Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to destroy Japan, but Liu Bowen refused. What he said is still worth pondering today.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang secured his throne in the Central Plains and announced the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. In order to consolidate the status of the new dynasty and win the surrender of surrounding vassal states, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to issue letters of credence to various countries and invite them to send envoys to pay tribute.
As Emperor Hongwu came to the throne, in 1369, Zhu Yuanzhang sent seven envoys to Japan in the Eastern Islands, carrying letters of credence across the sea. The purpose was to urge Japan to comply, recognize the imperial power of the Ming Dynasty, and pay tribute to it. A few months later, the court received two exhausted and frustrated envoys.
After Zhu Yuanzhang saw Japan's credentials, he became furious and declared that he would launch an army to attack Japan. However, counselor Liu Bowen stood up and opposed it, and cleverly persuaded Zhu Yuanzhang to give up this idea. His argument made Zhu Yuanzhang think deeply and finally chose to give up the military action against Japan. Subsequent facts proved that Liu Bowen's advice was wise and wise.
During the reign of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang was bent on consolidating the prestige of the new dynasty and sent invitations to all directions, hoping that all countries would come to pay tribute. In 1369, he paid special attention to the Japanese islands and sent two brave men, Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua, as envoys to Japan.
Holding the credentials of the Ming Dynasty in their hands, they crossed the turbulent sea and arrived at the residence of Prince Huairiang, the ruler of the Southern Dynasties of Japan at that time. In Zhu Yuanzhang's credential, he specifically recognized the ruling status of Prince Huai Liang, intending to send a friendly signal. Things did not develop according to Zhu Yuanzhang's expectations.
Prince Huai Liang's attitude towards the Ming envoys was surprisingly arrogant. He not only ordered the execution of five envoys, but also put Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua under house arrest in prison, where they were tortured every day. Two months later, the two were finally released, a letter of reply was given to them, and they were driven out of Japan.
Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua returned to Nanjing with frosty faces, and burst into tears when they saw Zhu Yuanzhang. They described Japan's disloyalty with grief and indignation, and presented the credentials of Prince Huai Liang. This is not a friendly reply, but a mockery of Ming Dynasty.
Prince Huai Liang's words in the letter were harsh. He first asked the Ming Dynasty whether it believed that the world only belonged to China, rather than the common world. Then, he made it clear that although Japan was small, it had its own monarch and was unwilling to surrender to the Ming Dynasty. He even bluntly stated that Ming Dynasty was greedy and its ambition to embezzle Japan was disgusting.
Prince Huailiang mocked Zhu Yuanzhang, calling him "Lord Ma" and mocking the Ming Dynasty's military power. In the end, he met the emperor in a grand manner, challenged the Ming Dynasty's master Wang in a challenging tone, and asked Zhu Yuanzhang if he dared to come. These words were like a battle of words, asking Zhu Yuanzhang how to respond.
Zhu Yuanzhang held the letter and was so angry that he threw Japan's credentials to the ground. He declared that he would send troops to destroy Japan to show the majesty of the Ming Dynasty. At this time Liu Bowen stepped forward and firmly opposed the proposal to send troops to Japan.
Zhu Yuanzhang angrily asked Liu Bowen, should he tolerate Japan's arrogance and not impose sanctions? However, Liu Bowen told Zhu Yuanzhang affectionately that it was at the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty and there were internal and external troubles. Sending troops to Japan would only waste people and money, and would not be conducive to the long-term stability of the country.
After Zhu Yuanzhang heard this, although his anger was not gone, he thought deeply about it. He knew that Liu Bowen's wisdom was better than his restlessness, so he finally gave up the idea of sending troops. This decision may be the wisdom of the wise king and the success of Liu Bowen's foresight. In this battle for credentials, Ming Dynasty showed wisdom and restraint, which became a good story in the long history.
When the Ming Dynasty was first established, the invitation to pay tribute made the Ming Dynasty look as far as the Japanese Islands. Liu Bowen was a wise counselor. He believed that there were two major reasons for attacking Japan - one was that it was difficult to fight, and the other was that it was impossible to fight.
First of all, Japan's terrain is steep, with mountains and rivers crisscrossing it, and its geographical conditions are quite threatening to the Ming army. The island nation's mountainous terrain makes it easy to defend but difficult to attack, and the Japanese's familiarity on home soil will make them dominant. Liu Bowen told Zhu Yuanzhang that just crossing the sea was a huge difficulty, not to mention that the Ming army would face countless obstacles and uncertainties on the opponent's territory. Once they land, they cannot set up effective attack and defense points in an unfamiliar environment, which will provide great convenience to the Japanese army and easily lead to failure.
Secondly, the Ming Dynasty had just been established and was plagued by internal and external troubles. Zhu Yuanzhang listened to politics behind the curtain, and a lot of waste was waiting to be revitalized. A large amount of human resources were needed to restore the social structure damaged in the war. There are already a lot of men who have been exhausted by the war. If we want to recruit a large number of troops into the country again, it will inevitably cause dissatisfaction among the people and increase the risk of domestic unrest. Liu Bowen explained to Zhu Yuanzhang that the most urgent enemy at the moment was not Japan far away in Japan, but the remaining Yuan Dynasty forces in the country and the border areas that had not yet been completely pacified, and the threat from these two to the Ming Dynasty was the top priority.
Zhu Yuanzhang's inner anger has not yet subsided. He was sitting on the Dragon Throne, holding a mocking letter from Prince Huairang of Japan, and he was furious. He declared that he would send troops to destroy Japan in order to deter this arrogant island nation. Liu Bowen still persuaded him to put national stability first. After Zhu Yuanzhang heard this, he felt more and more unhappy.
The provocation of Prince Huai Liang of Japan made Zhu Yuanzhang decide not to be outdone. He angrily surrendered Prince Huai Liang's credentials and declared that he would send troops to conquer Japan. At this time, Liu Bowen stepped forward, his brows showing determination and wisdom, and said to Zhu Yuanzhang: "I believe that attacking Japan is not suitable for the Ming Dynasty. We might as well wait for its internal conflicts to intensify and Japan to be in chaos."
Zhu Yuanzhang finally put down the military talisman in his hand at Liu Bowen's insistence. In the face of Japan's credentials and ridicule, he chose restraint and chose to wait and see. The turmoil subsided, and Liu Bowen's strategy allowed Ming Dynasty to remain rational in this diplomatic turmoil, which eventually became a good story in the long history.
In 1265, Emperor Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty issued a series of letters of credence to Japan, expressing his expectations of the island nation's submission. What surprised Kublai Khan was that none of these credentials received any response.
Five years later, an important minister named Zhao Liangbi volunteered and decided to go to Japan in person to solve the mystery. Holding his credentials in hand, he embarked on this journey full of unknowns.
Zhao Liangbi stayed in Japan for three full years, but he never found the country's ruling center, nor did he see Japan's rulers. After returning home, he reported what he had seen in Japan to Emperor Kublai Khan. It was a country in chaos, with bandits rampant and the people miserable. He learned terms such as shogunate, shogun, and emperor, but was unable to clarify the jurisdiction and relationship of these powers.
Kublai Khan was full of curiosity about this mysterious country, and he decided to go out personally to find out.
In October 1274, Kublai Khan personally led his army to the east. Japan learned about it and began to prepare for war. When Kublai Khan's army was about to approach Japan, a sudden typhoon swept over and almost destroyed his entire navy. He had no choice but to return to China in disgrace.
After seven years, Kublai Khan once again found an excuse and decided to attack Japan again. The trick of fate appeared again, and a typhoon struck again. The 140,000-strong army was torn to pieces in the storm, and many were captured and killed by the Japanese navy. Kublai Khan returned defeated again.
These two magical "divine winds" saved Japan from dire straits and were praised by the Japanese as the blessing of the gods. In China, this period of history has also become a legend, known as the "Legend of the Divine Wind".
Although he harbored thoughts of revenge, Zhu Yuanzhang, who had learned lessons from history, began to understand that this island country was not an easy place to attack. He ordered that the idea of attacking Japan should not be mentioned again, and left an edict that no matter whether Japan paid tribute or not, it should not act rashly.
Japan did not stop harassing the Ming Dynasty, which became a "Japanese plague" that lasted for three hundred years. Each generation of Ming emperors was troubled by this problem and frequently wrote letters to the Japanese king, asking him to control pirates. The Japanese government is helpless and unable to stop this strong wind coming from the East China Sea. Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to destroy Japan, but Liu Bowen refused. What he said is still worth pondering today.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang secured his throne in the Central Plains and announced the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. In order to consolidate the status of the new dynasty and win the surrender of surrounding vassal states, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to issue letters of credence to various countries and invite them to send envoys to pay tribute.
As Emperor Hongwu came to the throne, in 1369, Zhu Yuanzhang sent seven envoys to Japan in the Eastern Archipelago, carrying letters of credence across the sea. The purpose was to urge Japan to comply, recognize the imperial power of the Ming Dynasty, and pay tribute to it. A few months later, the court received two exhausted and frustrated envoys.
After Zhu Yuanzhang saw Japan's credentials, he became furious and declared that he would launch an army to attack Japan. However, counselor Liu Bowen stood up and opposed it, and cleverly persuaded Zhu Yuanzhang to give up this idea. His argument made Zhu Yuanzhang think deeply and finally chose to give up the military action against Japan. Subsequent facts proved that Liu Bowen's advice was wise and wise.
During the reign of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang was bent on consolidating the prestige of the new dynasty and sent invitations to all directions, hoping that all countries would come to pay tribute. In 1369, he paid special attention to the Japanese islands and sent two brave men, Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua, as envoys to Japan.
Holding the credentials of the Ming Dynasty in their hands, they crossed the turbulent sea and arrived at the residence of Prince Huairiang, the ruler of the Southern Dynasties of Japan at that time. In Zhu Yuanzhang's credential, he specifically recognized the ruling status of Prince Huai Liang, intending to send a friendly signal. Things did not develop according to Zhu Yuanzhang's expectations.
Prince Huai Liang's attitude towards the Ming envoys was surprisingly arrogant. Not only did he order the execution of five envoys, but he also put Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua under house arrest in prison, where they were tortured every day. Two months later, the two were finally released, a letter of reply was given to them, and they were driven out of Japan.
Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua returned to Nanjing with frosty faces, and burst into tears when they saw Zhu Yuanzhang. They described Japan's disloyalty with grief and indignation, and presented the credentials of Prince Huai Liang. This is not a friendly reply, but a mockery of Ming Dynasty.
Prince Huai Liang's words in the letter were harsh. He first asked the Ming Dynasty whether it believed that the world only belonged to China, rather than the common world. Then, he made it clear that although Japan was small, it had its own monarch and was unwilling to surrender to the Ming Dynasty. He even bluntly stated that Ming Dynasty was greedy and its ambition to embezzle Japan was disgusting.
Prince Huailiang mocked Zhu Yuanzhang, calling him "Lord Ma" and mocking the Ming Dynasty's military power. In the end, he met the emperor in a grand manner, challenged the Ming Dynasty's master Wang in a challenging tone, and asked Zhu Yuanzhang if he dared to come. These words were like a battle of words, asking Zhu Yuanzhang how to respond.
Zhu Yuanzhang held the letter and was so angry that he threw Japan's credentials to the ground. He declared that he would send troops to destroy Japan to show the majesty of the Ming Dynasty. At this time Liu Bowen stepped forward and firmly opposed the proposal to send troops to Japan.
Zhu Yuanzhang angrily asked Liu Bowen, should he tolerate Japan's arrogance and not impose sanctions? However, Liu Bowen told Zhu Yuanzhang affectionately that it was at the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty and there were internal and external troubles. Sending troops to Japan would only waste people and money, and would not be conducive to the long-term stability of the country.
After Zhu Yuanzhang heard this, although his anger was not gone, he thought deeply about it. He knew that Liu Bowen's wisdom was better than his restlessness, so he finally gave up the idea of sending troops. This decision may be the wisdom of the wise king and the success of Liu Bowen's foresight. In this battle for credentials, Ming Dynasty showed wisdom and restraint, which became a good story in the long history.
When the Ming Dynasty was first established, the invitation to pay tribute made the Ming Dynasty look as far as the Japanese Islands. Liu Bowen was a wise counselor. He believed that there were two major reasons for attacking Japan - one was that it was difficult to fight, and the other was that it was impossible to fight.
First of all, Japan's terrain is steep, with mountains and rivers crisscrossing it, and its geographical conditions are quite threatening to the Ming army. The island nation's mountainous terrain makes it easy to defend but difficult to attack, and the Japanese's familiarity on home soil will make them dominant. Liu Bowen told Zhu Yuanzhang that just crossing the sea was a huge difficulty, not to mention that the Ming army would face countless obstacles and uncertainties on the opponent's territory. Once they land, they cannot set up effective attack and defense points in an unfamiliar environment, which will provide great convenience to the Japanese army and easily lead to failure.
Secondly, the Ming Dynasty had just been established and was plagued by internal and external troubles. Zhu Yuanzhang listened to politics behind the curtain, and a lot of waste was waiting to be revitalized. A large amount of human resources were needed to restore the social structure damaged in the war. There are already a lot of men who have been exhausted by the war. If we want to recruit a large number of troops into the country again, it will inevitably cause dissatisfaction among the people and increase the risk of domestic unrest. Liu Bowen explained to Zhu Yuanzhang that the most urgent enemy at the moment was not Japan far away in Japan, but the remaining Yuan Dynasty forces in the country and the border areas that had not yet been completely pacified, and the threat from these two to the Ming Dynasty was the top priority.
Zhu Yuanzhang's inner anger has not yet subsided. He was sitting on the Dragon Throne, holding a mocking letter from Prince Huairang of Japan, and he was furious. He declared that he would send troops to destroy Japan in order to deter this arrogant island nation. Liu Bowen still persuaded him to put national stability first. After Zhu Yuanzhang heard this, he felt more and more unhappy.
The provocation of Prince Huai Liang of Japan made Zhu Yuanzhang decide not to be outdone. He angrily surrendered Prince Huai Liang's credentials and declared that he would send troops to conquer Japan. At this time, Liu Bowen stepped forward, his brows showing determination and wisdom, and said to Zhu Yuanzhang: "I believe that attacking Japan is not suitable for the Ming Dynasty. We might as well wait for its internal conflicts to intensify and Japan to be in chaos."
Zhu Yuanzhang finally put down the military talisman in his hand at Liu Bowen's insistence. In the face of Japan's credentials and ridicule, he chose restraint and chose to wait and see. The turmoil subsided, and Liu Bowen's strategy allowed Ming Dynasty to remain rational in this diplomatic turmoil, which eventually became a good story in the long history.
In 1265, Emperor Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty issued a series of letters of credence to Japan, expressing his expectations of the island nation's submission. What surprised Kublai Khan was that none of these credentials received any response.
Five years later, an important minister named Zhao Liangbi volunteered and decided to go to Japan in person to solve the mystery. Holding his credentials in hand, he embarked on this journey full of unknowns.
Zhao Liangbi stayed in Japan for three full years, but he never found the country's ruling center, nor did he see Japan's rulers. After returning home, he reported what he had seen in Japan to Emperor Kublai Khan. It was a country in chaos, with bandits rampant and the people miserable. He learned terms such as shogunate, shogun, and emperor, but was unable to clarify the jurisdiction and relationship of these powers.
Kublai Khan was full of curiosity about this mysterious country, and he decided to go out personally to find out.
In October 1274, Kublai Khan personally led his army to the east. Japan learned about it and began to prepare for war. When Kublai Khan's army was about to approach Japan, a sudden typhoon swept over and almost destroyed his entire navy. He had no choice but to return to China in disgrace.
After seven years, Kublai Khan once again found an excuse and decided to attack Japan again. The trick of fate appeared again, and a typhoon struck again. The 140,000-strong army was torn to pieces in the storm, and many were captured and killed by the Japanese navy. Kublai Khan returned defeated again.
These two magical "divine winds" saved Japan from dire straits and were praised by the Japanese as the blessing of the gods. In China, this period of history has also become a legend, known as the "Legend of the Divine Wind".
Although he harbored thoughts of revenge, Zhu Yuanzhang, who had learned lessons from history, began to understand that this island country was not an easy place to attack. He ordered that the idea of attacking Japan should not be mentioned again, and left an edict that no matter whether Japan paid tribute or not, it should not act rashly.
Japan did not stop harassing the Ming Dynasty, which became a "Japanese plague" that lasted for three hundred years. Each generation of Ming emperors was troubled by this problem and frequently wrote letters to the Japanese king, asking him to control pirates. The Japanese government is helpless and unable to stop this strong wind coming from the East China Sea.
Yang Jian was born in the Guanlong aristocratic group. Before he became emperor, his Xianbei name was Pu Liurujian. Father Yang Zhong, it is said that his ancestor was born in Wuchuan Town of the Northern Wei Dynasty. He was one of the twelve generals of the Western Wei Dynasty. He served under Dugu Xin. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he was promoted to the general of the Zhu Kingdom and was granted the title of Duke of Sui. In 556, Yang Jian married Dugu Xin's daughter Dugu Jialuo. Dugu Jialuo was the famous Queen Dugu in the Sui Dynasty and was of great help and influence to Yang Jian.
Although Yang Jian was born into a noble family, his official career was also very bumpy. In the early days of Emperor Zhou Wu, he was jealous of the powerful minister Yu Wenhu and was assassinated many times, and he was almost killed. In 568, his father Yang Zhong died, and Yang Jian inherited the title of Duke Sui. After that, Emperor Wu of Zhou hired his daughter Yang Lihua as the crown prince, and Yang Lihua became the eldest queen of Emperor Xuan of Zhou. But soon, as his status improved, Yang Jian was slandered again and was jealous of Emperor Wu of Zhou. Although Emperor Wu of Zhou didn't do anything to him, he has been cautious since then, walking on thin ice.
Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, Yuwen Yong, was a man of great talent and strategy. After destroying the Northern Qi Dynasty, he had the ambition to unify the world. If Emperor Wu of Zhou had not died young, it can be said that it would be difficult for Yang Jian to get ahead. In 578, Emperor Wu of Zhou died of a sudden illness during his northern expedition to the Turks. The violent Emperor Xuan of Zhou, Yuwen Yun, succeeded to the throne. Yang Jian's opportunity finally came.
Emperor Xuan of the Zhou Dynasty was licentious, indiscriminately imposed punishments, squeezed out the clan, and loved to go on tours, which caused the decline of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 579, Emperor Xuan of Zhou passed the throne to the young Emperor Jing of Zhou Jing, Yu Wenyan, and he continued to live and die in drunken dreams. In the second year after Emperor Zhou Jing came to the throne, Yang Jian became the prime minister and accelerated his plan to usurp the power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 580, when Emperor Xuan of Zhou died at the age of 22, Yang Jian became the auxiliary minister. He was in charge of domestic and foreign military affairs and seized the military and political power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Yang Jian then aggressively eliminated the clans of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in preparation for the change of dynasty. However, his actions aroused dissatisfaction among some Northern Zhou elders and important ministers, the most famous of which were Yuchi Jiong, Sima Xiaonan and Wang Qian.
Yu Chijiong is the general manager of Xiangzhou, and his granddaughter is a queen of Emperor Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, and he is the official of Emperor Xuan of Zhou Dynasty; Sima Xiaonan is the general manager of Yunzhou, the old soldier of Emperor Zhou Jing, and is the national warlord of the dynasty; Wang Qian is the general manager of Yizhou, Guan Guan The son of Wang Xiong of the Long aristocratic group and the son of a martyr, he was loyal to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, Yuchi Jiong and Sima Xiaonan believed that they should be the ones to change the dynasty, and it was not Yang Jian's turn anyway, while Wang Qian had deep feelings for the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
In June 580, the three generals led by Yuchi Jiong launched a rebellion against Yang Jian, which was known in history as the "Tripartite Rebellion" and "The Rebellion of the Three Generals". The rebels were powerful, and Yang Jian was still very afraid, especially Yuchi Jiong. However, Yang Jian "took the emperor to command the princes", gained a reputation as a teacher, and gained the support of Li Mu, the governor of Bingzhou, and the nobles of Guanlong, and began to suppress the rebellion.
Yang Jian was very good at employing people. He used the famous general Wei Xiaokuan as his commander to attack Yuchi Jiong, wiped out Yuchi Jiong and burned the city of Ye. Later, Yang Jian sent Wang Yi and Liang Rui to attack Sima Xiaonan and Wang Qian respectively. Sima Xiaonan fled south to Chen State, and Wang Qian was killed. So far, it only took Yang Jian more than 4 months to put down the three-party rebellion.
In 581, Yang Jian was granted the title of King Sui by the Jin Dynasty and received support from the Guanlong noble group. All preparations for the change of dynasty were in place. In the same year, Emperor Jing of Zhou Dynasty was forced to give the "Zen throne" to Yang Jian, and with the establishment of the dynasty, he changed the Yuan Dynasty and became the emperor. Later, the capital was Daxing City, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed. Because "Sui" contained "Zuizhi", which was unlucky, it was changed to "Sui". Yang Jian was Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. After Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty, in order to avoid future troubles, he carried out a large-scale killing of the clans of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, almost killing them all.
After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty changed the Northern Zhou Dynasty's policy of making peace and paying tribute to the Turks. He showed indifference and stopped paying tribute. The Turks became anxious at first sight, and coupled with the instigation of the Northern Zhou Dynasty's princess Qianjin, the Turks did not want the Sui Dynasty to become strong or even unify. Therefore, from 581 to 582, the Turkic Shabolu Khan led his army southward and plundered the Hexi states. At the same time, Gao Baoning, a remnant of the Northern Qi Dynasty, also collaborated with the Turks to invade the border.
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was not a vegetarian. He believed that there would be a war with the Turks sooner or later, so it was better to fight now. He immediately launched a counterattack and launched many wars against the Turks.
The Turks are not monolithic. There are many khans inside, and there are gaps that can be exploited. Therefore, Sun Sheng, the famous diplomat of the Sui Dynasty, used the strategy of "diplomating far away and attacking close, separating the strong and joining the weak" to divide and disintegrate the Turks. In 583, the Turks split into Eastern and Western Turks. In the same year, Gao Baoning of western Liaoning was killed by his subordinates, and the Sui Dynasty incorporated western Liaoning into its territory.
In 584, Shabolu Khan fought against the Western Turks in the west and the Sui Dynasty in the south. He was besieged internally and externally and was forced to seek peace with the Sui Dynasty. Later, his wife, Princess Qianjin, was given the surname Yang, and Princess Dayi was granted the title of Princess Dayi to represent the Sui Dynasty and began to pay tribute to the Sui Dynasty.
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, like Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, also had the ambition to unify the world. In 587, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty abolished the vassal state of Xi Liang Xiao Cong, and Xi Liang was destroyed and merged into the territory of the Sui Dynasty. At this point, the Sui Dynasty was only one Nanchen away from unifying the country.
In 588, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ordered Jin Wang Yang Guang to take full responsibility for the destruction of Chen. In the same year, with Yang Guang, Yang Jun, and Yang Su as marching marshals, and He Ruobi and Han Qinhu as generals, the Sui Dynasty sent an army of 500,000 south to destroy Chen. The empress of Nanchen was indecisive and had no master, unable to resist. In 589, the Sui army captured Jiankang and captured Chen Houzhu, and Nanchen was destroyed.
In 590, Xian Ying, the female leader of the Lingnan Li people, knew that the Chen Dynasty was dead, so she led her people to submit to the Sui Dynasty, and was named the Lady of Qiao State and opened the Mansion. After that, Yang Su put down the rebellion of the powerful Jiangnan nobles.
At this point, the Sui Dynasty ended more than 280 years of division since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, re-established the unification of the country, and laid the foundation for the prosperous Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The southwestern region fell out of control during the civil strife of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 584, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty established the Nanning Prefecture General Administration Office to exercise restraint and rule over the local Cuan family. In 595, the Cuan family rebelled. In 596, the Sui Dynasty sent troops to conquer and set up Xiezhou and Gongzhou for defense.
In the same year, Kumoxi moved to Anzhou. From 597 to 598, Goguryeo troops invaded Yingzhou. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty sent troops to attack, occupied the west of the Liao River, penetrated deep into Khitan, and then withdrew.
In 599, Juetuli Khan could not bear the intrusion of Dulan Khan, so he had to move south and was named Qimin Khan by the Sui Dynasty. After Dulan Khan was killed, with the help of the Sui Dynasty, Qimin Khan became the leader of the Jue and surrendered to the Sui Dynasty. In 600, the Western Turks' Datou Khan invaded the border of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty sent Yang Guang and Yang Su out of Lingwu, and Yang Liang and Shi Wansui out of Mayi. They defeated them and expanded the territory thousands of miles away.
In 604, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty died of illness and was reportedly killed by Yang Guang. King Yang Guang of the Jin Dynasty succeeded to the throne as Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was also an ambitious monarch. He was not satisfied with the current status quo and wanted to expand his territory and recreate the prosperous age of the Han Dynasty.
Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty
In 605, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, the eastern capital, and built the Grand Canal in preparation for his grand plan to conquer all directions. In the same year, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Liu Fang to attack the restless Linyi State, break through its capital city, and destroy it in one fell swoop. Fan Fanzhi, the king of Linyi, fled to sea and apologized to the Sui Dynasty. The Sui army withdrew soon after, and Lin Yi soon recovered.
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty wanted to open up the Silk Road since the Han Dynasty and bring all countries in the Western Regions under his control. However, at that time, the countries in the Western Regions either obeyed the orders of the Western Turks or the Tuyuhun. Therefore, when Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty wanted to conquer the Western Regions, he first had to deal with the Western Turks and Tuyuhun.
Tuyuhun was built by Murong Xianbei's detachment who moved westward. In the early Sui Dynasty, it invaded the border many times. Later, Tuguhun Khan Murong Fuyun married Princess Guanghua, a royal family member of the Sui Dynasty, and became the son-in-law of the Sui Dynasty, claiming vassal status and paying tribute. However, Tuyuhun was not restless. He often used this identity to spy on the Sui Dynasty's intelligence and had liaisons with the Western Turks, which greatly annoyed the Sui Dynasty.
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Pei Ju as an envoy to the Western Regions. After returning home, Pei Ju suggested that Tuyuhun must be eliminated in order to smooth the Silk Road. It happened that in 608, the Gaoche tribe from the Western Regions invaded Dunhuang, the territory of the Sui Dynasty, and then regretted it and asked Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty for forgiveness. Therefore, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Pei Ju to persuade Gaoche to attack Tuyuhun and make up for his mistakes.
Facing Gaoche's raid from the west, Tuyuhun was caught off guard and fled eastward in a hurry, asking for help from the Sui Dynasty. In 609, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty took the opportunity to lead an army to the west to conquer Tuyuhun. He destroyed Tuyuhun in one fell swoop, incorporated Qinghai and the southeastern part of the Tarim Basin into his territory, and established four counties: Xihai, Heyuan, Shanshan, and Qiemo. The annexation of Qinghai was the first time in the history of a unified dynasty. However, Murong Fuyun, king of Tuyuhun, fled to the south and was not caught.
In 608, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Xue Shixiong to attack the Yiwu Kingdom and establish Yiwu City. In 610, Yiwu was incorporated into the territory of the Sui Dynasty and Yiwu County was established.
In 611, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent people to lobby the Chuluo Khan of the Western Turks who was in trouble. Chuluo Khan of the Western Turks was a filial son, his mother was Han, and he lived in Daxing City. Faced with internal and external difficulties, Chuluo Khan had no choice but to surrender to the Sui Dynasty, become a vassal and pay tribute, and no longer interfere in the exchanges between the Sui Dynasty and other countries in the Western Regions.
At this point, the territory of the Sui Dynasty expanded significantly and reached its peak, starting from Qiemo in the west, reaching Liaohe River in the east, starting from the desert in the north, and crossing Jiaozhi in the south, covering an area of approximately 4.37 million square kilometers. Moreover, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty finally opened up the Western Silk Road and strengthened the connection between the Central Plains and the Western Regions.
In addition to conquering the Western Regions, Emperor Sui Yang also made some moves in the southeast. In 607, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent people to Liuqiu twice, hoping that he would surrender. However, the Ryukyu Lord refused to obey, so Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent a large army to attack in 610. He killed Liu Qiu to seek the Lord, and captured thousands of men and women before returning. However, the Sui Dynasty did not incorporate Liuqiu into its territory.
After all parties were convinced, only Goguryeo in the northeast still occupied Liaodong and the Korean Peninsula, free from the vassal system of the Sui Dynasty. In 611, Goguryeo crossed the Liao River and invaded western Liaoning. Emperor Sui Yang also had a bad temper and could not endure it.
Therefore, from 612 to 614, Emperor Sui Yang launched three wars against Goguryeo, but all ended in failure. The first time the Sui Dynasty regained western Liaoning and established Liaodong County, but because Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty swaggered through the market, talked about pomp and circumstance, leaked secrets, and gave blind orders, he abandoned 300,000 corpses and returned; the second time was about to succeed, but The Yang Xuangan Rebellion broke out, and they had to withdraw their troops; the third time was the continuous war, the Sui army fled seriously, and Goguryeo couldn't bear the war for many years, so it begged to surrender. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty happened to use the steps to withdraw his troops.
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was a typical "workaholic" who loved traveling and was very versatile. However, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was eager for quick success and the common people couldn't bear it, so he moved east to Luoyang, which offended the Guanlong aristocratic group. In fact, long before the three expeditions to Goguryeo, ordinary people had already risen up. In 615, despite the failure of the third attack on Goguryeo, the world was already full of wars and wars. In the same year, Tuyuhun took the opportunity to restore the country, and Yiwu regained its independence and was controlled by the Western Turks.
In 617, Emperor Sui Yang's aunt and cousin Li Yuan raised troops in Taiyuan and invaded Chang'an. He established the acting king Yang You as the puppet emperor and respected Emperor Sui Yang who was far away in Jiangdu as the supreme emperor. In March 618, Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty was killed by his subordinate Yu Wenhuaji in Jiangdu. In May, Yang You was forced to abdicate, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty fell, lasting 37 years. However, some forces loyal or ostensibly loyal to the Sui Dynasty still existed.
In 625, the Tang Dynasty eliminated all the separatist forces and basically unified the country. However, in the north, there were still Liang Shidu and the remnant of the Sui clan, Yang Zhengdao, the grandson of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty who still supported him.
In 630, the Tang Dynasty united with Xue Yantuo to attack Jue, captured the leader of Jue, Jieli Khan, and sent him to Chang'an. Jue was destroyed, and the remaining troops surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, due to the demise of Jue, the remaining forces of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Zhengdao and his grandmother Xiao Empress, also returned to the Tang Dynasty. Like Jieli Khan, they were properly resettled. At this point, the last remaining force of the Sui Dynasty died out.
The Sui Dynasty ended the nearly three hundred years of division and separatism since the Western Jin Dynasty, once again achieved the unification of China, and laid the foundation for the prosperous Sui and Tang Dynasties. It can be said that it made a great contribution. Moreover, the Sui Dynasty created the three provinces and six ministries system, the imperial examination system and other systems, and also built the Grand Canal, which had a profound impact on the Tang Dynasty and subsequent dynasties. However, the Sui Dynasty, especially during the reign of Emperor Sui Yang, excessively used people's power and was eager for quick success, resulting in a large number of military and civilian casualties. At the same time, the Sui Dynasty was not very thorough in expanding its territory. It often gained and lost again. It was too short-lived and was as fleeting as a meteor. This problem was not solved until the Tang Dynasty.
Yang Jian was born in the Guanlong aristocratic group. Before he became emperor, his Xianbei name was Pu Liurujian. Father Yang Zhong, it is said that his ancestor was born in Wuchuan Town of the Northern Wei Dynasty. He was one of the twelve generals of the Western Wei Dynasty. He served under Dugu Xin. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he was promoted to the general of the Zhu Kingdom and was granted the title of Duke of Sui. In 556, Yang Jian married Dugu Xin's daughter Dugu Jialuo. Dugu Jialuo was the famous Queen Dugu in the Sui Dynasty and was of great help and influence to Yang Jian.
Although Yang Jian was born into a noble family, his official career was also very bumpy. In the early days of Emperor Zhou Wu, he was jealous of the powerful minister Yu Wenhu and was assassinated many times, and he was almost killed. In 568, his father Yang Zhong died, and Yang Jian inherited the title of Duke Sui. After that, Emperor Wu of Zhou hired his daughter Yang Lihua as the crown prince, and Yang Lihua became the eldest queen of Emperor Xuan of Zhou. But soon, as his status improved, Yang Jian was slandered again and was jealous of Emperor Wu of Zhou. Although Emperor Wu of Zhou didn't do anything to him, he has been cautious since then, walking on thin ice.
Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, Yuwen Yong, was a man of great talent and strategy. After destroying the Northern Qi Dynasty, he had the ambition to unify the world. If Emperor Wu of Zhou had not died young, it can be said that it would be difficult for Yang Jian to get ahead. In 578, Emperor Wu of Zhou died of a sudden illness during his northern expedition to the Turks. The violent Emperor Xuan of Zhou, Yuwen Yun, succeeded to the throne. Yang Jian's opportunity finally came.
Emperor Xuan of the Zhou Dynasty was licentious, indiscriminately imposed punishments, squeezed out the clan, and loved to go on tours, which caused the decline of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 579, Emperor Xuan of Zhou passed the throne to the young Emperor Jing of Zhou Jing, Yu Wenyan, and he continued to live and die in drunken dreams. In the second year after Emperor Zhou Jing came to the throne, Yang Jian became the prime minister and accelerated his plan to usurp the power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 580, when Emperor Xuan of Zhou died at the age of 22, Yang Jian became the auxiliary minister. He was in charge of domestic and foreign military affairs and seized the military and political power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Yang Jian then aggressively eliminated the clans of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in preparation for the change of dynasty. However, his actions aroused dissatisfaction among some Northern Zhou elders and important ministers, the most famous of which were Yuchi Jiong, Sima Xiaonan and Wang Qian.
Yu Chijiong is the general manager of Xiangzhou, and his granddaughter is a queen of Emperor Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, and he is the official of Emperor Xuan of Zhou Dynasty; Sima Xiaonan is the general manager of Yunzhou, the old soldier of Emperor Zhou Jing, and is the national warlord of the dynasty; Wang Qian is the general manager of Yizhou, Guan Guan The son of Wang Xiong of the Long aristocratic group and the son of a martyr, he was loyal to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, Yuchi Jiong and Sima Xiaonan believed that they should be the ones to change the dynasty, and it was not Yang Jian's turn anyway, while Wang Qian had deep feelings for the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
In June 580, the three generals led by Yuchi Jiong launched a rebellion against Yang Jian, which was known in history as the "Tripartite Rebellion" and "The Rebellion of the Three Generals". The rebels were powerful, and Yang Jian was still very afraid, especially Yuchi Jiong. However, Yang Jian "took the emperor to command the princes", gained a reputation as a teacher, and gained the support of Li Mu, the governor of Bingzhou, and the nobles of Guanlong, and began to suppress the rebellion.
Yang Jian was very good at employing people. He used the famous general Wei Xiaokuan as his commander to attack Yuchi Jiong, wiped out Yuchi Jiong and burned the city of Ye. Later, Yang Jian sent Wang Yi and Liang Rui to attack Sima Xiaonan and Wang Qian respectively. Sima Xiaonan fled south to Chen State, and Wang Qian was killed. So far, it only took Yang Jian more than 4 months to put down the three-party rebellion.
In 581, Yang Jian was granted the title of King Sui by the Jin Dynasty and received support from the Guanlong noble group. All preparations for the change of dynasty were in place. In the same year, Emperor Jing of Zhou Dynasty was forced to give the "Zen throne" to Yang Jian, and with the establishment of the dynasty, he changed the Yuan Dynasty and became the emperor. Later, the capital was Daxing City, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed. Because "Sui" contained "Zuizhi", which was unlucky, it was changed to "Sui". Yang Jian was Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. After Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty, in order to avoid future troubles, he carried out a large-scale killing of the clans of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, almost killing them all.
After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty changed the Northern Zhou Dynasty's policy of making peace and paying tribute to the Turks. He showed indifference and stopped paying tribute. The Turks became anxious when they saw it, and coupled with the instigation of the Northern Zhou Dynasty's princess Qianjin, the Turks did not want the Sui Dynasty to become strong or even unify. Therefore, from 581 to 582, the Turkic Shabolu Khan led his army southward and plundered the Hexi states. At the same time, Gao Baoning, a remnant of the Northern Qi Dynasty, also collaborated with the Turks to invade the border.
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was not a vegetarian. He believed that there would be a war with the Turks sooner or later, so it was better to fight now. He immediately launched a counterattack and launched many wars against the Turks.
The Turks are not monolithic. There are many khans inside, and there are gaps that can be exploited. Therefore, Sun Sheng, the famous diplomat of the Sui Dynasty, used the strategy of "diplomating far away and attacking close, separating the strong and joining the weak" to divide and disintegrate the Turks. In 583, the Turks split into Eastern and Western Turks. In the same year, Gao Baoning of western Liaoning was killed by his subordinates, and the Sui Dynasty incorporated western Liaoning into its territory.
In 584, Shabolu Khan fought against the Western Turks in the west and the Sui Dynasty in the south. He was besieged internally and externally and was forced to seek peace with the Sui Dynasty. Later, his wife, Princess Qianjin, was given the surname Yang, and Princess Dayi was granted the title of Princess Dayi to represent the Sui Dynasty and began to pay tribute to the Sui Dynasty.
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, like Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, also had the ambition to unify the world. In 587, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty abolished the vassal state of Xi Liang Xiao Cong, and Xi Liang was destroyed and merged into the territory of the Sui Dynasty. At this point, the Sui Dynasty was only one Nanchen away from unifying the country.
In 588, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ordered Jin Wang Yang Guang to take full responsibility for the destruction of Chen. In the same year, with Yang Guang, Yang Jun, and Yang Su as marching marshals, and He Ruobi and Han Qinhu as generals, the Sui Dynasty sent an army of 500,000 south to destroy Chen. The empress of Nanchen was indecisive and had no master, unable to resist. In 589, the Sui army captured Jiankang and captured Chen Houzhu, and Nanchen was destroyed.
In 590, Xian Ying, the female leader of the Lingnan Li people, knew that the Chen Dynasty was dead, so she led her people to submit to the Sui Dynasty, and was named the Lady of Qiao State and opened the Mansion. After that, Yang Su put down the rebellion of the powerful Jiangnan nobles.
At this point, the Sui Dynasty ended more than 280 years of division since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, re-established the unification of the country, and laid the foundation for the prosperous Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The southwestern region fell out of control during the civil strife of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 584, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty established the Nanning Prefecture General Administration Office to exercise restraint and rule over the local Cuan family. In 595, the Cuan family rebelled. In 596, the Sui Dynasty sent troops to conquer and set up Xiezhou and Gongzhou for defense.
In the same year, Kumoxi moved to Anzhou. From 597 to 598, Goguryeo troops invaded Yingzhou. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty sent troops to attack, occupied the west of the Liao River, penetrated deep into Khitan, and then withdrew.
In 599, the Khan Khan was unable to invade, so he had to move south, and was called to Khan Khan by Sui. Later, Lan Kehan was killed. With the help of the Sui Dynasty, Qimin Kehan became the leader of the Jue and called Sui. In 600 years, the Western Turkista was sweating to enter the border of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Sui Wen sent Yang Guang and Yang Su to come out of Lingwu.
In 604, Emperor Sui Wen died of illness. He said that he was killed by Yang Guang. Emperor Sui Yang was also an ambitious monarch. He did not satisfy the current status quo. It was intended to open up the country and reproduce the prosperous world of the Han Dynasty.
Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty
In 605, Emperor Sui Yang moved to Luoyang, the capital of the capital, and built the Grand Canal to prepare for the great cause of the four directions. In the same year, Emperor Sui Yang sent Liu Fang to attack the uneasy Lin Yiguo, breaking through his capital, and destroying it in one fell swoop. Lin Yi Wang Fanfan fled to the sea and thanked the Sui Dynasty. The Sui Jun was retracted shortly after, and Lin Yi quickly resumed the country.
Emperor Sui Yang wanted to open up the Silk Road since the Han Dynasty and brought the western regions to all countries in the Western Regions. However, at that time, the western regions may be ordered to be in the Western Turkish Turkish, or they were ordered to be in Tuyuhun. Therefore, Emperor Sui Yang must first solve the Western Turkistan and Tu Guhun.
Tuguhun was built by Murong Xianbei's westward movement, and many times in the early Sui Dynasty committed. Later, Tuguhun Khan Murong Fuyun married Princess Light Princess of the Sui Dynasty, and became the son -in -law of the Sui Dynasty. However, Tu Guhun was unsuccessful. Using this layer of identity often stabbed the Sui Dynasty intelligence, and had a private communication with the Western Turks, annoying the Sui Dynasty.
Emperor Sui Yang sent Pei Ru to the Western Regions, and Pei Jue suggested that after returning to China, it is recommended that if you want to unblock the Silk Road, you must eliminate Tu Guhun. Coincidentally, in 608, the high -car tribal in the Western Regions entered the Suijing Dunhuang, and then regretted it and asked the Emperor Sui Yang. As a result, Emperor Sui Yang sent Pei Ru to persuade the car to attack Gu Hun and make up for his skills.
Facing the raid of Gaocan from the west, Tu Gu Hun was beaten by surprise, hurriedly fled, and asked for help from the Sui Dynasty. In 609, Emperor Sui Yang took the opportunity to lead the army to the west of Tuguhun, destroying Tu Gulu in one fell swoop, incorporated the southeast of Qinghai and Tarim Basin into the territory, and set up the four counties of Xihai, Heyuan, Shan Shan, and the last four counties. The merger of Qinghai is the first time in the history of the unified dynasty. However, Tugu Hunmu Murong Fu Yunnan escaped the party and was not caught.
In 608, Emperor Sui Yang sent Xue Shixiong to attack the country of Yiwu and established Yifei. In 610, Yiwu was merged into the territory of the Sui Dynasty and set up Yiwu County.
In 611, Emperor Sui Yang sent people to lobby Rocke Khan, who was in trouble. Luo Khan is a filial son at the Western Turkistan. His mother is a Han. He lives in Daxing City. Facing the situation of internal and external difficulties, Luo Khan had to return to the Sui Dynasty.
At this point, the territory of the Sui Dynasty has expanded significantly, which is extremely prosperous. It starts in the west and at the end, the Liaohe River in the east, the desert in the north, the south of the toe, and an area of about 4.37 million square kilometers. Moreover, Emperor Sui Yang finally opened up the Western Line Silk Road and strengthened the connection between the Central Plains and the Western Regions.
In addition to the Western Regions, Emperor Sui Yang also moved in the southeast direction. In 607, Emperor Sui Yang sent someone to Qiqiu twice, hoping that he could return. However, the Lord of Ryukyu did not obey, so Emperor Sui Yang sent troops in 610 to fight against him, killing the Lord, and captured thousands of men and women. However, the Sui Dynasty did not find the flow into the territory.
After all parties were served, Goguryeo in the Northeast was still lingering in the Liaodong and the Korean Peninsula, and it was separated from the Zongfan system of the Sui Dynasty. In 611, Goguryeo Yue River criminals invaded western Liaoning. Emperor Sui Yang was also a temperament, where could he bear it.
Therefore, from 612 to 614, Emperor Sui Yang launched three war against Goguryeo, but all ended in failure. The first Sui Dynasty regained western Liaoning and set up Liaodong County, but because Emperor Sui Yang shook the city, lectured on the punch, leaked secrets, blinded command, dropped 300,000 corpses and returned; The outbreak of Yang Xuan felt the chaos and had to withdraw the troops. The third time was for the year.
Emperor Sui Yang is a typical "workaholic", who loves to patrol and is very tossing. However, Emperor Sui Yang was in a hurry, and the people couldn't stand it. They moved to Luoyang in the east and offended the Guanlong Noble Group. In fact, as early as the Sanzheng Goguryeo, the people had already risen. In 615, although the third needle Goguryeo failed, the world was already full of flames and wolf smoke. In the same year, Tuguhun took the opportunity to resume the country, and Yiwu was re -independent and was controlled by the Western Turks.
In 617, Emperor Sui Yang's cousin Li Yuan started his troops in Taiyuan and invaded Chang'an. The Wang Yang was the emperor of the puppet, and the Emperor Sui Yang, who was far away from Jiangdu, was the emperor of the Taishang. In March 618, Emperor Sui Yang was killed by his subordinates in Jiangdu. In May, Yang Yan was forced to meditate. Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty died, and enjoyed the country for 37 years. However, some forces that are loyal or apparently loyal to the Sui Dynasty still exist.
In 625, the Tang Dynasty flattened all parties to cut forces and basically unified the whole country. However, in the north, there are still supported Liang Shi and the remains of the Sui Dynasty and the grandson of Emperor Sui Yang.
In 630, the Tang Dynasty jointly attacked Xue Yanduo, captured the leader of Jue Li Khan, sent it to Chang'an, died, and the disabled returned to the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, due to the demise of Jue, Yang Zhengdao, the remaining forces of the Sui Dynasty, and his grandmother Xiao Queen also returned to Tang. Like Jili Khan, they were properly resettled. At this point, the last residual forces of the Sui Dynasty died.
The Sui Dynasty ended the split and separatist situation of nearly 300 years since the Western Jin Dynasty, and once again realized the unification of China, laying the foundation for the Sui and Tang dynasties. It can be said that it can be said. In addition, the Sui Dynasty created the three provinces and six systems, the imperial examination system and other systems, and also built the Grand Canal, which has a profound impact on the Tang Dynasty and its future dynasties. However, during the period of Emperor Sui, especially Emperor Sui Yang, he used the people's power to use the people's power, and the quick success and the profit, which caused a large number of military and civilian casualties. At the same time, the Sui Dynasty was not very thorough in the expansion territory. It often lost and lost, and it was too short. It was like a meteor. This problem was not resolved until the Tang Dynasty.
