It was a sunny day in Beijing on September 15, the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813).
Cabinet Secretary Zhang Dayong is taking turns at home today and is very relaxed. In the afternoon, he and his friends drove to Fayuan and Zaohua Temples to enjoy chrysanthemums. They lingered in the autumn scenery and did not say goodbye to their friends until sunset. However, there was a sudden thunder and lightning that night, which made him feel uneasy.
On the 16th, the weather became gloomy and strong winds blew. At dawn, Zhang Dayong endured the cold and entered the office as usual. When he passed by Zhengyang Gate, he noticed something unusual. The officers and soldiers were fully armed and looked nervous, as if they were facing a powerful enemy. When he walked to Wai Donghua Gate, he asked a street soldier what happened. The street soldier replied: "You don't know yet? There was a search and killing in the palace last night!"
It turns out that at noon yesterday, two groups of bandits attacked the Forbidden City. Now, the army has entered the palace and the gates of the capital are closed. When Zhang Dayong arrived at Neidonghua Gate, the gate was closed tightly, and the officials were crowded together, asking each other for news, like a group of headless flies.
Just like the annoying weather, people's hearts are also covered with a cloud.
At that time, Emperor Jiaqing was still on his way back to Beijing from Rehe, and the situation in the palace was unknown. How many people are there in this group of gangsters? Are there no comrades outside? Will they attack the Forbidden City again? For a time, the officials and people in the capital fell into panic.
On the 17th, the weather was still gloomy. Officers and soldiers went from house to house searching for gangsters. Anyone who behaved strangely would be arrested immediately. The gates of the capital are closed and information is blocked. People feel that they are in danger but cannot obtain information. This makes Beijing a hotbed of rumors.
At noon, there was news that Sheng got in his car and drove back to Beijing. A Baylor was watching from the Donghua Gate Tower, clearing the streets and opening the city gates, but the wait was in vain. At night, there was a noise outside the Forbidden City, and the whole city was boiling. Some said there was a battle at Taiping Lake, some said that the West Chang'an Gate had been breached, and some people galloped on the streets on white horses, shouting "there are thieves!" It was not until midnight that I discovered that there was no gangster at all. There was a family in the North City. The husband was a soldier guarding the forbidden city. His wife heard the noise and was so frightened that she hanged herself.
On the 18th, the north wind roared, and the soldiers stationed there were so cold that they lost their "human color". The manhunt continues and the rumors persist. However, good news came. Officers and soldiers captured a thief named Lin Qing in Songjiazhuang near the capital. It is said that he was the mastermind of the attack on the Forbidden City.
On the 19th, the sky finally cleared. Jiaqing returned to the capital and the situation stabilized. This ambitious emperor promulgated the "Edict of Sin" at Qianqingmen, saying that this incident was "unprecedented in the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming Dynasties", and his anger was expressed on the paper.
On the 20th, Jiaqing summoned all the princes, princes and ministers to give a stern lecture, and said with grief and anger: "We were so powerful before the Qing Dynasty, but now this has happened!"
The Qing court gradually figured out the cause: a group of rebels called the "Tianli Sect" agreed to rebel on September 15th. They divided their troops into several groups and caused rebellion in Huaxian County, Henan Province, Caoxian County, Shandong Province and other places. One of them, led by Lin Qing, colluded with the eunuchs and directly attacked the Forbidden City.
The Tenri Sect incident itself was not a big deal. The battle in the capital only lasted one day and ended. On the sixth day after the incident, the manhunt was stopped, the army withdrew from the capital, and the captured thieves were taken to Caishikou for execution. Everything is back on track, but the panic and shock in people's hearts cannot be dissipated for a long time.
Portrait of Emperor Jiaqing. Source: Internet
01
On September 23, Jiaqing personally interrogated the "thief leader" Lin Qing, trying to find out what was wrong with his empire.
In prison, Lin Qing told almost everything about his life: Where does he live? What have you done? When did you become a Christian? When did you have the idea of rebellion? Who are your comrades? What's the plan? ...There are many exaggerations, and some are made up to beg for mercy. However, when compared with the testimonies of other key criminals, the facts become basically clear.
The eighteenth year of Jiaqing was the year of the provincial examination, and the issue of Tianlijiao naturally became a hot topic among scholars in Beijing. Those who seek fame begin to think about ways to eliminate "evil cults", and they may win the imperial examination questions. Those who worry about the world are more concerned about Jiaqing's edict on sin, wondering whether the Qing court is brewing a reform, and what can they do in it? Later, a scholar named Sheng Shi collected information from all sides and wrote the book "Jing Ni Ji", which became a bestseller.
The confessions of prisoners, the files of the Military Aircraft Department, the emperor's daily life notes, the files in the palace, the notes of scholars... It can be said that history has left us a lot of information to understand Tianli Sect.
It was a secret, chaotic, and unknown world.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, secret religions of various names sprung up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain in the north and south of the Yangtze River, forming a vibrant folk world. In addition to the famous White Lotus sect, there are also Luozu, Namo, Jingkong, Hunyuan, Mahayana, Bagua, Qingyang, Hongyang and other sects, the names of which are too numerous to mention. It can be seen from the names that most of the various sects adapted Buddhist scriptures and created sects.
They were treated with official hostility and were kept out of public view. They were not allowed to hold public activities in temples or hold ostentatious ceremonies. In most cases, a master holds a treasure scroll and leads a group of disciples and disciples to hold small gatherings at home to spread the teachings.
The spiritual world of the upper-class elite is very vast, and they can only hold their family, country, and world in their hearts. Even if their lives are unsatisfactory, they can still find meaning in the profound Buddhist principles. The people at the bottom are illiterate, have no ideals of cultivating themselves, harmonizing their families and governing the country, and what they say and think cannot be elegant, but that doesn't mean they don't want to speak. Secret religion gives them a chance to speak off the stage.
At that time, there was a belief popular among various sects. There is a god named Wusheng Old Mother, who is the ancestor of all people. However, her children wandered in the mortal world and lost their nature, so she sent people down to earth to save the world and let the children quickly return to their "vacuum hometown".
Believers divide history into three periods: Qingyang (past), Hongyang (present), and Baiyang (future). The Inanimate Mother sent the Deng Deng Buddha, Sakyamuni Buddha and Maitreya Buddha respectively to rule the human world. Now, that is, during the Red Sun period, the "terrible catastrophe" or "White Sun tribulation" is coming, sweeping the world, and Maitreya Buddha is born to lead people to drive away the darkness and win the light. In the catastrophe, only the believers of Wusheng Laomu can survive.
Their world is simple, a tragic end, and a prophecy of an end to suffering.
The ritual of salvation was even simpler. Believers only need to face the rising sun and recite the eight-character sutra "Empty hometown, no biological parents". If it is more complicated, you need to meditate and burn incense, so that you can receive blessings.
The lamp-burning Buddha in a Song Dynasty painting. Source: Internet
Generally speaking, the leader is a person with "craft". They wander around the countryside or on the fringes of cities, either practicing medicine and treating diseases, or teaching boxing to lure people into religion. When practicing medicine, they may use acupuncture, massage, or teach sitting cross-legged exercises. After the patients recover, most of them will become a disciple. Teaching boxing can strengthen the body, can be used in gang fights, and is also a life-saving skill.
Joining and leaving the church are very casual. Those who want benefits will leave if they find a more effective spell, and those who are afraid of government will cut off their seats if they are under great pressure. Some disciples went to other villages and developed another group of believers, and they became another leader. He may change his name, or he may respect his master and use a compound name, such as "Laojun Men Li Gua Sect is also called Yihe Sect", "Dongfang Zhen Gua Sect is also called Longhua Hui Sect". The leader dies, a new person takes over, and the name may be changed. One religion has many names, many religions have one name, and there are countless branches, and all living beings are entangled in it.
Among the congregants there are poor people and rich people, Han Chinese and Manchus, rural people and urban people. A dense small society formed by blood and geographical connections is entrenched at the bottom of the empire. They have one thing in common: they have never passed the imperial examination to gain fame.
The emperor who worked hard to govern and the scholar who cared about the country and the people looked down at the corners of society. In their eyes, folk religion is a cult, a potential opponent of order, and a social disease that must be eliminated.
In fact, most of the believers live a bleak life, practicing boxing, eating fast, and reciting mantras day after day, looking forward to the coming of the catastrophe. There is a flood in the east, there is a food shortage in the west, and the family is out of money. These may be signs of a catastrophe, but they can always get on with their lives.
Until a restless person arouses their inner fears and desires, telling them that the end of the world has come and they should earn light.
02
Lin Qing, the man who shocked the capital, was essentially a gangster.
He grew up in Songjiazhuang, near Gyeonggi Province, and learned to read and write as a child. When he was 17 years old, he worked as an apprentice in a drug store and gained some skills in treating patients. He worked as a clerk, a watchman, opened a teahouse, worked as a clerk in a government office, worked as a long-term attendant, and also engaged in some small businesses. I have traveled all over the world, including outside the customs and Jiangsu, but the place I stay most often is the Gyeonggi area.
He had a lot of bad habits, including prostitution, gambling, alcoholism, corruption, fraud and other bad things. Once you make a little money, you squander it immediately, then find another job, and the cycle repeats. No money, no long-term plans, but unable to stop.
Such people and secret religions are attracted to each other and are a natural match.
The sect is a mixed bag of fish and dragons, advocating mutual help. Here, wanderers can have a sense of belonging, and busybodies can join in the fun. Lin Qing is both, and is naturally at home. The most important thing is that the sect gave Lin Qing an organizational structure that could make money and a clear and long-term goal.
On the other hand, Lin Qing is lively, eloquent, literate, knows some herbs, and is a good preacher. The vast number of believers are distributed in every corner of the countryside and cities, and they have settled down and relocated. It is people like Lin Qing who can break the closedness of the people at the bottom, connect them together, and see their own strength.
At that time, there were many religious schools in the Gyeonggi area. At the beginning, Lin Qing joined the Ronghua Society, worshiping the sun, reciting spells, and avoiding inspections by the government. Gradually, his ambition grew and he drove away the original leader. He himself said that it was because he was "good at speaking" that others asked him to be their leader. After establishing a foothold, he quickly contacted other sects, unified, absorbed, and integrated Baiyang, Qingyang, Kangua and other sects near Gyeonggi.
Lin Qing's eloquence was outstanding. He persuaded people to join the religion, paid money for blessings, promised to pay back ten times the amount, and lived a comfortable life. However, the potential of the sect can still be explored, and he does not want to just hang around like this. As he said to his disciples: "I am not blessed to be a peaceful commoner."
In the 16th year of Jiaqing (1811), Lin Qing, who was already the leader of Baiyang, went south to northern Henan and met Li Wencheng and Feng Keshan from Huaxian County. Li Wencheng knows some astronomy and is eloquent; Feng Keshan is a boxer and ambitious. All three of them have restless personalities and are keen to unify surrounding sects. Since then, Lin Qing has traveled south several times to sell his spells and ideas. Once, Li Wencheng quoted Lin Qing's views in a "lecture", defeated his master, obtained the master's treasured scriptures, and seized the teaching power.
Lin Qing and Li Wencheng merged their ideas and established a new Bagua cult organization. Lin Qing's subordinate is called the Kan Gua Sect, and he is the leader everyone believes in; Li Wencheng's new sect is the Zhen Gua Sect; Feng Keshan is drawn into the three giants and is the leader of the Li Gua Sect.
As his power grew, Lin Qing extended his tentacles to some down-and-out upper-class people.
In the early years of Jiaqing, the life of the banner people became increasingly difficult, and even the families of officials were not immune. There was a Han army bannerman named Cao Lun, who lived in poverty. He only wore a shabby robe when he went out on errands, and was barely clothed at home. Lin Qing met Cao Lun in Jiangsu. The two were both working hard outside, and they hit it off immediately.
In the spring of the twelfth year of Jiaqing (1807), Cao Lun fell ill and was bedridden. One day he suddenly heard a knock on the door. When he opened the door, he saw that it was Lin Qing. Lin Qing said enthusiastically: "Master Cao has been here since he was cold. Although Qing is weak compared to his strength, it is righteous to have money and help." He immediately took out the platinum and counted yi. Cao Lun burst into tears of gratitude. Soon, Lin Qing sent someone to deliver clothes. After Cao Lun recovered from his illness, the two became brothers. From then on, if Cao Lun had difficulties in life, Lin Qing would fully support him.
In the 16th year of Jiaqing (1811), Cao Lun was promoted to the capital of Dushiying. He went to see Lin Qing and apologized for not being able to pay back the money. Lin Qing said in a mysterious way: "All the wealth in Qing Dynasty is given by gentlemen." Cao Lun didn't know what he meant. Lin Qingping withdrew and said to Cao Lun: "Young servant is lonely and poor. Because he met a strange person and taught him magical skills, he who succeeded in doing whatever he asked for gradually became richer and richer. Now that he has taught it to many people, he has been elected as the leader of the Kan Sect. Nine Eight Diagrams Palaces." Later, Lin Qing mentioned that some meddlers said that they had gathered people to show off and test Cao Lun's intentions.
The matter involved a secret religion, so Cao Lun naturally hesitated and thought over and over again before replying: "Although Lun is not talented, how can he be a ungrateful and unjust person? An You saves people when they are poor and dying, but do not know what to repay, and instead frame them. Huh? I hope my son will not be jealous again."
Later, Lin Qing taught the eight-character mantra to Cao Lun, saying that he could get rid of poverty. After a long time, Cao Lun discovered that the talisman was not working, and a member of the cult told him that he had to kneel down to the leader in person before it would work. So Cao Lun took his son to Songjiazhuang and became Lin Qing's teacher.
Lin Qing befriended Cao Lun because he wanted to use Cao Lun's power for personal gain, such as going into the city to buy rice in the name of a soldier. Cao Lun also got closer to Lin Qing out of a dual mentality of gratitude and seeking wealth. Later, Lin Qing wanted to invite him to participate in the conspiracy, but Cao Lun, as a fourth-rank official in the imperial court, still waited and watched, "If things succeed, you can get a high official, and if things fail, you will not be hurt."
Around the same time, the eunuch Liu Decai also joined the religion. Eunuchs did not live in isolation in the palace. On the contrary, they maintained close contact with their relatives and were the link between the palace and the countryside. After Liu Decai joined the religion, he often coaxed some lower-level eunuchs to become disciples, telling them that they would not drink or play with money when they joined the religion, and they would still get money. Two eunuchs received one tael of silver on the first day of each month.
The most surprising thing is that Haikang, a clan member of the Qing Dynasty, also joined Lin Qing's sect. The joining of these people made Lin Qing's ambitions grow bigger and bigger.
The true appearance of eunuchs in the Qing Dynasty. Source: Internet
03
We are unable to determine exactly when Lin Qing had the idea of rebellion, and when the name of Tianli Sect was officially established. When Lin Qing unified the Bagua Sect, rebellion was already brewing.
Standing at an unprecedented peak in his life, Lin Qing may want to imitate the predecessors of the White Lotus Sect and pursue an amazing career. He declared to his disciples that the Red Sun Tribulation was imminent and "White Sun is about to emerge." He didn't want to just stimulate the congregation with numb desires, but directly told them that the end of the world was coming and it was time to save themselves.
Lin Qing vigorously expanded the number of believers and donated money, promising that these donations would bring returns in the future. "For every hundred cents, one hectare of land, several stones of grain, and an official position will be promised. Fill in the book, write a contract and a piece of paper, and hand it over to me as evidence." A simple means of collecting money.
He became sworn sworn kinsmen with Li Wencheng and Feng Keshan, claiming to be the King of Heaven, the King of Humans, and the King of Earth. A simple and ancient way of forming alliances.
Li Wencheng claimed to be the "reincarnation of Li Zicheng" and would be the future ruler. Lin Qing was the reincarnation of Maitreya Buddha. During the reign of the Human King, he helped Li Wencheng like the sage Kong. An emperor, a saint. A simple political and religious system.
Lin Qing also felt that his title was not enough, so he also said that he was the "reincarnation of Taibai Jinxing" and called himself the "reincarnation" of the surname Liu. The church members all respected him as "Master Liu" and even wrote a poem: "Exclusively waiting for you" The North Water belongs to the Han Emperor, and the universe of the earth can only be passed down once."
Where there are more people, the prevailing truth will be simpler. To persuade the elite to rebel, you may need to show the justice of the world, or you may need to challenge the classics. But for a group of people who have never read books and are full of fear about the future, a promise of wealth, a god with boundless power, and a powerful surname are enough to bind them together.
In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (1813), the news had already spread: a great disaster was about to occur. The isolated sects unite together, the leaders gather to discuss major issues, and the believers go deep into the people to recruit new believers as much as possible. This year is undoubtedly a good opportunity. The area at the junction of Zhili, Henan and Shandong provinces has suffered from drought for two consecutive years. Many fields have been abandoned and famine is spreading. It is in line with the scene of the end of the world.
In July of this year, Lin Qing, Li Wencheng and others gathered at Daokou, Henan Province to discuss plans.
At that time, Lin Qing got a treasure scroll - "Three Buddhas Ying Jie Tongguan Shu", which contains a sentence "In the eighth month of the Mid-Autumn Festival, during the Mid-Autumn Festival in August, yellow flowers bloom all over the ground." So everyone discussed the uprising on August 15th, but the "Shi Xian Shu" promulgated by the Qing government did not include a leap month in August, so the date of the uprising was changed to September 15th.
The crossing meeting was filled with a warm, optimistic and even eerie atmosphere. Each group was given a target. Lin Qing invaded Beijing, Li Wencheng occupied Huaxian County in Henan Province, and Feng Keshan captured Shandong Province. On the day of the uprising, everyone had to wear a white scarf on their heads, and the secret code was "Victory". Every time someone was killed, they had to shout "Victory" to gain strength. After the successful uprisings in Shandong and Henan, they immediately supported Beijing.
Obviously, they believed that the city would be conquered and the Qing troops would be repulsed. Lin Qing even boasted about Haikou: "We have secured the capital and are not afraid that the emperor will not go to Kanto."
In fact, just when everyone is looking forward to the wonderful world after the end of the world, the fire of the uprising is already in great danger.
In July, a gathering of Tianli believers was discovered in Jinxiang, Shandong. The county magistrate quickly wrote a report, submitted it layer by layer, and returned it to the governor. Two weeks later, the magistrate who received the order arrested the people and learned that a group of people were preparing to rebel. The magistrate asked the gentry to be prepared and alert to rebellion, and also stepped up the search and arrest efforts.
The Tenri Sect's confidentiality work is very poor. The gentry living in the countryside saw bright lights and conspirators. The blacksmith reported that someone was making weapons on a large scale. The timid common people immediately reported the news when their relatives and friends talked about the uprising... In fact, before the uprising, many people were aware of it. The flames of rebellion.
Zhu Xian is Lin Qing's apprentice. His family is the leader of Zhenglan Banner and is under the control of Prince Yu. His participation in the cult was discovered by his family very early on, and they even knew about the entire rebellion plan. He had a nephew who was working as a laborer in Prince Yu's palace, and he immediately informed the palace guard. The palace guard said that the matter was not his responsibility, but reported it to the prince anyway. When the prince found out, he didn't believe it.
Later, the nephew found Zhu Rui, a member of the tribe who was in the church, and wrote a testimony to be handed over to the prince. Zhu Rui felt that he was in an embarrassing situation and hesitated to take action. His wife told him: "All you can do is tell the prince. If the report is successful, then everything will be fine. If not, we'd better escape." So Zhu Ruiqi He slowly entered the city with his donkey. By the time he reported it, the Forbidden City had already fallen into civil strife.
The system of the Qing court was not blind and deaf. There were many channels to learn about the rebellion in advance, but the bloated organization was really inefficient. Even if the Jinxiang County magistrate succeeded in containing the rebellion, his response could not be called swift.
At the end of August, news leaked out that the Tianli believers in Huaxian County, Henan Province were in the process of forging weapons and weapons. The county magistrate led his troops to make a surprise attack. Li Wencheng and others were caught off guard and were arrested and imprisoned. Li Wencheng's men were forced to take action in advance, rescued Li Wencheng, and quickly captured Huaxian.
In this way, the Tianlijiao uprising was launched early.
The Tenrikyo uprising was very hasty. Source: Film and TV stills
04
When Huaxian County, Henan Province was caught in the war, Lin Qing's team was sharpening their knives.
His troubles came mainly from within.
On September 12, the believers divided into small groups, pretended to be merchants and hawkers, and entered the capital with white cloth and weapons. Some people feel timid even before they see the towering walls of the Forbidden City. For example, Lin Qing's subordinate Li Wu originally wanted to bring 70 people and prepared fifty steel knives, but in the end, only more than 40 people entered the city. A pair of brothers who retreated said in their confession: "We brothers discussed it. If we don't agree with him, he will kill us. Let's agree and discuss it later. We actually did not go to Lin Qing's house in September."
A leader said to everyone on the last night: "If you go, you will die, if you don't go, you will die. If we can succeed, everyone will be rich and noble." Many people were frightened as soon as they entered Beijing. The more they thought about it, the more afraid they became. They stopped from time to time. Come down and drink to strengthen your courage and find excuses to shirk. On September 15th, only about 100 people arrived at Donghua Gate and Xihua Gate.
Floor plan of the Forbidden City. Source: Internet
At noon, two eunuchs from Donghua Gate walked towards the palace gate. The rebels drew their weapons and rushed towards the palace. When five or six insurgents rushed in, the gatekeepers closed the door effortlessly. The others were locked out and could only run wildly. Many people left white cloths and knives on the roadside and fled in embarrassment to Songjiazhuang, where Lin Qing was. This shows the rashness of the uprising.
Those who entered had no way out and were fighting desperately. They could only hope to find Ximen's teammates. But in the end they were outnumbered and they were all captured.
Fifty or sixty people rushed into Xihua Gate. They closed the palace gate to keep out the government troops, climbed up the tower and planted white flags. A group of elites marched towards the Yangxin Palace where the emperor lived, and started a fierce hand-to-hand battle with the palace guards. After hearing the news, the prince, Princess, and concubines in the palace all ran away with their heads in their hands, shouting and screaming, and the palace suddenly fell into chaos.
Three rebels climbed over the palace wall and wanted to jump into the wall. Prince Minning, the future Emperor Daoguang, immediately asked his entourage to get a waist knife and a shotgun. When the guns came, he opened fire on an insurrectionist who was climbing the wall, hitting one person and causing another person to fall. Minning ran to another courtyard, saw a leader holding a white flag, and shot him again.
Soon, the firearms battalion of the Qing army arrived and fought fiercely with this group of insurrectionists who did not know the heights and heights of the sky at Longzongmen. The rebels were desperate and scattered into hiding. One of the eunuchs pretended to be doing something, but was not found out until a few days later. By this time, the overall situation had been decided. The rebels were captured one after another, and some chose to commit suicide. Only a few people hid well, climbed up the palace wall while it was dark, and managed to escape.
The firearms battalion appears in the Qing Dynasty painting "The Battle of Annan". Source: Internet
With poor equipment, no experience, and a small number of people, the Tenri Sect uprising was unlikely to succeed from the beginning. The Tianli believers who entered the Forbidden City were either killed or captured, and those who escaped were also captured. There were less than a hundred of them, but they killed more than 100 palace guards, which added a tragic color to this childish uprising.
Subsequently, Lin Qing was arrested, and the Tenri believers were searched all over Gyeonggi. On the other side, the Qing army tried its best to encircle and suppress the Tianli Sect rebels in Henan and Shandong.
After the rebels occupied Huaxian, they killed officials, massacred wealthy households, hoarded food, absorbed rebels, and appeased the residents of the city. Huaxian suddenly increased from 10,000 people to 60,000 people. The rebel army often plundered the countryside, where many gentry had organized troops to resist. Since the Tenri Sect believes that only believers can be saved, they do not refrain from using violence. Moreover, after looting, a large number of hungry people will be produced, which in turn expands their own ranks.
For some surrendered areas, the Tianli Sect "does not burn and kill, but invites people to buy people's hearts", as long as they also raise the white flag and resist the imperial court. However, these people often escaped after the Qing army arrived, and even took the initiative to help the Qing army destroy the rebels.
The biggest problem is that the rebels have no strategic thinking. After being frustrated, they often don't know what to do. After being attacked, they only know how to take a defensive position and are eventually besieged.
In early November, Li Wencheng led some troops to attack Shandong, leaving a team to guard Huacheng. The Qing army built a fort outside Huacheng, "digged tunnels" and hung Lin Qing's head outside the camp to intimidate the rebels. The rebel army remained unmoved and repeatedly frustrated the Qing army's attacks. A soldier guarding the city shouted contemptuously to the enemy: "If we want to break our city, we need two hundred thousand elite soldiers!" The officer shot him in the left arm. The soldier pulled out the arrow and continued to fight bravely. Just as the rebels were concentrating all their efforts to fight against the enemies who were attacking the city, there was a loud noise, and a large section of the southwest and west city walls were destroyed by the Qing army. The Qing army invaded the city through the gap. After several hours of fighting, they finally took down the city wall. county.
Li Wencheng's army that broke through was also trapped. Someone lured Li Wencheng to surrender with generous rewards. Li Wencheng shouted: "Li Wencheng is here. Kill him if you want. He will never surrender!" Finally, he set himself on fire. Dozens of soldiers embraced their leader and died calmly together with Li Wencheng.
In mid-December, the Tenri Sect uprising ended.
05
The Tianlijiao Uprising was not a successful uprising, but it shocked the Qing court, especially the psychological impact on Jiaqing, which was huge.
At the beginning of Jiaqing's accession to the throne, state power was still in the hands of Qianlong. With the benefit of hindsight, we know that the Qing Empire was already in decline. The population is increasing day by day, the population crisis has emerged, and more and more people have to be fed by one acre of land. The imperial examination system also gradually became rigid, with more and more candidates taking the exam and fewer and fewer passing the exam.
In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Jiaqing used thunderous power to kill Heshen, confiscate family property, and rectify the administration of officials. In the ninth year of Jiaqing (1804), the White Lotus Rebellion was put down, and Jiaqing had martial arts that he could boast about. He did not take the change in people's hearts seriously, he just thought it was a rebellion.
He Shen. Source: Film and TV stills
In the 16th year of Jiaqing's reign (1811), Jiaqing personally wrote an article called "Shu Cheng Lun". The article said that the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming Dynasties were all in decline in the middle period. The problem was that the monarchs were too clever and changed the laws, so the officials were greedy for merit and advanced rashly, and the people were impetuous, which ultimately led to the decline of the country. Jiaqing was actually aware of the potential decline of the empire, and wanted to continue the existing prosperity for a longer period of time, so he was willing to be the master of the empire. As long as there are no more corrupt people like Heshen, and as long as the emperor sets an example, why can't the prosperous age continue?
The Tenrikyo uprising was a resounding slap in the face. It's not very harmful, it's very insulting.
Jiaqing promulgated the Qing Dynasty's first "Edict on Sin" full of grief and indignation, and his mood can be seen. It was like a palace that had been built for many years, trying hard to maintain its splendor and beauty, but unexpectedly it collapsed, revealing its dilapidated interior.
In "The Edict of Sin", Jiaqing mentioned the problem of "playing indifferently". Civil and military officials were shirk-passing, mediocre and unwilling to make progress, which led to such a shameful and humiliating attack on the Forbidden City! Rather than blaming oneself, it is better to say that oneself is taking the blame for the faults of the ministers. In fact, he is still blaming the ministers.
Within five days of the Tianli Sect incident, he dismissed three of the six great scholars and three of the six ministers. A campaign to screen officials at all levels also began, from governors down to county magistrates, to rectify them all. This campaign lasted until the 19th year of Jiaqing (1814). The "King of Shoucheng" began a drastic rectification of government affairs, which was almost a "reform". I am afraid that he also realized that if reforms were not carried out, the country might decline.
This was a top-down change carried out by a monarch who was in his prime and held great power under a relatively stable situation at home and abroad. Compared with the many changes after the Opium War, there was no outside enemy to spy on him, and there was no restriction from the Queen Mother. It can be said that he had the right time and place in his hands. However, this change failed.
Jiaqing did not encounter a violent counterattack. Instead, he seemed to be stuck in a swamp, with dense suction all around, dragging him into the quagmire. He wanted to address the inaction of officials, but was defeated by the inaction of officials.
In the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing (1820), a theft of the Ministry of War's seal occurred in the DPRK. After investigation, it was found that a civil servant wanted to marry his son, so that the sedan chair could pass through the Yamen and go directly to the street. A new gate was opened behind the Ministry of War's warehouse. This incident happened half a year ago. People from the Ministry of War came and went, but they could not find it. Jiaqing thought of the nightmare-like changes in the Tianli Sect again, and denounced the minister "where is his conscience?"
This year was the year Jiaqing died. Until his death, the shadow of Tianli Sect hung over his head. It was a sunny day in Beijing on September 15, the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813).
Cabinet Secretary Zhang Dayong is taking turns at home today and is very relaxed. In the afternoon, he and his friends drove to Fayuan and Zaohua Temples to enjoy chrysanthemums. They lingered in the autumn scenery and did not say goodbye to their friends until sunset. However, there was a sudden thunder and lightning that night, which made him feel uneasy.
On the 16th, the weather became gloomy and strong winds blew. At dawn, Zhang Dayong endured the cold and entered the office as usual. When he passed by Zhengyang Gate, he noticed something unusual. The officers and soldiers were fully armed and looked nervous, as if they were facing a powerful enemy. When he walked to Wai Donghua Gate, he asked a street soldier what happened. The street soldier replied: "You don't know yet? There was a search and killing in the palace last night!"
It turns out that at noon yesterday, two groups of bandits attacked the Forbidden City. Now, the army has entered the palace and the gates of the capital are closed. When Zhang Dayong arrived at Neidonghua Gate, the gate was closed tightly, and the officials were crowded together, asking each other for news, like a group of headless flies.
Just like the annoying weather, people's hearts are also covered with a cloud.
At that time, Emperor Jiaqing was still on his way back to Beijing from Rehe, and the situation in the palace was unknown. How many people are there in this group of gangsters? Are there no comrades outside? Will they attack the Forbidden City again? For a time, the officials and people in the capital fell into panic.
On the 17th, the weather was still gloomy. Officers and soldiers went from house to house searching for gangsters. Anyone who acted strangely would be arrested immediately. The gates of the capital are closed and information is blocked. People feel that they are in danger but cannot obtain information. This has turned Beijing into a hotbed of rumors.
At noon, there was news that Sheng got in his car and drove back to Beijing. A Baylor was watching from the Donghua Gate Tower, clearing the streets and opening the city gates, but the wait was in vain. At night, there was a noise outside the Forbidden City, and the whole city was boiling. Some people said there was a battle at Taiping Lake, some said the West Chang'an Gate had been breached, and some people galloped on the streets on white horses, shouting "there are thieves!" It was not until midnight that I discovered that there was no gangster at all. There was a family in the North City. The husband was a soldier guarding the forbidden city. His wife heard the noise and was so frightened that she hanged herself.
On the 18th, the north wind roared, and the soldiers stationed there were so cold that they lost their "human color". The manhunt continues and the rumors persist. However, good news came. Officers and soldiers captured a thief named Lin Qing in Songjiazhuang near the capital. It is said that he was the mastermind of the attack on the Forbidden City.
On the 19th, the sky finally cleared. Jiaqing returned to the capital and the situation stabilized. This ambitious emperor promulgated the "Edict of Sin" at the Qianqing Gate, saying that this incident was "unprecedented in the Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties", and his anger was expressed on the paper.
On the 20th, Jiaqing summoned all the princes, princes and ministers to give a stern lecture, and said with grief and anger: "We were so powerful before the Qing Dynasty, but now this has happened!"
The Qing court gradually figured out the cause: a group of rebels called the "Tianli Sect" agreed to rebel on September 15th. They divided their troops into several groups and caused rebellion in Huaxian County, Henan Province, Caoxian County, Shandong Province and other places. One of them, led by Lin Qing, colluded with the eunuchs and directly attacked the Forbidden City.
The Tenri Sect incident itself was not a big deal. The battle in the capital only lasted one day and ended. On the sixth day after the incident, the manhunt was stopped, the army withdrew from the capital, and the captured thieves were taken to Caishikou for execution. Everything is back on track, but the panic and shock in people's hearts cannot be dissipated for a long time.
Portrait of Emperor Jiaqing. Source: Internet
01
On September 23, Jiaqing personally interrogated the "thief leader" Lin Qing, trying to find out what was wrong with his empire.
In prison, Lin Qing told almost everything about his life: Where does he live? What have you done? When did you become a Christian? When did you have the idea of rebellion? Who are your comrades? What's the plan? ...There are many exaggerations, and some are made up to beg for mercy. However, when compared with the testimonies of other key criminals, the facts become basically clear.
The eighteenth year of Jiaqing was the year of the provincial examination, and the issue of Tianlijiao naturally became a hot topic among scholars in Beijing. Those who seek fame begin to think about ways to eliminate "evil cults", and they may win the imperial examination questions. Those who worry about the world are more concerned about Jiaqing's edict on sin, wondering whether the Qing court is brewing a reform, and what can they do in it? Later, a scholar named Sheng Shi collected information from all sides and wrote the book "Jing Ni Ji", which became a bestseller.
The confessions of prisoners, the files of the Military Aircraft Department, the emperor's daily life notes, the files in the palace, the notes of scholars... It can be said that history has left us a lot of information to understand Tianli Sect.
It was a secret, chaotic, and unknown world.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, secret religions of various names sprung up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain in the north and south of the Yangtze River, forming a vibrant folk world. In addition to the famous White Lotus sect, there are also Luozu, Namo, Jingkong, Hunyuan, Mahayana, Bagua, Qingyang, Hongyang and other sects, the names of which are too numerous to mention. It can be seen from the names that most of the various sects adapted Buddhist scriptures and created sects.
They were treated with official hostility and were kept out of public view. They were not allowed to hold public activities in temples or hold ostentatious ceremonies. In most cases, a master holds a treasure scroll and leads a group of disciples and disciples to hold small gatherings at home to spread the teachings.
The spiritual world of the upper-class elite is very vast, and they can only hold their family, country, and world in their hearts. Even if their lives are unsatisfactory, they can still find meaning in the profound Buddhist principles. The people at the bottom are illiterate, have no ideals of cultivating themselves, harmonizing their families and governing the country, and what they say and think cannot be elegant, but that doesn't mean they don't want to speak. Secret religion gives them a chance to speak off the stage.
At that time, there was a belief popular among various sects. There is a god named Wusheng Old Mother, who is the ancestor of all people. However, her children wandered in the mortal world and lost their nature, so she sent people down to earth to save the world and let the children quickly return to their "vacuum hometown".
Believers divide history into three periods: Qingyang (past), Hongyang (now), Baiyang (future). No biological mother sent the lantern Buddha, Shakya Buddha, and Maitreya to rule the human world. Now, during the Hongyang period, the "horror robbery", that is, "Baiyang robbery" is approaching, sweeping the world, Maitreya Buddha will be born, leading people to drive away the darkness and win light. In the calamity, only believers without birth and old mother can survive.
Their world is simple, a tragic end, and a prediction of suffering.
The salvation ritual is simpler. Believers only need to recite the eight words of "vacuum hometown, no parents" in the rising sun. Complex points need to be meditated, so that you can get blessings.
Lantern Buddha in the painting of the Song Dynasty. Source: Internet
Generally speaking, the leader is a "craft" person. They walked in the township, or the edge of the city, either healing the disease or teaching boxing to seduce people into teachings. When practicing medicine, you can use acupuncture, or massage, or pass on your knees. After the patient heals, he is mostly admitted to the teacher. Teaching boxing can strengthen your body, can be used for gangs to fight, and also a life -saving art.
Education and education are very casual. People who want benefits will leave when they find a more spiritual spell, and those who are afraid of the government will cut off the seats. Some disciples went to other villages and developed another group of believers, and he became another leader. He may be renamed, or he may respect his master and use a compound name, such as "Lao Junmen is also called righteousness and door", "Oriental Zhen Gua is also known as Longhua Church." When the leader died, the newcomer was in the top, and he might be renamed. There are many teachings, one more teach, countless branches, and all beings, wrapped in it.
There are poor people, rich people, Han people, full people, rural, and cities. A dense small society formed due to blood and geography, entangled at the bottom of the empire. They have one thing in common: they have not passed the imperial examinations to get the reputation.
The emperors of the Li Jingzhi and the scholars who are worried about the country and the people are examined the corners of society. In their eyes, folk religion is a cult, a potential opposition to order, and a disease of society, and must be cleared.
In fact, most of the people have lived a bleak life, practicing boxing, eating fast, and chanting, and looking forward to the arrival of the big robbery. The waters on the east, the food in the west was deserted, and there was no money in the family. These may be a sign of the robbery, but their days can always live.
Until a restless person evoked their inner fears and desires, telling them that the last days are here, and they should earn light.
02
Lin Qing, this person who shakes the capital is essentially a hooligan.
He grew up in Songjiazhuang near Gyeonggi and learned to read and write when he was a child. At the age of 17, he became an apprentice of a pharmacy, and he had some ability to see a doctor. He has been a guy, he has been a husband, has opened a teahouse, has been a book to do it. He has passed through the north of the South China Sea. Outside the customs, he has also been in Jiangsu. The most common place is the area of Gyeonggi.
He had a bunch of smelly problems, gambling, gambling, alcoholism, corruption, fraud and other bad things. When I made a little money, I immediately splurked, and then found another job, so cyclical. No money, no long -term plans, but unable to stop.
Such people and secret religions can be described as attracting each other and born with a pair.
The fish and dragons in the teaching door are mixed and advocated mutual assistance. Here, the wandering people can have a sense of belonging, and the good things can be fun. Lin Qing both are both, naturally like fish. The most important thing is that the teaching door gave Lin Qing an organizational structure that can collect money, and a clear and long -term goal.
On the other hand, Lin Qingxin thoughtful, can speak, literacy, and understand some of the missionary. The vast number of teachers are distributed in all corners of rural and cities, and they have relocated to the country. It is people like Lin Qing that can break the closure of the people at the bottom, link them, and see their strength.
At that time, there were many teachings in Gyeonggi. At the beginning, Lin Qing joined the Ronghua Association, worshiped the sun in the usual dynasty, read the spell, and hid the government's inspection. Gradually, his ambition was getting bigger and bigger, and he drove away the original taught. He himself said that it was because he "said", and others asked him to be the head of teachings. After standing firmly, he quickly contacted other sects, unified, absorbed, and integrated Baiyang, Qingyang, and Kan Gua near Gyeonggi.
Lin Qing's mouth was good. He persuaded people to teach, pay for money, and promised to double ten times, and also lived a comfortable life. However, the potential of the sect is still excavated, and he doesn't want to mix it like this, as he said to his disciples: "Be a blessing to be the Taiping people."
In the 16th year of Jiaqing (1811), Lin Qing, who was already the leader of Baiyang, went south to northern Henan and met Li Wencheng and Feng Keshan from Huaxian County. Li Wencheng knows some astronomy and can speak; Feng Keshan is a boxer, ambitious. All three are restless personality and are keen to unify the surrounding sects. Since then, Lin Qing went south many times to sell his spells and views. On one occasion, Li Wencheng quoted Lin Qing's point of view in the "Lecture", defeated his master, got the scriptures collected by Master, and seized the right to teach.
Lin Qing and Li Wencheng fused their ideas and established a new gossip organization. Lin Qing was called Kan Guajiao under his hand. He was the leader of everyone's believe in; Li Wencheng's new denomination was the Zhen Gua taught;
As the power became bigger and bigger, Lin Qing extended the tentacles towards some down -of -the -level people who were disappointed.
In the early years of Jiaqing, the lives of Banner were increasingly trapped, and even the officials' home could not be spared. One of the Han army names Cao Lun, the family, the family, and the four walls. They only wore a worn -out robe and did not cover their clothes in their homes. Lin Qing met with Cao Lun in Jiangsu, and the two were also worked hard. At first sight.
In the spring of the twelfth year of Jiaqing (1807), Cao Lun couldn't afford to get sick. One day suddenly heard the door, and when the door opened, it was Lin Qing. Lin Qing said enthusiastically: "Cao Gongzi is so cold, although Qing is thinner, but he has a lot of money, and it is also good." Cao Lun was grateful. Soon, Lin Qing sent someone to send clothes. After Cao Lun's illness, the two became brothers. After that, Cao Lun's life was difficult, Lin Qing fully funded.
In the sixteenth year of Jiaqing (1811), Cao Lun was promoted to Duggi Capital Division. He went to see Lin Qing, and sorry that he could not pay back the money. Lin Qing said mysteriously: "The wealth of the Qing Dynasty is also a gentleman." Cao Lun did not know what it meant. Lin Qingping retreated and said to Cao Lun: "The servant is lonely and poor, because the encountering the magical skills, all those who seek all the best are rich than wealth. Today, they teach the Japanese people, and the public is promoted as the master of the religious religion. Gossip Nine Palace. "Later, Lin Qing mentioned that a good thing said that he was gathered to shake and tentative Cao Lun's mind.
In the secret religion, Cao Lun naturally hesitated and replied repeatedly: "Although Lun is not talented, is it a person who is not righteous? What? I hope my son will not be taboo. "
Later, Professor Lin Qing gave Cao Lun, saying that he could get rid of poverty. After a long time, Cao Lun found that the spell was not spiritual, and some taught him told him that he would worship the head of him before he would have a spiritual inspection. Therefore, Cao Lun took his son to Songjiazhuang to Feng Lin Qing as a teacher.
Lin Qingjie made Cao Lun, and wanted to use Cao Lun's power to seek personal selfishness. For example, he entered the city to buy rice. Cao Lun was also out of gratitude and wealth, and then went closer to Lin Qing. Later, Lin Qing wanted to invite him to participate in the rebellion. Cao Lun, as the four -grade official of the court, was still watching and seeing, "It is said that things can be done, and the defeat will not be tired."
At the same time, eunuch Liu Decai was also taught. The eunuchs did not live in the palace in isolation. On the contrary, they maintained close contact with their relatives. They were bonds between the palace and the countryside. After Liu Decai entered the teachings, he often coaxed some lower eunuchs to worship and told them that they did not eat alcohol, do not play money, and had money to get it. Two eunuchs can receive one or two silver on the first day of each month.
The most surprising thing is that Haikang, the clan of the Qing Dynasty, also joined Lin Qing's sect. The addition of these people has made Lin Qing's ambitions greater.
The true appearance of the eunuchs of the Qing Dynasty. Source: Internet
03
We cannot determine when Lin Qing had a rebellious mind, and when the name of the Tiantianism was officially established. When Lin and Qing traditional gossip teachings, the trend of rebellion was already brewing.
Standing at the peak of unprecedented life, Lin Qing may want to follow the predecessors of Bailian religion and seek an amazing career. He declared to his disciples that Hongyang's big robbery was imminent, "Baiyang is a promise." He didn't want to stimulate the people only with numb desires, but told them directly to the end of the world, and it was time to rescue himself.
Lin Qing vigorously expanded the number of people and respect for the people, promised that these donations would bring returns in the future. "Each money is a hundred texts, one of the crickets, and the grain is stones, and Xu gives the official position. Fill in the notebook, and write about contracts, paper pieces, and give me the basis for yourself."
He worshiped Li Wencheng and Feng Keshan, claiming to be heaven, king, and earth king. Simple and ancient alliance.
Li Wencheng claims to be "reincarnation of Li Zicheng" and is the rulers of the future. Lin Qing was the reincarnation of Maitreya Buddha. During the rule of the king, like the sage, he helped Li Wencheng. A emperor, a saint. Simple politics and education system.
Lin Qing also suspected that his title was not enough. He also said that he was "the reincarnation of Taibellin" and claimed to be Liu's "reincarnation". Bei Shui returns to the Emperor Han, and the earth is only a pass. "
The more people, the simpler the truth. Persuading elites to rebel, maybe we must know the righteousness of the world, or to play with the classics. But for a group of people who have not read books and are full of fear in the future, a wealthy promise, a fairy with boundless mana, and a powerful surname is enough to tie them together.
In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (1813), the sound of the wind has been released: the big robbery will appear. The isolated sects are united to discuss major events together, and believers go deep into the people to attract the new faculty as much as possible. This year is undoubtedly a good opportunity. In the junction of Zhili, Henan, and Shandong Province, droughts have been encountered for two consecutive years. Many fields have been deserted and the famine is spreading. It is in line with the end of the world.
In July of this year, Lin Qing, Li Wencheng and others gathered in Henan Daokou to discuss the plan.
At that time, Lin Qing got a treasure roll- "Three Buddhas Should Robbery and Observation Book", which contains a sentence "August Mid -Autumn Festival, Mid -Autumn Festival and August, yellow flowers open." So everyone discussed the August 15th event, but in the "Book of Shi Xian" issued by the Qing court, there was no August, and the date of the uprising was changed to September 15th.
The Daokou meeting was full of warm, optimistic and weird atmosphere. Every group gets a goal. Lin Qing attacked Beijing, Li Wencheng occupied Henan Fo County, and Feng Ke Shan won Shandong. On the day of the uprising, everyone had to tie a white scarf on the head, and the secret code was "victorious". Each killing person, he shouted "victory" to get strength. After the Shandong and Henan Uprising successfully supported Beijing.
Obviously, they believed that the city would be overcome, the Qing soldiers would be repelled, and Lin Qing even praised Haikou: "According to the Beijing division, we are not afraid that the emperor will not go to Kanto."
In fact, just when everyone looked forward to the wonderful world after the end of the world, the fire of the uprising was already in a huge danger.
In July, in Jinxiang, Shandong, the gathering of Tianshi was discovered. The county command quickly wrote a report, submitted layer by layer, and reached the hands of the governor. Two weeks later, Zhixian, who was ordered, caught people and knew that a group of people were ready to rebel. This Zhixian County wants to prepare for the township gentleman, be vigilant, and also increases the efforts of searching.
The confidentiality of Tianli religion is very poor. Seeing the light and conspiracy of the gentry living in the countryside, the blacksmith reported that some people were creating weapons in large -scale, and the timid people heard that relatives and friends talked about the uprising and said ... In fact, before the uprising, many people noticed that they had found out Rebellion flame.
Zhu Xuan is Lin Qing's apprentice. His family is a coat of Zhenglan Banner. He was noticed by his family for his participation in the cults, and even the entire rebellion plan was known. He had a nephew who hired a worker in Prince Yu's Mansion, and immediately told the guard of the palace. The guard of the palace said that the matter would not be under his control, but he still reported Wang Ye. After the prince knew it, he didn't believe it.
Later, the nephew found a tribe Zhu Rui in the teaching, wrote a testimony, and was ready to give it to the prince. Zhu Rui consciously was embarrassed, and he refused to act. His wife told him: "All you can do is tell Wang Ye. If the confession is successful, then everything is good. If not, we're better to escape." So, Zhu Ruiqi With his own donkey, he slowly entered the city. By the time he reported, the Forbidden City had fallen into the civil strife.
The Qing court's system was not closed, and there were too many channels to learn the rebellion early, and the bloated institutions really lacked efficiency. Even if the Jinxiang county magistrate successfully curbed the rebellion, the response could not be called rapid.
At the end of August, the Tianli believers in Huo County, Henan Province leaked the wind in the process of casting military weapons. Zhixian led a sneak attack. Li Wencheng and others were caught off guard and were arrested and imprisoned. Li Wencheng's subordinates were forced to do it in advance, rescued Li Wencheng, and quickly captured the County.
In this way, the Tiantian Uprising was launched early.
The Tiantian Uprising is very hasty. Source: Film and TV stills
04
When Huo County, Henan was fell into a fire, Lin Qing's team was moving with a knife.
His troubles are mainly from inside.
On September 12th, the believers were divided into small stocks, pretending to be merchant hawkers, and entered the capital with white cloth and weapons. Someone hadn't seen the towering high wall of the Forbidden City, and she was timid. For example, Lin Qing's men Li Wu originally had to bring 70 people and prepared fifty steel knives. As a result, only more than 40 people entered the city. A pair of retired brothers said in the confession: "We have two discussions. If you shouldn't, he will kill us, and we will be able to discuss again. In September, we did not go to Lin Qing's house."
Some leaders said to the crowd on the last night: "This matter is also dead, and it is also dead. If you can do it, everyone is rich." Many people are scared as soon as they enter Beijing. Come down to drink and bold, and make excuses to push off. On September 15th, there were only more than 100 people who arrived at Donghua Gate and Xihuamen.
Forbidden City Plane Map. Source: Internet
At noon, there were two eunuchs in Donghua Gate to go to the palace gate. When the five or six uprising rushed in, the official army of the gate closed the door effortlessly. Others were locked out of the door and could only schedule. Many people threw Bai cloth and knife on the side of the road and fled to Songjiazhuang where Lin Qing was located. It can be seen that the row of uprising.
Those who went in did not retreat and killed their lives. They could only look forward to finding a teammate in Ximen. However, after all, the number of people is not available, and it is all captured.
Xihuamen rushed into fifty or sixty people. They closed the palace door, rejected the army, climbed to the city building, and inserted the white flag. A group of ecstasy towards the Yangxin Hall where the emperor lived, and fought a fierce white -blade battle with the guards in the palace. After hearing the news, the princes, Gege, and concubine in the palace fled all of them, shouting and screaming, and the palace suddenly fell into a chaos.
Three uprising crossed the palace wall and wanted to jump into the wall. The prince Yingning, also the future Emperor Daoguang, immediately asked the follower to take the waist knife and bird gun. When the gun came, he fired at the uprising of the wall climbing, hitting one person, and one person fell down. Yinning ran to another courtyard and saw a leader who raised the white flag and shot and killed again.
Soon, the Qing Army's firearm rushed to fight with the group of uprising who did not know the height of heights in Longzongmen. The uprising was unprepared and dispersed. One of the eunuchs pretended to do things, and it was not only a few days later. At this point, the overall situation has been set, and the rebels have been captured one after another, and some people choose to commit suicide. Only a few people hid well. While it was dark, climbed up the palace wall and fled.
In the Qing Dynasty's "Ping Ding Annan Battle Map", there is a firearm camp. Source: Internet
Poor equipment, no experience, and a small number of people. The Tiantianist who entered the Forbidden City was either killed or captured, and those who escaped were arrested. They were less than a hundred, but they killed more than 100 palace guards, which also added a bit of tragic color to the drama -like uprising.
Later, Lin Qing was arrested and Gyeonggi was searching for Tiandi Trusters. On the other side, the Qing Army surrounded the Tiantianist insurgents in Henan and Shandong.
After the insurgents occupied the slippery county, the killing officials were killed, the wealthy households were slaughtered, the food accumulated food, and the rebels were accumulated, and the residents in the city appealed. The insurgents often plunder the countryside, where a lot of gentlemen have organized troops to resist. Because Tianshi believes that believers can be saved, they do not restrain the use of violence, and after the looting, they will produce a large number of hungry people, which will expand their team.
For some surrender areas, Tianli religion "does not burn and invites people's hearts", as long as they also raise the white flag to resist the court. However, after the arrival of the Qing army, these people often escaped, and even took the initiative to help the Qing army to annihilate the uprising.
The biggest problem is that the insurgents have no strategic thinking. After being frustrated, they often do not know what to do. After being hit, they only know that they are adopted and finally besieged.
In early November, Li Wencheng led some teams to attack Shandong, leaving a team to guard the smooth city. The Qing army established a turret outside the city, "digging the tunnel", and hung Lin Qing's first level outside the camp to deter the insurgents. The insurgents were unmoved and repeatedly defeated the Qing army's offense. A soldier in the city shouted to the enemy contempt: "To break our city, you must have 200,000 soldiers!" The officer soldiers shot his left arm, and the soldier pulled out the arrow and was still brave. Just as the rebel army concentrated on fighting against the enemy of the city, a loud noise, the walls of the southwest and west were collapsed by the Qing army. county.
Li Wencheng's breakout army was also trapped. Someone seduced Li Wencheng to surrender with a generous reward. Li Wencheng shouted: "Li Wencheng is here, killing and killing, and unwillingness to fall!" Finally, he raised the fire to self -immolation.
In mid -December, the Tiantian Uprising ended.
05
The Tiantian Uprising is not a successful uprising, but its shock to the Qing court, especially the psychological impact of Jiaqing, is not huge.
At the beginning of Jiaqing, the state power was still in the hands of Qianlong. Out of seeing the later, we know that the prosperity of the Qing Empire has been going downhill. There are more and more people in the crisis of teeth, and more and more people have to support one acre of fields. The imperial examinations are gradually rigid, more and more candidates are, but fewer and fewer people who are admitted.
In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Jiaqing killed He Xun with the trend of thunder, copied the family property, and rectified the government. In the ninth year of Jiaqing (1804), the chaos of Bai Lian was calmed down, and Jiaqing also had martial arts that could be boasted. He did not take the changes in people's hearts seriously, but only felt that this was a rebellion.
He Shen. Source: Film and TV stills
In the sixteenth year of Jiaqing (1811), Jiaqing personally wrote a "Shoucheng Theory". In the article, the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties all went downhill. The problem was that the monarch was clever and changed into the law. In fact, Jiaqing realized that the potential decline of the empire, and wanted to continue the existing prosperity a little longer, so he was willing to be the master of success. As long as the great greed like He Xun, as long as the emperor is an example, why can't the Shengshi continue?
The Tiantian Uprising is a loud slap. It's not very harmful, it's very insulting.
Jia Qing was full of sadness and indignation, "Siny" in the Qing Dynasty, his mood was evident. It is like a palace that has been created for many years, encouraging to maintain its bright and beautiful, but I did not expect that it collapsed, revealing the broken inside.
In "Siny", Jiaqing mentioned the problem of "playing because of playing". Cultural and military officials' responsibility, mediocrity and indifference, causing a shame and humiliation to be attacked by the Forbidden City! It is not so much sin, but it is better to replace the people's life, but it is still a strange minister.
Within five days of the Tiantian Education incident, he retired from the three books of six university scholars and three books of the six. A actions of identifying officials at all levels have also begun. From the ups and downs, all the counties, all of which were rectified. This action continued until the 19th year of Jiaqing (1814). "Shoucheng Jun" began a strong governance of officials, almost a "renewal", I am afraid that he also realized that without reform, the country may decline.
This is a monarch that is in the middle and abroad. There are many changes after the Opium War, and there are no foreign enemies to look at it, and the queen queen is constrained. However, this change failed.
Jiaqing was not countered violently. Instead, he was trapped in the swamp, and surrounded by dense sucking, dragging him into the mud. He wanted to resolve the inaction of officials, but was defeated by the inaction of the officials.
In the twenty -five years of Jiaqing (1820), a major seal of the Ministry of War occurred in the DPRK. After investigation, a soap official married his son for his son, and it was convenient for the sedan to pass through the gate of the gate and directly opened the street. He opened a new door behind the Big Division of the Ministry of War. This incident occurred half a year ago, and the staff of the military could not be found. Jia Qing remembered the change of natural education like a nightmare, and rebuked the minister "what is the conscience."
This year is the year of Jiaqing's death. As of death, the shadow of Tiantianism was shrouded in his head.
