The last generation of the twenty-two orthodox Chinese dynasties was the 'Qing Dynasty' established by the Manchus (Jurchens and Manchus) from the white mountains and black waters of northern China; and tracing back to the predecessors of the Qing Dynasty, they were Su Shen in the Western Zhou Dynasty and Yi in the Warring States Period. Lou, Wuji in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Mohe (Blackwater Mohe) in the Sui and Tang Dynasties; it was called "Jurchen" at the end of the Five Dynasties. At that time, among the Jurchen tribes, those who moved south to their homeland of the Bohai Kingdom and became vassals of the Liao Dynasty were called "mature Jurchens", while those who stayed in the Blackwater area were called "born Jurchens". The first dynasty established by the Jurchen people was the 'Jin Dynasty', which stood side by side with the Song, Liao and Xixia. It was one of the important minority regimes that cannot be ignored in Chinese history.
In the sixth year of Jin Taihe (1206), Temujin, the leader of the Qiyan Tribe on the Mongolian Plateau, unified the Mongolian Plateau and established the Mongolian state, calling itself "Genghis Khan". Immediately, Mongolia launched an attack on the Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains; about thirty years later Later, in the sixth year of Emperor Taizong of Mongolia (1234), the third son of Temujin, Ogedai, the Mongolian and Song Dynasty allied forces captured Caizhou, the last capital of the Jin Kingdom. Jin Aizong committed suicide, and Emperor Mo of the Jin Dynasty was killed in battle. The first Jurchen minority The national political power - the Jin Dynasty was destroyed.
After that, the Jurchen people who settled in the Central Plains gradually merged with the Han, Khitan, Xi, Bohai and other ethnic groups in the north. However, the "Jurchens" in the Bohai hometown maintained their original ethnic characteristics and stayed in the Songhua River and Tumen River area. Eventually it became a vassal of the later Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian regime) and accepted the rule of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the first year of Emperor Qing's reign (1312), the Yuan Dynasty added Shuidada Road in Liaodong and Heishui areas, which were divided into 50,000 households, namely: Taowen Wanhu (Tangyuan County, Heilongjiang), Huli Gaiwanhu (Heilongjiang) Yilan County), Wandoli Wanhu (Yilan County, Heilongjiang), Tuoolian Wanhu (Huachuan County, Heilongjiang), and Bokujiang Wanhu (probably in today's Fujin County, Heilongjiang), these are the "Five Jurchens of Liaodong" Wanhufu". Most of the members of the 50,000-household government are born Jurchens, savage Jurchens, and Blackwater indigenous tribes (Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen, Daur, Xibo and other ethnic groups).
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, among the 50,000 Jurchen households in Liaodong, 20,000 households in Tuo'elian and Bokujiang disappeared one after another, leaving only three households in Huli Gaibu, Aoduoli and Taowen. The Huligai and Oduoli tribes later moved to the area near Hunchun on the lower reaches of the Tumen River and settled here; later, the Oduoli tribe was renamed Oduolian and Wuduli tribe, and the Huligai tribe was renamed Huo'er'a. , the Uliangha Tribe (not the three non-Mongolian Uliangha Tribes); at this time, the leader of the Oduoli Tribe, Fan Cha (Fan Cha), took his own surname as 'Aixinjueluo (Tong)'.
In the first year of Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty (1368), Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne as emperor in Nanjing and established the Ming Dynasty. Subsequently, Ming Taizu sent an army to the north, and Emperor Yuan Shun abandoned Dadu (Beijing) and fled to Shangdu (Zhengdu, Inner Mongolia). Blue Flag); Although the Yuan Dynasty's rule over the Central Plains ended, its rule in what is now Liaodong is still stable.
In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Huihou (son of Fancha), the leader of the Oduoli tribe, and Ahachu, the leader of the Huligai tribe, led the tribesmen to leave the Xiguan City where they lived to avoid the attack of the savage Jurchen Udiha tribe. They migrated south to Jizhou, Xianzhou and other places in Goryeo, and then turned back north and settled in the upper reaches of the Tumen River.
In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), the Ming army invaded Liaodong and started a war with the Northern Yuan Dynasty who occupied the area. During this period, most of the Jurchen tribes in Liaodong were appeased by the Ming Dynasty and implemented Jisi rule. In the 20th year of Hongwu (1387), the Ming army of 200,000 troops marched north to Liaodong. Naha, the defender of Liaodong in the Northern Yuan Dynasty, was defeated by the Ming army and surrendered to the Ming Dynasty in desperation. The Liaodong area he held was all owned by the Ming Dynasty; The Jurchen Oduoli and Huli tribes who settled in Liaodong also joined the Ming Dynasty.
In November of the first year of Yongle (1403), Aha, the leader of the Jurchen Huli tribe in Liaodong, went to the capital of the Ming Dynasty (Nanjing) to pay tribute to Zhu Di, the Ming Taizong (Chengzu) who had just succeeded to the throne, to show his submission and surrender. Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty appointed Aha as the commander (the name of his guard post had not yet been decided at this time), named him Li Sicheng, and established the site for his guard post in the area west of the Amu River where his tribe lived.
In April of the second year of Yongle (1404), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty formally established a guard station in the place where Huli changed his headquarters, and named it "Jianzhou Guard" (today's Helong County, Jilin Province). At this time, Huihou, the leader of another Jurchen tribe in Liaodong, the Oduoli tribe, had passed away. His son Mengge Timur (Mongolian name, changed to the honorific name Mengtemu by his descendants) inherited the position of leader and attached himself to Yu Huli changed his life. Mengge Timur married Akhachu's daughter Nikanpo as his wife, who was Akhachu's son-in-law.
In the first month of the third year of Yongle (1405), Mengge Timur followed the example of his father-in-law Aha and went to the capital in person to pay tribute. Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty granted Mengge Timur the title of Commander of the Jianzhou Guard (along with his father-in-law Aha). Ha came out with the same official position). In the 14th year of Yongle (1416), the Ming Dynasty divided the Jianzhou Guard into two parts and built the "Jianzhou Left Guard" on the basis of the Jianzhou Guard. Mengge Timur was the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard. The state guards took Ahachu's son Li Xianzhong (a slave of the Shi family) as the commander (Ahachu was dead at this time), and uncle Lang each took charge of one. Li Xianzhong married Mengge Timur's sister again, and the relationship between the two tribes in Jianzhou became closer.
After that, Mengge Timur was attacked by the savage Jurchen tribe in August of the eighth year of Xuande (1433), and was killed together with his eldest son Agu when he was outnumbered; in the ninth year of Xuande (1434), Ming Xuanzong appointed Mengge Timur as Fancha, his mother and brother, became the governor of Qianshi and acted as the commander of Jianzhou Zuowei (but he was not awarded the official position of commander of Jianzhou Zuowei). In the second year of Zhengtong (1437), Dong Shan (Tongcang), the second son of Mengge Timur, was appointed as the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard, and he and his uncle Fancha were in charge of the Jianzhou Left Guard.
In February of the seventh year of Zhengtong (1442), due to serious conflicts and constant fighting between uncles and nephews Dong Shan and Fancha, in order to quell the dispute and weaken the power of the Jianzhou Jurchens, the Ming Dynasty divided Jianzhou Zuowei. As the second, another "Jianzhou Right Guard" was established, with Fan Cha as the commander of the Jianzhou Right Guard, and Dong Shan continued to be the commander of the new "Jianzhou Left Guard". At this time, Jianzhouwei (Li Manzhu, the grandson of Ahachu) moved to the Sukesuhu River (now Suzi River) basin in the upper reaches of the Hun River, with Hetuala (now the old city of Xinbin County, Liaoning) as the main city. . Later, Jianzhou Zuowei also moved here under the leadership of Dong Shan and Fancha and lived in Foala City (also in Xinbin County). After the Jianzhou Left Guard separated from the Jianzhou Right Guard, the two guards took Qinglong Ridge (Maerdun Ridge) as the boundary and each stationed on one side. The "Jianzhou Three Guards" were all established.
In the third year of Chenghua (1467), because the leaders of the three guards of Jianzhou, Li Manzhu (commander of Jianzhou guard), Dong Shan (commander of Jianzhou left guard), and Nalangha (commander of Jianzhou right guard), often contacted each other in series The invaders crossed the border wall and robbed the Ming Dynasty's property. Unable to bear it, Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty used General Zhao Fu, the chief soldier of the conquering barbarians, to lead an army of 50,000 people out of the border wall to attack the three Jurchen guards in Jianzhou. In September, the Ming army beheaded Jianzhou. Li Manzhu, the commander of the guard and the governor's fellow governor, and his son Gunaha, and Nalangha, the commander of the right guard and governor of Jianzhou, were also killed. Dong Shan, the commander of the left guard of Jianzhou, was captured by the Ming army. During the escort, they were killed while trying to escape. More than 1,700 of the three guards of Jianzhou were killed by the Ming army; this is the "Chenghua Liting" recorded in the history books.
After Li Manzhu, Dong Shan, and Nalangha were executed by the Ming army, under strict surveillance, the Ming Dynasty granted Li Manzhu's grandson Wanzhe Tu the title of commander of the Jianzhou Guard, and granted Nalangha's uncle Ahada the title of commander of the Jianzhou Guard. He was appointed as the commander of the right guard of Jianzhou, and Dong Shan's eldest son Tuoluo was awarded the commander of the left guard of Jianzhou. Since then, the post of commander of Jianzhou Zuowei was passed down successively between the brothers Tuoluo and Tuoyimo (the second son of Dong Shan); from about the first to twentieth year of Jiajing (1522-1542), Tuoluo, Tuoyimo's nephew Fuman (son of Dong Shan's third son Xibao Qipiangu) inherited the official position left by his father and succeeded him as the commander of Jianzhou Zuowei, and then moved the main city of Jianzhou Zuowei from Foala to Hetuala, and Jianzhouwei lived in the same city.
Fuman had six sons, namely: Deshiku, Liu Chan, Suo Chang'a, Jue Chang'an, Bao Lang'a, and Baoshi. Before and after moving to Hetuala, Fuman gave birth to six sons, namely Deshiku, Liu Chan, Suo Chang'a, Jue Chang'an, Bao Lang'a and Baoshi. As the sons grew up, Fuman gave each of his six sons a family and a career, and helped each of them build a city. Because Fuman's six sons lived in six places, the power of the Jianzhou Zuowei and Aixinjueluo families also continued to expand. .
Around the middle and late Jiajing period (after 1550), Fuman died of old age. His third son Suo Chang'a and fourth son Jue Chang'an successively inherited the official position of commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard. When Jue Chang'an was in office, he asked his fourth son Takshi to marry the Xitala family, the daughter of Wang Gao (grandson of Ahada), who was the leader of the Jianzhou right guard at the time, and then married his own daughter to Wang Gao's daughter. His son Atai, in order to protect the survival of Jianzhou Zuowei.
Starting from the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (1557), Wang Gao continuously sent troops to invade the border walls of the Ming Dynasty. He successively killed many Ming Dynasty generals guarding Liaodong and invaded various towns in Liaodong. When Wang Gao invaded the border areas of the Ming Dynasty, Jue Chang'an and his son Takshi had to rely on Wang Gao to participate in the robbery for the benefit and safety of Jianzhou Left Guard. However, when Jue Chang'an was participating in the invasion, he secretly communicated with the Ming army privately, passed on information, and secretly reported Wang Gao's movements and plans to invade the invasion.
In the third year of Wanli (1575), in view of Wang Gao's invasion of Japan becoming more and more aggressive, Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of the Liaodong Ming Army of the Ming Dynasty, was ordered to lead an army of 50,000 people in the Liaodong Ming Dynasty. He imitated the method used by Zhao Fu to encircle and suppress Li Manzhu, and encircled and attacked Wang Gao in four directions. Gulezhai (Gulou Town, Xinbin County), the capital city of Jianzhou Youwei. Under the pressure of the Ming army, Wang Gao could only flee in panic and took refuge with Wang Tai, the leader of the Haixi Jurchen Hada tribe; but Wang Tai planned to capture Wang Gao and kidnapped him and handed him over to the Ming army. Wang Gao was then escorted to the capital for execution. .
Gulezhai, the capital city of Jianzhou Youwei, which lost its leader, was captured by Li Chengliang in one fell swoop. Jue Changan and his son Takshi, who were in the city at the time, had received the news in advance from the Ming army generals they were friends with, so they left Gulezhai in advance. , escaped this disaster. However, Wang Gao's two grandsons, Nurhachi and Shuerhaqi, the eldest son of Takshi and Wang Gao's daughter Xitarasi, happened to be visiting relatives in Gule Village, so they did not have time to leave. They were captured by the Ming army and almost Killed.
Later, Li Chengliang learned that Nurhaci and Shuerhaqi were the grandsons of Jue Changan, the commander of Jianzhou Left Guard. Jue Changan had always been close to the Ming Dynasty and passed news to the Ming army, so Li Chengliang did not embarrass the two young men. (Nurhachi was sixteen years old at this time and Shuerhaqi was only eleven years old), so he took them into his house as attendants and servants (not as slaves of the Li family as rumored by unofficial historians). Three years later, Li Chengliang The two returned them to Jue Changan and Takshi.
After Wang Gao was captured and executed by the Ming army, his son Atai escaped from Gule Village. After the Ming army withdrew, he returned to Jianzhou Youwei's hometown and rebuilt Gule City and Shaji City. Atai also vowed to fight with The Ming army fought to the end. Atai's wife was the daughter of Jue Chang'an, so Jue Chang'an's status within the three guards of Jianzhou gradually improved, and the power of the left guard of Jianzhou also began to grow slowly.
In the sixth year of Wanli (1578), 19-year-old Nurhachi and his 14-year-old brother Shuerhaqi were sent back to Jianzhou Zuowei by his grandfather and father by Li Chengliang. At this time, Nurhaci’s biological mother and Tucker Shi’s first wife Xitala Takshi had already passed away, and Takshi married Nala, the daughter of Wangtai, the leader of the Hada tribe, as his stepwife. Nala did not like to see the Nurhachi brothers who were not born to him, and often slandered and framed the two brothers in front of Takshi. Over time, Takeshi no longer took care of his two eldest sons.
Therefore, the Nurhaci brothers had to separate from their father and live alone, and received only a small amount of family property. From then on, Nurhachi and his younger brother made a living by digging ginseng and collecting mountain products to support themselves. They also often went to Fushun and other places within the border wall to trade with the soldiers and civilians of the Ming Dynasty to support themselves and their families through trade and barter (Nurhaci at this time Already have a family).
In the eleventh year of Wanli (1583), Li Chengliang once again sent troops to attack Jianzhou Youwei in order to completely eliminate Atai's power. At that time, the Ming army sent troops to attack Gule City and Shaji City in Jianzhou Youwei, and returned With Nikanwailan, the lord of Tulum City, as a guide, they surrounded the Atai tribe. Atai's wife is the daughter of Jue Chang'an, so Jue Changan, who felt that his daughter was in danger, took his son Takshi and ventured into Gule City before the Ming army besieged the city. He persuaded Atai to surrender to the Ming army. If that didn't work, he would To get my daughter out of danger.
However, Nikan Wailan, the leader of the Ming army, had long coveted the territory of the Jianzhou Zuowei, and wanted to use the hands of the Ming army to kill Jue Changan and Takeshi, so that the Jianzhou Zuowei would be leaderless, so that he could seize the opportunity. The sphere of influence that has been coveted for a long time.
Therefore, Nikan Wailan not only instigated the Ming army to attack the city as soon as possible, but also exaggerated the false military situation outside the city that "the one who kills Atai will be the lord of Feng Gule City". As a result, the city of Gule was in chaos and could not hold on. Seeing this, the Ming army took advantage of the situation and launched an offensive. During the siege of the city, more than 2,000 people from the Atai brothers and Jianzhou Youwei were killed in the melee. Jue Changan and Takshi, who wanted to persuade peace, were also accidentally killed by the Ming army during this period.
Afterwards, the 25-year-old Nurhachi learned that his father and ancestor had been accidentally killed by the Ming army. He was so angry that he sent a document to the Ming Dynasty, demanding an explanation from the Ming army. Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong Province, felt guilty after knowing this. After returning the bodies of Jue Chang'an and Takshi to Nurhachi, he gave him thirty imperial edicts (for tribute trade) and thirty horses. , and let Nurhachi inherit the official position of the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard, plus the official rank of "General Longhu" (the second rank of military rank), and concurrently the governor of Qianshi.
With this official status certified by the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi officially entered the entrepreneurial stage; after that, Nurhaci used the thirteen suits of armor left by his father and ancestors as original capital to unify the Jianzhou Three Guards Jurchens and even other Jurchen ethnic groups in Liaodong. The process of military conquest; thirty-two years later, in the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), the fifty-seven-year-old Nurhachi basically unified all the Jurchen tribes in Liaodong (only the Yehe tribe of the Haixi Jurchen tribe still survives, but it is still alive. , precarious); in this year, Nurhachi proclaimed himself emperor in his home city of Hetuala, established a country, and called himself Khan. The country was named "Dajin" (Later Jin), changed its name to "Destiny", and claimed to be "the wise Khan who brought up all the nations."
The following story is the process of Nurhachi's formal fight against the Ming Dynasty and the strategy battle. The last generation of the twenty-two orthodox Chinese dynasties was the 'Qing Dynasty' established by the Manchus (Jurchens and Manchus) from the white mountains and black waters of northern China; and tracing back to the predecessors of the Qing Dynasty, they were Su Shen in the Western Zhou Dynasty and Yi in the Warring States Period. Lou, Wuji in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Mohe (Blackwater Mohe) in the Sui and Tang Dynasties; it was called "Jurchen" at the end of the Five Dynasties. At that time, among the Jurchen tribes, those who moved south to their homeland of the Bohai Kingdom and became vassals of the Liao Dynasty were called "mature Jurchens", while those who stayed in the Blackwater area were called "born Jurchens". The first dynasty established by the Jurchen people was the 'Jin Dynasty', which stood side by side with the Song, Liao and Xixia. It was one of the important minority regimes that cannot be ignored in Chinese history.
In the sixth year of Jin Taihe (1206), Temujin, the leader of the Qiyan Tribe on the Mongolian Plateau, unified the Mongolian Plateau and established the Mongolian state, calling itself "Genghis Khan". Immediately, Mongolia launched an attack on the Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains; about thirty years later Later, in the sixth year of Emperor Taizong of Mongolia (1234), the third son of Temujin, Ogedai, the Mongolian and Song Dynasty allied forces captured Caizhou, the last capital of the Jin Kingdom. Jin Aizong committed suicide, and Emperor Mo of the Jin Dynasty was killed in battle. The first Jurchen minority The national political power—the Jin Dynasty was destroyed.
After that, the Jurchen people who settled in the Central Plains gradually merged with the Han, Khitan, Xi, Bohai and other ethnic groups in the north. However, the "Jurchens" in the Bohai hometown maintained their original ethnic characteristics and stayed in the Songhua River and Tumen River area. Eventually it became a vassal of the later Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian regime) and accepted the rule of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the first year of Emperor Qing's reign (1312), the Yuan Dynasty added Shuidada Road in Liaodong and Heishui areas, which were divided into 50,000 households, namely: Taowen Wanhu (Tangyuan County, Heilongjiang), Huli Gaiwanhu (Heilongjiang) Yilan County), Wandoli Wanhu (Yilan County, Heilongjiang), Tuoolian Wanhu (Huachuan County, Heilongjiang), and Bokujiang Wanhu (probably in today's Fujin County, Heilongjiang), these are the "Five Jurchens of Liaodong" Wanhufu". Most of the members of the 50,000-household government are born Jurchens, savage Jurchens, and Blackwater indigenous tribes (Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen, Daur, Xibo and other ethnic groups).
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, among the 50,000 Jurchen households in Liaodong, 20,000 households in Tuo'elian and Bokujiang disappeared one after another, leaving only three households in Huli Gaibu, Weduoli, and Taowen. The Huligai and Oduoli tribes later moved to the area near Hunchun on the lower reaches of the Tumen River and settled here; later, the Oduoli tribe was renamed Oduolian and Wuduli tribe, and the Huligai tribe was renamed Huo'er'a. , the Uliangha Tribe (not the three non-Mongolian Uliangha Tribes); at this time, the leader of the Oduoli Tribe, Fan Cha (Fan Cha), took his own surname as 'Aixinjueluo (Tong)'.
In the first year of Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty (1368), Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne as emperor in Nanjing and established the Ming Dynasty. Subsequently, Ming Taizu sent an army to the north, and Emperor Yuan Shun abandoned Dadu (Beijing) and fled to Shangdu (Zhengdu, Inner Mongolia). Blue Flag); Although the Yuan Dynasty's rule over the Central Plains ended, its rule in what is now Liaodong is still stable.
In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Huihou (son of Fancha), the leader of the Oduoli tribe, and Ahachu, the leader of the Huligai tribe, led the tribesmen to leave the Xiguan City where they lived to avoid the attack of the savage Jurchen Udiha tribe. They migrated south to Jizhou, Xianzhou and other places in Goryeo, and then turned back north and settled in the upper reaches of the Tumen River.
In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), the Ming army invaded Liaodong and started a war with the Northern Yuan Dynasty who occupied the area. During this period, most of the Jurchen tribes in Liaodong were appeased by the Ming Dynasty and implemented Jisi rule. In the 20th year of Hongwu (1387), the Ming army of 200,000 troops marched north to Liaodong. Naha, the defender of Liaodong in the Northern Yuan Dynasty, was defeated by the Ming army and surrendered to the Ming Dynasty in desperation. The Liaodong area he held was all owned by the Ming Dynasty; The Jurchen Oduoli and Huli tribes who settled in Liaodong also joined the Ming Dynasty.
In November of the first year of Yongle (1403), Aha, the leader of the Jurchen Huli tribe in Liaodong, went to the capital of the Ming Dynasty (Nanjing) to pay tribute to Zhu Di, the Ming Taizong (Chengzu) who had just succeeded to the throne, to show his submission and surrender. Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty appointed Aha as the commander (the name of his guard post had not yet been decided at this time), named him Li Sicheng, and established the site for his guard post in the area west of the Amu River where his tribe lived.
In April of the second year of Yongle (1404), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty officially established a guard station in the place where Huli changed his headquarters, and named it "Jianzhou Guard" (today's Helong County, Jilin Province). At this time, Huihou, the leader of another Jurchen tribe in Liaodong, the Oduoli tribe, had passed away. His son Mengge Timur (Mongolian name, changed to the honorific name Mengtemu by his descendants) inherited the position of leader and attached himself to Yu Huli changed his life. Mengge Timur married Akhachu's daughter Nikanpo as his wife, who was Akhachu's son-in-law.
In the first month of the third year of Yongle (1405), Mengge Timur followed the example of his father-in-law Aha and went to the capital in person to pay tribute. Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty granted Mengge Timur the title of Commander of the Jianzhou Guard (along with his father-in-law Aha). Ha came out with the same official position). In the 14th year of Yongle (1416), the Ming Dynasty divided the Jianzhou Guard into two parts and built the "Jianzhou Left Guard" on the basis of the Jianzhou Guard. Mengge Timur was the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard. The state guards took Ahachu's son Li Xianzhong (a slave of the Shi family) as the commander (Ahachu was dead at this time), and uncle Lang each took charge of one. Li Xianzhong married Mengge Timur's sister again, and the relationship between the two tribes in Jianzhou became closer.
After that, Mengge Timur was attacked by the savage Jurchen tribe in August of the eighth year of Xuande (1433), and was killed together with his eldest son Agu when he was outnumbered; in the ninth year of Xuande (1434), Ming Xuanzong appointed Mengge Timur as Fancha, his mother and brother, became the governor of Qianshi and acted as the commander of Jianzhou Zuowei (but he was not awarded the official position of commander of Jianzhou Zuowei). In the second year of Zhengtong (1437), Dong Shan (Tongcang), the second son of Mengge Timur, was appointed as the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard, and he and his uncle Fancha were in charge of the Jianzhou Left Guard.
In February of the seventh year of Zhengtong (1442), due to serious conflicts and constant fighting between uncles and nephews Dong Shan and Fancha, in order to quell the dispute and weaken the power of the Jianzhou Jurchens, the Ming Dynasty divided Jianzhou Zuowei. As the second, another "Jianzhou Right Guard" was established, with Fan Cha as the commander of the Jianzhou Right Guard, and Dong Shan continued to be the commander of the new "Jianzhou Left Guard". At this time, Jianzhouwei (Li Manzhu, the grandson of Ahachu) moved to the Sukesuhu River (now Suzi River) basin in the upper reaches of the Hun River, with Hetuala (now the old city of Xinbin County, Liaoning) as the main city. . Later, Jianzhou Zuowei also moved here under the leadership of Dong Shan and Fancha and lived in Foala City (also in Xinbin County). After the Jianzhou Left Guard separated from the Jianzhou Right Guard, the two guards took Qinglong Ridge (Maerdun Ridge) as the boundary and each stationed on one side. The "Jianzhou Three Guards" were all established.
In the third year of Chenghua (1467), because the leaders of the three guards of Jianzhou, Li Manzhu (commander of Jianzhou guard), Dong Shan (commander of Jianzhou left guard), and Nalangha (commander of Jianzhou right guard), often contacted each other in series The invaders crossed the border wall and robbed the Ming Dynasty's property. Unable to bear it, Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty used General Zhao Fu, the chief soldier of the conquering barbarians, to lead an army of 50,000 people out of the border wall to attack the three Jurchen guards in Jianzhou. In September, the Ming army beheaded Jianzhou. Li Manzhu, the commander of the guard and the governor's fellow governor, and his son Gunaha, and Nalangha, the commander of the right guard and governor of Jianzhou, were also killed. Dong Shan, the commander of the left guard of Jianzhou, was captured by the Ming army. During the escort, they were killed while trying to escape. More than 1,700 of the three guards of Jianzhou were killed by the Ming army; this is the "Chenghua Liting" recorded in the history books.
After Li Manzhu, Dong Shan, and Nalangha were executed by the Ming army, under strict surveillance, the Ming Dynasty granted Li Manzhu's grandson Wanzhe Tu the title of commander of the Jianzhou Guard, and granted Nalangha's uncle Ahada the title of commander of the Jianzhou Guard. He was appointed as the commander of the right guard of Jianzhou, and Dong Shan's eldest son Tuoluo was awarded the commander of the left guard of Jianzhou. Since then, the post of commander of Jianzhou Zuowei was passed down successively between the brothers Tuoluo and Tuoyimo (the second son of Dong Shan); from about the first to twentieth year of Jiajing (1522-1542), Tuoluo, Tuoyimo's nephew Fuman (son of Dong Shan's third son Xibao Qipiangu) inherited the official position left by his father and succeeded him as the commander of Jianzhou Zuowei, and then moved the main city of Jianzhou Zuowei from Foala to Hetuala, and Jianzhouwei lived in the same city.
Fuman had six sons, namely: Deshiku, Liu Chan, Suo Chang'a, Jue Chang'an, Bao Lang'a, and Baoshi. Before and after moving to Hetuala, Fuman gave birth to six sons, namely Deshiku, Liu Chan, Suo Chang'a, Jue Chang'an, Bao Lang'a and Baoshi. As the sons grew up, Fuman gave each of his six sons a family and a career, and helped each of them build a city. Because Fuman's six sons lived in six places, the power of the Jianzhou Zuowei and Aixinjueluo families also continued to expand. .
Around the middle and late Jiajing period (after 1550), Fuman died of old age. His third son Suo Chang'a and fourth son Jue Chang'an successively inherited the official position of commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard. When Jue Chang'an was in office, he asked his fourth son Takshi to marry the Xitala family, the daughter of Wang Gao (grandson of Ahada), who was the leader of the Jianzhou right guard at the time, and then married his own daughter to Wang Gao's daughter. His son Atai, in order to protect the survival of Jianzhou Zuowei.
Starting from the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (1557), Wang Gao continuously sent troops to invade the border walls of the Ming Dynasty. He successively killed many Ming Dynasty generals guarding Liaodong and invaded various towns in Liaodong. When Wang Gao invaded the border areas of the Ming Dynasty, Jue Chang'an and his son Takshi had to rely on Wang Gao to participate in the robbery for the benefit and safety of Jianzhou Left Guard. However, when Jue Chang'an was participating in the invasion, he secretly communicated with the Ming army privately, passed on information, and secretly reported Wang Gao's movements and plans to invade the invasion.
In the third year of Wanli (1575), in view of Wang Gao's invasion of Japan becoming more and more aggressive, Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of the Liaodong Ming Army of the Ming Dynasty, was ordered to lead an army of 50,000 people in the Liaodong Ming Dynasty. He imitated the method used by Zhao Fu to encircle and suppress Li Manzhu, and encircled and attacked Wang Gao in four directions. Gulezhai (Gulou Town, Xinbin County), the capital city of Jianzhou Youwei. Under the pressure of the Ming army, Wang Gao could only flee in panic and took refuge with Wang Tai, the leader of the Haixi Jurchen Hada tribe; but Wang Tai planned to capture Wang Gao and kidnapped him and handed him over to the Ming army. Wang Gao was then escorted to the capital for execution. .
Gulezhai, the capital city of Jianzhou Youwei, which lost its leader, was captured by Li Chengliang in one fell swoop. Jue Changan and his son Takshi, who were in the city at the time, had received the news in advance from the Ming army generals they were friends with, so they left Gulezhai in advance. , escaped this disaster. However, Wang Gao's two grandsons, Nurhachi and Shuerhaqi, the eldest son of Takshi and Wang Gao's daughter Xitarasi, happened to be visiting relatives in Gule Village, so they did not have time to leave. They were captured by the Ming army and almost Killed.
Later, Li Chengliang learned that Nurhaci and Shuerhaqi were the grandsons of Jue Changan, the commander of Jianzhou Left Guard. Jue Changan had always been close to the Ming Dynasty and passed news to the Ming army, so Li Chengliang did not embarrass the two young men. (Nurhachi was sixteen years old at this time and Shuerhaqi was only eleven years old), so he took them into his house as attendants and servants (not as slaves of the Li family as rumored by unofficial historians). Three years later, Li Chengliang The two returned them to Jue Changan and Takshi.
After Wang Gao was captured and executed by the Ming army, his son Atai escaped from Gule Village. After the Ming army withdrew, he returned to Jianzhou Youwei's hometown and rebuilt Gule City and Shaji City. Atai also vowed to fight with The Ming army fought to the end. Atai's wife was the daughter of Jue Chang'an, so Jue Chang'an's status within the three guards of Jianzhou gradually improved, and the power of the left guard of Jianzhou also began to grow slowly.
In the sixth year of Wanli (1578), 19-year-old Nurhachi and his 14-year-old brother Shuerhaqi were sent back to Jianzhou Zuowei by his grandfather and father by Li Chengliang. At this time, Nurhaci’s biological mother and Tucker Shi’s first wife Xitala Takshi had already passed away, and Takshi married Nala, the daughter of Wangtai, the leader of the Hada tribe, as his stepwife. Nala did not like to see the Nurhachi brothers who were not born to him, and often slandered and framed the two brothers in front of Takshi. Over time, Takeshi no longer took care of his two eldest sons.
Therefore, the Nurhachi brothers had to separate from their father and live alone, and received only a small amount of family property. From then on, Nurhachi and his younger brother made a living by digging ginseng and collecting mountain products to support themselves. They also often went to Fushun and other places within the border wall to trade with the soldiers and civilians of the Ming Dynasty to support themselves and their families through trade and barter (Nurhaci at this time Already have a family).
In the eleventh year of Wanli (1583), Li Chengliang once again sent troops to attack Jianzhou Youwei in order to completely eliminate Atai's power. At that time, the Ming army sent troops to attack Gule City and Shaji City in Jianzhou Youwei, and returned With Nikanwailan, the lord of Tulum City, as a guide, they surrounded the Atai tribe. Atai's wife is the daughter of Jue Chang'an, so Jue Changan, who felt that his daughter was in danger, took his son Takshi and ventured into Gule City before the Ming army besieged the city. He persuaded Atai to surrender to the Ming army. If that didn't work, he would To get my daughter out of danger.
However, Nikan Wailan, the leader of the Ming army, had long coveted the territory of the Jianzhou Zuowei, and wanted to use the Ming army to kill Jue Changan and Takeshi, so that the Jianzhou Zuowei would be leaderless, so that he could seize the opportunity. The sphere of influence that has been coveted for a long time.
Therefore, Nikan Wailan not only instigated the Ming army to attack the city as soon as possible, but also exaggerated the false military situation outside the city that "the one who kills Atai will be the lord of Feng Gule City". As a result, the city of Gule was in chaos and could not hold on. Seeing this, the Ming army took advantage of the situation and launched an offensive. During the siege of the city, more than 2,000 people from the Atai brothers and Jianzhou Youwei were killed in the melee. Jue Changan and Takshi, who wanted to persuade peace, were also accidentally killed by the Ming army during this period.
Afterwards, the 25-year-old Nurhachi learned that his father and ancestor had been accidentally killed by the Ming army. He was so angry that he sent a document to the Ming Dynasty, demanding an explanation from the Ming army. Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong Province, felt guilty after knowing this. After returning the bodies of Jue Chang'an and Takshi to Nurhachi, he gave him thirty imperial edicts (for tribute trade) and thirty horses. , and let Nurhachi inherit the official position of the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard, plus the official rank of "General Longhu" (the second grade of military rank), and concurrently the governor of Qianshi.
With this official status certified by the Ming Dynasty, Nurhaci officially entered the entrepreneurial stage; after that, Nurhaci used the thirteen suits of armor left by his father and ancestors as original capital to unify the Jianzhou Three Guards Jurchens and even other Jurchen ethnic groups in Liaodong. The process of military conquest; thirty-two years later, in the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), the fifty-seven-year-old Nurhaci basically unified all the Jurchen tribes in Liaodong (only the Yehe tribe of the Haixi Jurchen tribe still survives, but it is also a lingering one) , precarious); in this year, Nurhachi proclaimed himself emperor in his home city of Hetuala, established a country and called himself Khan. The country was named "Dajin" (Later Jin), changed its name to "Destiny", and called himself "the wise Khan who brought up all the nations".
The following story is the process of Nurhachi's formal fight against the Ming Dynasty and the strategy battle.
