajin" (Later Jin), changed its name to "Destiny", and claimed to be "the wise Khan who nurtured all nations".
Long before that, Nurhachi had buried his deceased grandfather Jue Chang'an, father Takshi, eldest uncle Lidun, fifth uncle Tacha Penggu and others near the cemetery of great-grandfather Fuman; in addition, in the 31st year of Wanli, (1603), Nurhachi’s favorite concubine Menggu (Yehenala; later Empress Xiaocigao, the biological mother of Emperor Taizong Huangtaiji of the Qing Dynasty) passed away. Nurhachi buried her remains in the courtyard where she lived for three years. Later, he was buried at Niyaman Hill and buried with his ancestors. Later, after Nurhachi's younger brother Shuerhaqi and eldest son Chu Ying were killed in rebellion, their remains were also buried here.
At this time, the family cemetery of the leader of Jianzhou Zuowei, located in the Niyaman Hills, had no ground-level supporting buildings and no official name. It was only called the "Hetualazu Mausoleum".
In the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty and the ninth year of the Tianming of the Later Jin Dynasty (1624), Nurhachi moved his capital to Liaoyang and built the new capital "Tokyo City" here. Then he built the ancestral mausoleum (Tokyo Mausoleum) in Yanglu Mountain in the north of the city. After the mausoleum was built, Nurhaci sent Wangshan and Duobi, the grandsons of Suo Chang'a, his third uncle, and Bei Heqi, the son of his eldest uncle Lidun, to the ancestral mausoleum in Niyaman Mountain to transfer their grandfather (Jue Chang'an) and father (Ta) to the mausoleum. Keshi), the remains of the late concubine Yehenala, her younger brother Dishurhaqi, the eldest son Xuying, the eldest uncle Lidun, the fifth uncle Tacha Penggu and others were moved to the Tokyo Mausoleum for burial; and Ni The remaining tombs on Yaman Hill are called "Laoling" (that is, Fuman's tomb).
In the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty and the eleventh year of the Jin Dynasty (1626), Nurhachi died of illness in Jijibao (Jinbao Village, Dada, Zhai Township, Yuhong District, Shenyang) due to illness. After his body was cremated, Zi Gong' The temporary residence was in the northwest corner of Shengjing (that is, Shenyang, at this time Hou Jin Dynasty had moved the capital to Shenyang again); his eighth son Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne after a fierce game and changed his name to Yuan Tiancong.
After Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, he began to build a mausoleum for Nurhaci; after several years of selection, in the second year of Chongzhen and the third year of Jin Tiancong in the Ming Dynasty (1629), Huang Taiji selected an auspicious site in the northeastern suburbs of Shengjing to build for Nurhachi. The mausoleum, but it had no official name when it was first built, and was only called "Xianhan Mausoleum". In the same year, the mausoleum palace was completed, and Nurhachi's treasure palace (columbarium) and the remains of Huang Taiji's biological mother, Yehenala, who was buried in the Tokyo Mausoleum, were buried in the underground palace.
In the seventh year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of Jin Tiancong (1634), Huang Taiji promoted the old capital of Hetuala to "Xingjing", and the "Hetuala Old Tomb" was renamed "Xingjing Mausoleum".
In October of the eighth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the ninth year of Jin Tiancong (1635), Huang Taiji sent troops to completely pacify the Chahar tribe of Monan Mongolia (the orthodox seat of the Mongolian Golden Family); in November, the last Chahar Khan - Lin Dan Khan Hutuktu's eldest son Ezhe arrived in Shengjing from his temporary residence in Hetao with his mother-in-law Nang Nang and other widows of Lin Dan Khan. He used a white camel to carry the Mongolian sacred objects-the Mahakara Golden Buddha, the Golden-Scripted Tripitaka, and the Northern Tibetan Buddhist scriptures. The jade seal of the Yuan Dynasty was presented to Emperor Taiji, the Great Khan of the Later Jin Dynasty, to express Mongolia's surrender.
In order to show this victory of special significance, Huang Taiji changed the name of the Houjin clan from "Jurchen" to "Manzhou", which meant "covering the world". Huang Taiji paid special attention to the two Buddhist sacred objects, the Mahakara Golden Buddha and the Golden Inscription Tripitaka, presented by Ezhe, and specially ordered the construction of the 'Lotus Pure Land Shisheng Temple' to worship these two sacred objects. The Lotus Pure Land Shisheng Temple has been preserved to this day and is the "Shenyang Imperial Temple".
Regarding another treasure presented by E Zhe - the "Jade Seal of the Northern Yuan Dynasty" (not the "Jade Seal of the Chuan Dynasty" of the Central Plains Dynasty that has been lost for many years, but the "Jade Seal of the Chuan Kingdom of the Great Yuan Dynasty" made by Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, the seal The text is the "treasure of making imperial edicts"; when Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty fled north, this seal was taken to Mobei, and has since been passed on to the emperors of the Northern Yuan Dynasty and the Mongolian Khans. It has considerable symbolic significance of the status of "Khan Power") , Huang Taiji was even more ecstatic, which meant that Mobei's "mandate of destiny" had been transferred from the Mongol Khanate to the "Great Jin Khanate"; from then on, he was not only the Great Khan of the 'Great Jin', but He holds all the old Mongolian lands in Monan and Mobei, as well as Liaodong, Haixi, and Heishui, and is the upright monarch of the country.
In December, the civil and military ministers of the Later Jin Dynasty, the princes of the royal family, and the leaders of the Mongolian tribes (Horqin, Khalkha, and Tumote) of the outer vassals all went to Huang Taiji to express "Chahar's surrender" and "the return of the jade seal of the country." For this reason, he asked the Great Khan to "ascend to the throne as early as possible, change his title, and stabilize the world", which was to persuade Huang Taiji to ascend the throne and proclaim himself emperor.
In the first month of the ninth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the tenth year of Jin Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji, after consulting the opinions of Han officials and Confucian officials of the later Jin Dynasty, agreed to "the request of the ministers" and issued an edict to "change the title" to "inherit the "Following the destiny of heaven", he decided to ascend the throne and proclaim himself emperor, and change the Yuan Dynasty and the country's title.
On April 11, the ninth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the tenth year of Jin Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji personally went to the outskirts of Shengjing and held a grand ceremony of ascending the altar to worship heaven. After the ceremony, the officials presented Huang Taiji with the "Exhortation to Enter" Wen" gave Huang Taiji the honorific title "Emperor Kuanwenrenrensheng", which marked Huang Taiji's official proclaimed emperor.
After Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor, he changed the country's name from "Dajin" to "Qing" and the reign name from "Tiancong" to "Chongde" to honor his father, the actual founder of the Qing Dynasty and the first of the Later Jin Dynasty. He appointed Great Khan Nurhaci as the "Emperor of Guangyun Shengde Ren Xiaowu" and honored the temple as "Taizu"; and Nurhaci's "Old Khan Mausoleum" was officially renamed "Fuling Mausoleum" in the first year of Chongde (1636) ', and at the same time Huang Taiji also formulated the sacrificial etiquette for Fuling.
In addition, Huang Taiji also honored four generations of ancestors as kings according to the ancient system of the Central Plains Dynasty - the founder of the Qing Dynasty, the first commander of the Jianzhou Zuowei, and the seventh ancestor of Huang Taiji, Mengtemu (Mengge Timur). King Ze; his great-grandfather Fuman was King Qing; his great-grandfather Jue Changan was King Chang; his grandfather Takshi was King Fu (the sixth ancestor of Huang Taiji, Dong Shan, and the fifth ancestor Xibao Qipian were not honored in ancient times); at the same time, he was also the king. The four kings set up memorial tablets in the Ancestral Temple. In addition, Huang Taiji also established the tomb of King Ze (Meng Temu) behind the tomb of King Qing (Fuman) in the Xingjing Mausoleum, which is called the "Second Ancestor Mausoleum".
On the ninth day of August in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty (1643), Huang Taiji, who had been the Great Khan for ten years and emperor for seven years, suddenly died in the Shengjing (Shenyang) Palace without any warning. He was fifty-two years old; on August 16, the highest authority of the Qing Dynasty, the Council of State Councilors, was held in the Chongzheng Hall of the Shengjing Palace; after another ups and downs of fierce power struggle, Huang Taiji’s ninth son, Nian Fulin, who was only six years old, was unexpectedly elected as the new emperor and inherited the throne left by Huang Taiji (this matter has been described repeatedly and repeatedly in many film and television literary works, so I will not go into it here).
On August 26, headed by Prince Li Daishan, the princes, princes and ministers of the Qing Dynasty gathered around the six-year-old ninth son of the emperor, Fulin, who ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor in the Dazheng Hall of the Shengjing Palace. The next year was regarded as the first year of Shunzhi; Fulin was Emperor Shunzhi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty.
After Emperor Shunzhi ascended the throne, he appointed his cousin Prince Zheng Jierhalang (nephew of Nurhaci) and uncle Prince Rui Dorgon as regents to assist him in running the country (actually all decisions were made by the princes and ministers after discussion. Emperor Shunzhi was the only one who What does a six-year-old child know?); and the first thing Emperor Shunzhi did after he succeeded to the throne was to honor the deceased Huang Taiji with a title and build a mausoleum.
In October of the 16th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty (1643), Emperor Shunzhi (actually the regent and other royal ministers) gave the late emperor (Huang Taiji) the posthumous title of "Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuan Wenren Shengrui" Emperor Xiaowen' (later posthumously named Emperor Yingtian, Xingguo, Hongde, Zhangwu, Kuan, Wenren, Shengrui, Xiaominzhao, Dinglongdaoxiangongwen Emperor'), and his temple name was 'Taizong'. Immediately, Emperor Shunzhi issued another edict to build a mausoleum for the late emperor about ten miles north of Shengjing.
In April of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the first year of Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1644), the central court of the Ming Dynasty was overthrown by the peasant army. Afterwards, the Qing army entered the pass and defeated the peasant army, and the world changed its hands. In August, Emperor Shunzhi was about to enter the pass from Shengjing. Before going to the capital (Beijing), he personally named Taizong's mausoleum in Shengjing 'Zhaoling'.
In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Emperor Shunzhi again pursued the four kings of Ze, Qing, Chang, and Fu—Ze Wang Mengtemu became Zhaozuyuan Emperor, Qing Wang Fuman became Xingzuzhi Emperor, and Chang Wang Juechangan became Jingzuyi Emperor. , Fu Wangtakshi became the emperor Xuanzu. The legitimate wives of the four kings were respectively Queen Zhaozuyuan, Queen Xingzuzhi, Queen Jingzuyi, and Queen Xianzuxuan.
In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), Emperor Shunzhi changed the Niyaman Hill where the Xingjing Mausoleum is located to "Qiyun Mountain". In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), the Xingjing Mausoleum built the Xiang Hall, the Side Hall, and the Square Gate Wall. In the twelfth year of Shunzhi (1655), a stele pavilion was built to commemorate Zhaozu and Xingzu's miraculous merits.
Because he felt that the Feng Shui of the Tokyo Mausoleum was not as good as that of the Xingjing Mausoleum, Emperor Shunzhi reburied the two tombs of Jingzu and Xianzu, as well as the Wugong princes (Li Dun) and Ke Gong in the Tokyo Mausoleum in the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658). The second tomb of Beile (Tacha Piangu) was moved back to the Xingjing Mausoleum and was buried in front of the Zhaozu and Xingzu Mausoleums (the Tokyo Mausoleum continues to bury Shuerhaqi, Chu Ying and others).
In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), Emperor Shunzhi officially changed the name of Xingjing Mausoleum to "Yongling Mausoleum", with the intention of praying that "the country will be consolidated forever and the emperor's career will last forever". In the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), the Xiang Hall of Yongling was named "Qiyun Hall", the gate of Fangcheng was named "Qiyun Gate", and a stele and pavilion were erected to commemorate the merits and virtues of Jingzu and Xianzu.
At this point, the ritual system of the first imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty - 'Yongling' was completed.
The second imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, Nurhachi's Fuling, was added with stone components such as Shi Xiangsheng, Wangzhu, and Optimus Prime in the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650). In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), the expansion project of Fuling's Xiangdian was completed. In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), Fuling's turrets, guard yamen, and Ye gates on both sides of Dahongmen were all expanded. Shi Xiangsheng added a Xumizuo, and the square city was repaired.
The construction of Fuling's dormitory hall started in the second year of Kangxi (1663). It was completed the following year, and Nurhachi's posthumous title monument was erected, and a bright tower was built on the square city. In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi's reign (1688), the monument of Fuling's divine merits and virtues was completed, which marked the completion of Fuling's imperial rituals.
The third imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty - Huang Taiji's 'Zhao Mausoleum'. Because Huang Taiji had already proclaimed himself emperor during his lifetime, his mausoleum was completely built according to the emperor's standards, which also eliminated the need for future heirs of the Qing Dynasty. The emperors had to give him the tedious task of constantly re-building and repairing the ritual system of the tomb (for example, like Yongling and Fuling, they repeatedly renovated and added palaces and stone statues that conformed to the ritual system).
Therefore, the Zhaoling Mausoleum was named in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), and after its completion in the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), it was not significantly expanded. Only some reconstruction and repair projects were carried out during the Kangxi, Qianlong, and Jiaqing years. To maintain the ritual integrity and safety of the mausoleum.
The above three mausoleums - 'Yongling', 'Fuling', and 'Zhaoling' are the three imperial mausoleums built in the old land of Liaodong when the Qing Dynasty was first established and before it entered the customs. The four distant ancestors of the Qing Dynasty (Yongling) are buried respectively. Mausoleum), Taizu Nurhaci (Fuling), Taizong Huang Taiji (Zhaoling), known as the "Three Tombs of Shengjing". As for the "Tokyo Mausoleum" in Liaoyang, which was once treated as an ancestral mausoleum by the Qing Dynasty, because the tombs of the four ancestors Zhaozu, Xingzu, Jingzu and Xianzu were successively moved, only Prince Zhuang (Shurhaqi), Guanglue and others were left. The cemetery of Baylor (Chu Ying) and others is here, so it is no longer regarded as one of the imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty. In November of the first year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1403), Aha, the leader of the Jurchen Huli tribe in Liaodong, who had come under the rule of the Ming Dynasty, went to the capital (Nanjing) to pay tribute to Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty who had just succeeded to the throne, to show his submission. Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty was delighted, so he made Aha the commander and gave him the name "Li Sicheng". The Amu River (Omu River, the area on both sides of the Tumen River in Huining, North Korea) where his tribe lived was the first place to build a military base. land.
In April of the second year of Yongle (1404), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty granted Huli the name of "Jianzhouwei" (today's Helong County, Jilin); in the first month of the third year of Yongle (1405), Meng Ge, the leader of the Oduoli tribe of Liaodong Jurchens Timur also went to the capital in person to pay tribute. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Chengzu appointed Mengge Timur as the commander of the Jianzhou Guard (the same position as his father-in-law Aha). In the 14th year of Yongle (1416), the Ming Dynasty divided the Jianzhou Guard into two divisions, and established the "Jianzhou Left Guard", with Mengge Timur as the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard.
Since then, Mengge Timur's descendants have inherited the hereditary "Jianzhou Left Guard Commander", successively serving as Mengge Timur, Dong Shan (the second son of Mengge Timur), Tuoluo and Tuoyimo (the eldest son and second son of Dong Shan). Son), Fuman (son of Dong Shan's third son Xibao Qipiangu) and other five commanders.
Fuman assumed office between the first and twentieth years of Jiajing (1522-1542). After he became the commander of Jianzhou Zuowei, he moved the main city of Jianzhou Zuowei from Foala, his original place of residence. Hetuala (both located in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province) and Jianzhouwei live in the same city.
Fuman died from the middle to late Jiajing period to the early Wanli period (around 1560 to 1575); after his death, his third son Suo Chang'a and his fourth son Jue Chang'an successively inherited the post of commander of the Jianzhou left guard. . In order to bury Fuman, Jue Chang'an, the new commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard and his fourth son, chose the site at the foot of Hulanhada (Yantong Mountain), about ten miles northwest of Hetuala, on the north bank of the Sukeshu River (Suzi River), Ni A treasure land at the southern foot of Yaman Hill (today's Qiyun Mountain) was used to build a cemetery for Fuman, which seemed very simple at the time.
This is the origin of the Qing Dynasty royal ancestral mausoleum - Qing Yongling, which is about two kilometers northwest of Yongling Town, Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province today, but it did not have any name at the time.
In the eleventh year of Wanli (1583), Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, sent troops to attack the rebellious Atai tribe of Jianzhou Right Guards. During the attack on Gule City, the capital of Jianzhou Right Guards, the Ming army mistakenly killed the then commander of Jianzhou Left Guards. Jue Changan and his son Tucker were born. Afterwards, the 25-year-old Nurhaci, the eldest son of Tucker, was very angry when he learned that his father had been killed. He wrote to the Ming Dynasty and asked the Ming army to give an explanation. Li Chengliang felt guilty after knowing this, so after returning the bodies of Jue Chang'an and Takshi to Nurhaci, he gave him thirty imperial edicts (that is, proof of tribute trade), thirty horses, and also gave Nurhaci Inherited the official position of commander of Jianzhou Zuowei.
After that, Nurhaci, relying on the official certification status granted by the Ming Dynasty, officially started the process of starting a business and even unifying the Jianzhou Sanwei Jurchen and other Jurchen tribes in Liaodong; by the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), the fifty-seven-year-old Jurchen Nurhachi has basically unified all Jurchen tribes in Liaodong except the Yehe tribe of Haixi Jurchen. In this year, Nurhaci founded the country in Hetuala (the old city of Xinbin, Liaoning) and called himself Khan. The country was named "Dajin" (Later Jin), changed its name to "Destiny", and claimed to be "the wise Khan who nurtured all nations".
Long before that, Nurhachi had buried his deceased grandfather Jue Chang'an, father Takshi, eldest uncle Lidun, fifth uncle Tacha Penggu and others near the cemetery of great-grandfather Fuman; in addition, in the 31st year of Wanli, (1603), Nurhachi’s favorite concubine Menggu (Yehenala; later Empress Xiaocigao, the biological mother of Emperor Taizong Huangtaiji of the Qing Dynasty) passed away. Nurhachi buried her remains in the courtyard where she lived for three years. Later, he was buried at Niyaman Hill and buried with his ancestors. Later, after Nurhachi's younger brother Shuerhaqi and eldest son Chu Ying were killed in rebellion, their remains were also buried here.
At this time, the family cemetery of the leader of Jianzhou Zuowei, located in the Niyaman Hills, had no ground-level supporting buildings and no official name. It was only called the "Hetualazu Mausoleum".
In the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty and the ninth year of the Tianming of the Later Jin Dynasty (1624), Nurhachi moved his capital to Liaoyang and built the new capital "Tokyo City" here. Then he built the ancestral mausoleum (Tokyo Mausoleum) in Yanglu Mountain in the north of the city. After the mausoleum was built, Nurhaci sent Wangshan and Duobi, the grandsons of Suo Chang'a, his third uncle, and Bei Heqi, the son of his eldest uncle Lidun, to the ancestral mausoleum in Niyaman Mountain to transfer their grandfather (Jue Chang'an) and father (Ta) to the mausoleum. Keshi), the remains of the late concubine Yehenala, her younger brother Dishurhaqi, the eldest son Xuying, the eldest uncle Lidun, the fifth uncle Tacha Penggu and others were moved to the Tokyo Mausoleum for burial; and Ni The remaining tombs on Yaman Hill are called "Laoling" (that is, Fuman's tomb).
In the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty and the eleventh year of the Jin Dynasty (1626), Nurhachi died of illness in Jijibao (Jinbao Village, Dada, Zhai Township, Yuhong District, Shenyang) due to illness. After his body was cremated, Zi Gong' The temporary residence was in the northwest corner of Shengjing (that is, Shenyang, at this time Hou Jin Dynasty had moved the capital to Shenyang again); his eighth son Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne after a fierce game and changed his name to Yuan Tiancong.
After Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, he began to build a mausoleum for Nurhaci; after several years of selection, in the second year of Chongzhen and the third year of Jin Tiancong in the Ming Dynasty (1629), Huang Taiji selected an auspicious site in the northeastern suburbs of Shengjing to build for Nurhachi. The mausoleum, but it had no official name when it was first built, and was only called "Xianhan Mausoleum". In the same year, the mausoleum palace was completed, and Nurhachi's treasure palace (columbarium) and the remains of Huang Taiji's biological mother, Yehenala, who was buried in the Tokyo Mausoleum, were buried in the underground palace.
In the seventh year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of Jin Tiancong (1634), Huang Taiji promoted the old capital of Hetuala to "Xingjing", and the "Hetuala Old Tomb" was renamed "Xingjing Mausoleum".
In October of the eighth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the ninth year of Jin Tiancong (1635), Huang Taiji sent troops to completely pacify the Chahar tribe of Monan Mongolia (the orthodox seat of the Mongolian Golden Family); in November, the last Chahar Khan - Lin Dan Khan Hutuktu's eldest son Ezhe arrived in Shengjing from his temporary residence in Hetao with his mother-in-law Nang Nang and other widows of Lin Dan Khan. He used a white camel to carry the Mongolian sacred objects-the Mahakara Golden Buddha, the Golden-Scripted Tripitaka, and the Northern Tibetan Buddhist scriptures. The jade seal of the Yuan Dynasty was presented to Emperor Taiji, the Great Khan of the Later Jin Dynasty, to express Mongolia's surrender.
In order to show this victory of special significance, Huang Taiji changed the name of the Houjin clan from "Jurchen" to "Manzhou", which meant "covering the world". Huang Taiji paid special attention to the two Buddhist sacred objects, the Mahakara Golden Buddha and the Golden Inscription Tripitaka, presented by Ezhe, and specially ordered the construction of the 'Lotus Pure Land Shisheng Temple' to worship these two sacred objects. The Lotus Pure Land Shisheng Temple has been preserved to this day and is the "Shenyang Imperial Temple".
Regarding another treasure presented by E Zhe - the "Jade Seal of the Northern Yuan Dynasty" (not the "Jade Seal of the Chuan Dynasty" of the Central Plains Dynasty that has been lost for many years, but the "Jade Seal of the Chuan Kingdom of the Great Yuan Dynasty" made by Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, the seal The text is the "treasure of making imperial edicts"; when Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty fled north, this seal was taken to Mobei, and has since been passed on to the emperors of the Northern Yuan Dynasty and the Mongolian Khans, which has considerable symbolic significance of the status of "Khan Power") , Huang Taiji was even more ecstatic, which meant that Mobei's "mandate of destiny" had been transferred from the Mongol Khanate to the "Great Jin Khanate"; from then on, he was not only the Great Khan of the 'Great Jin', but He holds all the old Mongolian lands in Monan and Mobei, as well as Liaodong, Haixi, and Heishui, and is the upright monarch of the country.
In December, the civil and military ministers of the Later Jin Dynasty, the princes of the royal family, and the leaders of the Mongolian tribes (Horqin, Khalkha, and Tumote) of the outer vassals all went to Huang Taiji to express "Chahar's surrender" and "the return of the jade seal of the country." For this reason, he asked the Great Khan to "ascend to the throne as early as possible, change his title, and stabilize the world", which was to persuade Huang Taiji to ascend the throne and proclaim himself emperor.
In the first month of the ninth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the tenth year of Jin Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji, after consulting the opinions of Han officials and Confucian officials of the later Jin Dynasty, agreed to "the request of the ministers" and issued an edict to "change the title" to "inherit the "Following the destiny of heaven", he decided to ascend the throne and proclaim himself emperor, and change the Yuan Dynasty and the country's title.
On April 11, the ninth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the tenth year of Jin Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji personally went to the outskirts of Shengjing and held a grand ceremony of ascending the altar to worship heaven. After the ceremony, the officials presented Huang Taiji with the "Exhortation to Enter" Wen" gave Huang Taiji the honorific title "Emperor Kuanwenrenrensheng", which marked Huang Taiji's official proclaimed emperor.
After Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor, he changed the country's name from "Dajin" to "Qing" and the reign name from "Tiancong" to "Chongde" to honor his father, the actual founder of the Qing Dynasty and the first of the Later Jin Dynasty. He appointed Great Khan Nurhaci as the "Emperor of Guangyun Shengde Ren Xiaowu" and honored the temple as "Taizu"; and Nurhaci's "Old Khan Mausoleum" was officially renamed "Fuling Mausoleum" in the first year of Chongde (1636) ', and at the same time Huang Taiji also formulated the sacrificial etiquette for Fuling.
In addition, Huang Taiji also honored four generations of ancestors as kings according to the ancient system of the Central Plains Dynasty - the founder of the Qing Dynasty, the first commander of the Jianzhou Zuowei, and the seventh ancestor of Huang Taiji, Mengtemu (Mengge Timur). King Ze; his great-grandfather Fuman was King Qing; his great-grandfather Jue Changan was King Chang; his grandfather Takshi was King Fu (the sixth ancestor of Huang Taiji, Dong Shan, and the fifth ancestor Xibao Qipian were not honored in ancient times); at the same time, he was also the king. The four kings set up memorial tablets in the Ancestral Temple. In addition, Huang Taiji also established the tomb of King Ze (Meng Temu) behind the tomb of King Qing (Fuman) in the Xingjing Mausoleum, which is called the "Second Ancestor Mausoleum".
On the ninth day of August in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty (1643), Huang Taiji, who had been the Great Khan for ten years and emperor for seven years, suddenly died in the Shengjing (Shenyang) Palace without any warning. He was fifty-two years old; on August 16, the highest authority of the Qing Dynasty, the Council of State Councilors, was held in the Chongzheng Hall of the Shengjing Palace; after another ups and downs of fierce power struggle, Huang Taiji’s ninth son, Nian Fulin, who was only six years old, was unexpectedly elected as the new emperor and inherited the throne left by Huang Taiji (this matter has been described repeatedly and repeatedly in many film and television literary works, so I will not go into it here).
On August 26, headed by Prince Li Daishan, the princes, princes and ministers of the Qing Dynasty gathered around the six-year-old ninth son of the emperor, Fulin, who ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor in the Dazheng Hall of the Shengjing Palace. The next year was regarded as the first year of Shunzhi; Fulin was Emperor Shunzhi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty.
After Emperor Shunzhi ascended the throne, he appointed his cousin Prince Zheng Jierhalang (nephew of Nurhaci) and uncle Prince Rui Dorgon as regents to assist him in running the country (actually all decisions were made by the princes and ministers after discussion. Emperor Shunzhi was the only one who What does a six-year-old child know?); and the first thing Emperor Shunzhi did after he succeeded to the throne was to honor the deceased Huang Taiji with a title and build a mausoleum.
In October of the 16th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty (1643), Emperor Shunzhi (actually the regent and other royal ministers) gave the late emperor (Huang Taiji) the posthumous title of "Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuan Wenren Shengrui" Emperor Xiaowen' (later posthumously named Emperor Yingtian, Xingguo, Hongde, Zhangwu, Kuan, Wenren, Shengrui, Xiaominzhao, Dinglongdaoxiangongwen Emperor'), and his temple name was 'Taizong'. Immediately, Emperor Shunzhi issued another edict to build a mausoleum for the late emperor about ten miles north of Shengjing.
In April of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and the first year of Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1644), the central court of the Ming Dynasty was overthrown by the peasant army. Afterwards, the Qing army entered the pass and defeated the peasant army, and the world changed its hands. In August, Emperor Shunzhi was about to enter the pass from Shengjing. Before going to the capital (Beijing), he personally named Taizong's mausoleum in Shengjing 'Zhaoling'.
In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Emperor Shunzhi again pursued the four kings of Ze, Qing, Chang, and Fu—Ze Wang Mengtemu became Zhaozuyuan Emperor, Qing Wang Fuman became Xingzuzhi Emperor, and Chang Wang Juechangan became Jingzuyi Emperor. , Fu Wangtakshi became the emperor Xuanzu. The legitimate wives of the four kings were respectively Queen Zhaozuyuan, Queen Xingzuzhi, Queen Jingzuyi, and Queen Xianzuxuan.
In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), Emperor Shunzhi changed the Niyaman Hill where the Xingjing Mausoleum is located to "Qiyun Mountain". In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), the Xingjing Mausoleum built the Xiang Hall, the Side Hall, and the Square Gate Wall. In the twelfth year of Shunzhi (1655), a stele pavilion was built to commemorate Zhaozu and Xingzu's miraculous merits.
Because he felt that the Feng Shui of the Tokyo Mausoleum was not as good as that of the Xingjing Mausoleum, Emperor Shunzhi reburied the two tombs of Jingzu and Xianzu, as well as the Wugong princes (Li Dun) and Ke Gong in the Tokyo Mausoleum in the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658). The second tomb of Beile (Tacha Piangu) was moved back to the Xingjing Mausoleum and was buried in front of the Zhaozu and Xingzu Mausoleums (the Tokyo Mausoleum continues to bury Shuerhaqi, Chu Ying and others).
In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), Emperor Shunzhi officially changed the name of Xingjing Mausoleum to "Yongling Mausoleum", with the intention of praying that "the country will be consolidated forever and the emperor's career will last forever". In the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), the Xiang Hall of Yongling was named "Qiyun Hall", the gate of Fangcheng was named "Qiyun Gate", and a stele and pavilion were erected to commemorate the merits and virtues of Jingzu and Xianzu.
At this point, the ritual system of the first imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty - 'Yongling' was completed.
The second imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, Nurhachi's Fuling, was added with stone components such as Shi Xiangsheng, Wangzhu, and Optimus Prime in the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650). In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), the expansion project of Xiangdian in Fuling was completed. In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), Fuling's turrets, guard yamen, and Ye gates on both sides of Dahongmen were all expanded. Shi Xiangsheng added a Xumizuo, and the square city was repaired.
The construction of Fuling's dormitory hall started in the second year of Kangxi (1663). It was completed the following year, and Nurhachi's posthumous title monument was erected, and a bright tower was built on the square city. In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi's reign (1688), the monument of Fuling's divine merits and virtues was completed, which marked the completion of Fuling's imperial rituals.
The third imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty - Huang Taiji's 'Zhao Mausoleum'. Because Huang Taiji had already proclaimed himself emperor during his lifetime, his mausoleum was completely built according to the emperor's standards, which also eliminated the need for future heirs of the Qing Dynasty. The emperors had to give him the tedious task of constantly re-building and repairing the ritual system of the mausoleum (for example, like Yongling and Fuling, they repeatedly renovated and added palaces and stone statues that conformed to the ritual system).
Therefore, the Zhaoling Mausoleum was named in the first year of Shunzhi (1644). After it was completed in the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), it was not greatly expanded. Only some reconstruction and repair projects were carried out during the Kangxi, Qianlong, and Jiaqing years. To maintain the ritual integrity and safety of the mausoleum.
The above three mausoleums - 'Yongling', 'Fuling', and 'Zhaoling' are the three imperial mausoleums built in the old land of Liaodong when the Qing Dynasty was first established and before it entered the customs. The four distant ancestors of the Qing Dynasty (Yongling) are buried respectively. Mausoleum), Taizu Nurhaci (Fuling), Taizong Huang Taiji (Zhaoling), known as the "Three Tombs of Shengjing". As for the "Tokyo Mausoleum" in Liaoyang, which was once treated as an ancestral mausoleum by the Qing Dynasty, because the tombs of the four ancestors Zhaozu, Xingzu, Jingzu and Xianzu were successively moved, only Prince Zhuang (Shurhaqi), Guanglue and others were left. The cemetery of Baylor (Chu Ying) and others is here, so it is no longer regarded as one of the imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty.
