"Since ancient times, all officials have said that the people are noble, the king is low, and the country is the second best. However, the reality is that the prosperity of the people is painful, and the destruction of the people is painful."
“For thousands of years, in their eyes, these people have always been cattle and sheep in the eyes of the superiors, and all the wealth they created has been plundered by the superiors.
This wasn't the end, they even had to step hard into the dirt with their feet.
The people are the foundation and the foundation of the world. Banbanqingshi didn't even want to leave their names.
Twenty-three history books are just twenty-three family letters, and they are just twenty-three families’ conspiracies.
Let the people live a better life, this is my wish! "
From ancient times to the present, everyone has said that "the people are noble, the king is low, and the country is second." But who can do it in a serious way?
It's just advocating prosperity and whitewashing peace.
Even under the rule of Renxuan and the prosperous Yongle era, there were still many rebellious people.
If it was really a prosperous age and the people lived a carefree life, why would the people rebel?
In the final analysis, some people are still too greedy. The family has hundreds of mansions, and the fertile farmland is leaning forward, but it still has to blast out 2 taels of oil from the hands of the people who are not fed or clothed. From now on, this situation will no longer occur. "Zhu Youjian said on the city wall.
It’s not like no one in history can see it, and it’s not like no one wants to prevent this country from dying through reforms.
But almost all attempts failed, and even further accelerated the country's demise.
What's the reason? In fact, many people know it in their hearts, but they always pretend to be confused.
What is the purpose of reform? Let the exploited people who are barely alive breathe a sigh of relief. Doing so will inevitably eat away at the cake of the vested interests.
Who are these vested interests?
It's a powerful person.
They will naturally not be happy if their cake is touched. Even though they know in their hearts that not reforming will lead to the destruction of the country and the family, but if you want to reform and do not want to destroy the country and the species, then I will discredit you and directly accelerate the destruction of the country.
The common people are already being exploited and can barely survive. If those with vested interests are taking the opportunity to make such a fuss, then how can the country survive?
In Zhu Youjian's view, the most regrettable reform in history was Wang Anshi's reform.
Wang Anshi's Reform was a reform that occurred during the Shenzong period of the Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi launched a social reform movement aimed at changing the situation of poverty and weakness since the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The reform started from the second year of Xining (1069) and ended with the death of Song Shenzong in the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), so it is also called Xining Reform and Xifeng Reform.
Wang Anshi's reform aimed at developing production, enriching the country and strengthening the army, and rescuing the political crisis of the Song Dynasty. It centered on "financial management" and "military reorganization" and involved all aspects of politics, economy, military, society, and culture. It was the second reform in ancient Chinese history after Shang Yang's reform. Another massive movement for social change.
The reform changed the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty to a certain extent, enriched the government finances, improved national defense capabilities, and also cracked down on and restricted the illegal profiteering of the feudal landlord class and big businessmen.
However, during the implementation of the reform, due to the untimeliness of some measures and poor operation in actual implementation, the interests of the people were harmed to varying degrees (such as the Ma Ma Protection Law and the Young Crops Law). In addition, the new law touched the fundamentals of the big landlord class. interests, so they were strongly opposed.
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), it ended with the death of Song Shenzong.
At that time, the Song Dynasty was in the midst of internal and external troubles.
After the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to prevent local separatism, administrative power, financial power, and military power were taken back, and the method of dividing administrative powers was adopted to maintain centralization of power; politically, the country was governed by civilians, and militarily, the country was governed by civil servants.
In the early Song Dynasty, in order to weaken the power of officials, multiple officials were implemented, but there was still a certain number of officials and division of duties. Since the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, the number of imperial edicts issued by the imperial court regarding the appointment of officials to official positions has increased day by day. By the time of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, there were even more orders. At the same time, due to the popularization of the imperial examination, the adoption of the favor system, and the pursuit of a policy of "favoring hundreds of officials for fear that they would be insufficient," many officials were greedy for power and the bureaucracy was large and bloated ("redundant").
In order to stabilize social order and resist the southern invasion of northern peoples, the early Song Dynasty implemented the policy of "raising troops" and formed a huge military system; at the same time, in order to prevent military generals from taking power, they implemented "more garrison laws", which made soldiers and generals unfamiliar with each other. Although there were many soldiers But if you are not good at it, you will be at a disadvantage in foreign operations ("redundant troops"). The surge in troops and officials led to an increase in fiscal expenditures, which made the already tight government finances even more difficult to make ends meet. In addition, the rulers carried out large-scale construction projects, built temples, etc., resulting in "redundant expenses." The three were closely linked, eventually forming a situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The fiscal deficit forces the government to continuously increase taxes. In addition to paying the legitimate "two taxes", there are also various exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes, which impose a heavy burden on the people. In addition, years of war and frequent natural disasters have caused people's suffering and complaints from all over the country. Continuously. With no way to survive, farmers started to rise up one after another.
At the same time, the intrusion of foreign enemies brought huge pressure to survive on the Northern Song Dynasty regime. After the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were successive wars with the Khitan people on the northeastern border and the Dangxiang people on the northwest border. Due to political corruption and the weakness of the army in the Northern Song Dynasty, although a huge amount of financial resources and manpower were spent, they always ended in failure. In the third year of Qingli (1043), the "Qingli New Deal" headed by Fan Zhongyan failed after one year and did not change this grim situation.
After Song Shenzong came to the throne, although the Song Dynasty seemed prosperous on the surface, it actually contained profound contradictions and problems internally. Due to the serious phenomenon of land annexation, a large number of farmers have lost their land, and the wealthy have concealed their land, which has led to a sharp decline in fiscal revenue and a rare fiscal deficit since the founding of the country. "A hundred years of accumulation only leaves an empty book."
In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Song Shenzong, who had admired Wang Anshi's name for a long time, came to the throne. Song Shenzong hoped to change the situation of poverty and weakness, eliminate shortcomings, and overcome the crisis of governance, so he appointed Wang Anshi as the prefect of Jiangning. He immediately made him a Hanlin scholar and lecturer. He trusted and respected Wang Anshi very much.
In April of the first year of Xining (1068), Wang Anshi once again proposed the idea of comprehensive reform, pointing out that "the way to govern a country must first imitate the ancestors and innovate the existing laws." He also encouraged Shenzong to imitate Yao and Shun and simplify the legal system. Wang Anshi believed that the crux of the country's poverty in the Northern Song Dynasty was not excessive expenditure, but too little production. The reason why farmers were poor and unable to engage in production was, on the one hand, because the bureaucrats and wealthy tycoons annexed a large amount of land, and on the other hand, the government took over heavy tasks. Corvées were imposed on the peasants. Therefore, the best way to manage the wealth of the country is to rely on all the labor force in the world to develop natural resources, and to actively increase revenue rather than passively reduce expenditure. Wang Anshi then wrote "A Hundred Years of Nothing in Our Dynasty", explaining the situation and reasons of peace and tranquility in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, pointing out the crisis-ridden social problems at that time, hoping that Shenzong would make political achievements, and believed that "a time of great promise" , today." Shenzong adopted Wang Anshi's relevant ideas and asked him to fully assist.
In February of the second year of Xining (1069), Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi as the counselor of political affairs. Wang Anshi proposed that the top priority was to change customs and establish laws, and proposed reforms, which Shenzong agreed with. In order to guide the implementation of the reform, three departments, the Ordinance Department, were established to coordinate finance. In April of the same year, people were sent to inspect farmland, water conservancy, and taxes on various roads; in July, the Huai, Zhejiang, and Huliu Roads were enacted; in September, the Green Seeding Law was established; in November, the farmland water conservancy treaty was promulgated.
In the third year of Xining (1070), the Recruitment Law and the Baojia Law were promulgated.
In the fourth year of Xining (1071), the Farmland Equalization Tax Law was promulgated and the imperial examination system was reformed;
In March of the fifth year of Xining (1072), the City Change Law was promulgated.
In July of the sixth year of Xining (1073), the exemption law was promulgated.
Folding the Way to a Rich Country
·Green crop method
Content: During the lean years in February and May each year, the government would provide loans and grain loans to farmers. The interest would be two cents or three cents every six months, which would be returned with the summer and autumn taxes respectively. ΟиЪ.ōΓＧ
Function: Greatly increased government revenue; restricted the exploitation of farmers by loan sharks, and eased class conflicts to a certain extent.
Limitations: Farmers are forced to borrow; the interest rates are high and the burden on farmers is still heavy.
·Recruitment Law (also known as Service Exemption Law)
Content: The original requirement of serving in the service on a household-by-household basis was changed to one borne by government employees. Households who did not want to serve in the service were required to pay a certain amount of money according to their rich and poor levels, which was called free money. Bureaucratic landlords are no exception.
Function: Farmers are freed from labor, ensuring working hours, promoting production development; increasing government fiscal revenue.
Limitations: It is a heavy burden on the poor.
·Fangtian equalization tax law
Content: Order to clear land across the country, verify land owners, and classify land into five grades according to soil quality as the basis for expropriating land taxes.
Effect: Clearing up a large amount of hidden land increased government revenue; some farmers were exempted from taxes and received benefits.
·Farmland Water Conservancy Law
Content: Encourage reclamation of wasteland and construction of water conservancy projects. The cost of construction of water conservancy projects shall be funded by local residents according to their wealth levels. Loans may also be obtained from state and county governments.
Function: Water conservancy projects are widely constructed to ensure irrigation; the area of cultivated land increases, agricultural production develops, and government tax revenue increases.
Limitations: The number of water conservancy projects built has gradually become the performance evaluation criterion for officials. Some local governments force people to build water conservancy projects, increasing the burden on the people.
·Market Change Law
Content: Set up a market in Tokyo, pay for unsalable goods, and sell them when the market is in short supply.
Function: Limiting the control of the market by big businessmen, helping to stabilize prices and commodity exchanges, and also increase the government's fiscal revenue.
·Equal loss method
Content: Establish a shipping envoy to understand the production situation of Southeast Sixth Road and the needs of the government and the palace, and unify procurement and transportation in accordance with the principle of "moving the rich to the cheap, using the people and the people".
Function: Reduce state expenditure, reduce the additional burden on taxpayers, limit the manipulation of the market and the exploitation of the people by wealthy businessmen, and facilitate the lives of citizens.
The method of strengthening the army
The government of the Northern Song Dynasty pursued a policy of raising troops. There were many soldiers but the quality was uneven. The concentration of military power and the change of garrison laws directly weakened the army's combat effectiveness. The general does not know the soldiers, the general has no regular soldiers, and the general's command is too restricted, and his enthusiasm cannot be fully exerted. Soldiers frequently change defenses, lack training, and have low quality.
·Bao Jia Law
Content: Organize rural households, ten households will be one guarantee, and every household with more than two members will select one member as the guarantee member, who will gather together during the slack time to receive military training.
Function: Strengthen governance over rural areas, maintain social security in rural areas; establish national military reserves; save a lot of training costs.
·Disarmament Act
Content: Rectify the Xiang Army and the Forbidden Army, and stipulate that soldiers must retire after the age of fifty. When testing soldiers, those who fail to pass the Imperial Army will be changed to Xiang Army, and those who fail to pass Xiang Army will be changed to civilian status.
Function: Improve the quality of army soldiers.
·The Art of War (also called the Art of Generals)
Content: Abolish the garrison law established in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and use the method of gradual promotion to divide each garrison into several units. Each unit will have a general and a deputy general responsible for the training of the troops in this unit to improve the quality of the army.
Function: Changed the situation of separation of soldiers and generals and strengthened the combat effectiveness of the army
·Horse Preservation Method
Content: Change the government's horse herding supervision to horses being raised by Baojia private households. Baojia households voluntarily raise horses, and the government can provide them with supervision horses or provide them with money to buy them themselves, and they can be exempted from some taxes. It was soon abolished and replaced by a civilian and pastoral system.
Effect: The quality and quantity of horses are improved; the government saves a lot of horse raising costs.
·Ordnance Supervision Law
Content: Supervise the manufacture of weapons, strictly manage them, and improve the quality of weapons
Effect: Weapon production volume increases and quality also improves.
The method of selecting scholars
While Wang Anshi was carrying out reforms in the political, economic and military systems, he also paid great attention to the selection, training and use of talents, mainly to create public opinion for the reform. There are three main specific measures: reforming the imperial examination system, rectifying the Imperial Academy, and recruiting people based on their talents.
·Reform the imperial examination system
Content: The Tributary Examination Law was promulgated, and the Ming Jing subject was abolished. The Jin Shi subject examination was mainly based on the classics and policy theory, and the legal subject was added.
Function: Put the foothold of the imperial examination on the selection of those who have the ambition to help the world economically and have real talents and practical learning, and expand the number of candidates.
·Rectify Imperial College
Three-Shedding Method: The Taixue Three-Shedding Method system is implemented in which teaching is divided into three classes: upper, middle and lower classes with different levels of teaching. Replace the imperial examination with the school's daily assessment. Those with excellent academic performance can directly become officials without passing the imperial examination; promote the Bureau of Classics and Yi, compile Confucian classics, and compile the "New Meanings of the Three Classics"; establish martial arts, medicine, and legal studies Vocational colleges train specialized talents.
·Employ people based on their talents
Paying attention to the promotion and appointment of middle- and lower-level officials gave many low-level officials and lower-level scholar-bureaucrats the opportunity to display their talents.
All these reforms were aimed at strengthening the country and benefiting the people, but the final result did fail. Why did it fail? In Zhu Youjian's view, on the one hand, it was the interests of some people, and on the other hand, it was the will of reform. Not firm enough. In addition, there is no way to control public opinion and no way to completely control the army, so failure is normal.
After the endless coma, Shi Yu suddenly stood up from the bed.
He took a big breath of fresh air, his chest trembling.
Confused, confused, and all kinds of emotions came to my mind.
Where is this?
Afterwards, Shi Yu subconsciously observed his surroundings, and then became even more confused.
A single dormitory?
Even if he was successfully rescued, he should be in the ward now.
And my body...how could I not have any injuries at all?
With doubts, Shi Yu's eyes quickly swept across the room, and finally his eyes rested on a mirror beside the bed.
The mirror showed his current appearance. He was about seventeen or eighteen years old, and he looked very handsome.
But the problem is, this is not him! , read the latest chapters for free without ads
My previous self was a handsome young man in his twenties who had been working for a while.
And now, no matter how you look, this appearance is that of a high school student...
This change made Shi Yu stunned for a long time.
Don't tell him that the operation was successful...
The body and appearance have changed. This is not a matter of surgery or not, but magic.
He turned into a completely different person!
Could it be...that he traveled through time?
In addition to the mirror placed by the bedside, which was obviously not feng shui-friendly, Shi Yu also found three books next to it.
Shi Yu picked it up and took a look. The title of the book instantly silenced him.
"Essential Animal Breeding Manual for Beginner Breeders"
"Postpartum Care of Pet Pets"
"Evaluation Guide for Interracial Beast-Eared Girls"
Shi Yu:? ? ?
The names of the first two books are pretty normal, but what happened to the last one?
"cough."
Shi Yu looked solemnly and stretched out his hand, but his arm soon stiffened.
Just when he was about to open the third book and see what it was about, his brain suddenly felt a sharp pain, and a large number of memories came flooding back.
The on-hook system of Emperor Chongzhen provides you with the deep-water salted fish of the great god.
