When Qianlong died, Manqing entered the period of national mourning.
Again, the Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming Dynasty system, and the emperor's funeral was similar to that of the Ming Dynasty, with some old Manchu customs added. For example, successive emperors, princes, princes, officials, clans, and Jueluo all had to wear mourning clothes and have their hair braided; the concubines of Daxing emperors and the princes and wives also had to change into mourning clothes and have their hair cut in front of their foreheads. , and no haircut will be allowed within a hundred days.
In addition, there is Lidanji, which is a soul-calling flag woven with gold and nine dragons, which evolved from the inscriptions in the funeral rituals of the Han people. If people in the capital of the Qing Dynasty held funerals, they could tell the difference between Manchus and Hans just by looking at whether there were red soul-calling flags standing in their yards.
In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor's funeral was called "unfortunate ceremony". This term comes from the "Li" of Zhou, which is called "unfortunate ceremony to mourn the country's worries." After the death of the emperor, all officials, both civil and military, must remain in mourning for 27 days. During this period, the successors could not use red pen when reviewing memorials, but instead used blue pen, which was called "blue batch". All ministries and yamen were also required to use blue seal for writing. Temples and Taoist temples in the capital must ring their bells 30,000 times, more than a thousand times a day, which can make your brain explode.
During this period, if a folk woman got married, it was called a "clandestine marriage." The red sedan must be replaced by a blue one, and a few of my relatives can just close the door and have a simple meal, and they will never dare to make a fuss. Maybe some people say why not postpone it? There is no way, the date has been set long ago, and that day is the most suitable. The ancients believed this.
Where the mountains are high and the emperor is far away, the effectiveness of the imperial ban will naturally be greatly reduced. The real pain is for the people in the capital. Every move is under the eyes of the imperial court. They dare not do anything that violates the prohibition, otherwise the Shuntian government office will be locked up in minutes.
The most unlucky people during the Manchu mourning period were not ordinary people, but the princes and nobles who held high positions and enjoyed privileges. In addition to not being allowed to marry or have parties for twenty-seven months, they are also subject to an extremely harsh rule called "national mourning to stop pregnancy", which means they are not allowed to get pregnant or even give birth during the national mourning period.
This is a lifeless bastard's butt - a dead rule with no room for maneuver; if violated, the person will be deprived of a knighthood at the least, or imprisoned at the worst.
Someone said again, wouldn’t it be better if I reported the date earlier? Haha, do you really think that the people in Tai Hospital are just living for a living? ! Besides, there is no airtight wall in the world. what to do? It’s not nonsense that a bowl of blowfly soup is specially designed to cure new life. Bullfly is just a traditional Chinese medicine.
If the princes of some clans cannot bear to have an abortion and give birth during the national mourning period, the child must be sent away quietly as soon as it is born and adopted by an ordinary family. Moreover, it will not be included in the royal ultimatum in the future, and it will not be allowed to enter the ancestral grave after death.
Even though the Manchu and Qing dynasties were in a state of rapid decline in just a few days, Jiaqing was determined to do something big. He tried to use this move to tell the world that although the Beihai pirates were causing trouble outside the customs and Jiaodong, the Qing Dynasty was still the righteous one in the world. Everyone in the government and the public knew very well that Qianlong's funeral was probably the last "grand ceremony" of the Qing Dynasty in the pass.
Because of years of huge military expenditures and the financial drain caused by Qianlong's excessive spending, the Ministry of Revenue had little surplus food. Of course, there is another important reason for this, that is, He Shen took a large amount of stolen money and ran away.
With no other choice, Jiaqing had no choice but to allocate two million taels of silver from the inner government's treasury and let the Ministry of Rites, Luan Yiwei and the Ministry of Internal Affairs jointly handle the funeral arrangements. He also issued a secret order to the Governor of Liangjiang and the Guangdong Customs to quickly raise a sum of silver. The source was naturally salt. Shang and Thirteen Elements. Two million dollars was too much to spend. Twenty thousand pieces of white cloth were used in one day just to make mourning clothes and tents.
According to regulations, after the emperor's burial, the Zi Palace must be parked in the Zhengdaguangming Hall of Qianqing Palace for twenty days, and then sent to a temporary enshrinement location for storage.
The palace where the deceased is buried has another name: "Funeral Palace". There is no unified place for funeral palaces. The funeral palaces of Shunzhi and Kangxi were in the Shouhuang Hall in Jingshan, Yongzheng's was in Yongyou Hall of Yonghe Palace, and Qianlong's was chosen in Guande Hall in Jingshan. This place comes from Shenwu Gate and goes east along Jingshan East Street. After entering from Shanzuoli Gate, turn right and you will get there. It takes a lot less walking than Shouhuang Palace. Moreover, Emperor Qianlong’s empress Xiao Xian Chun, who was Fukang’an’s aunt, rested here after her death.
There is no fixed period of time for the coffin to stay in the funeral palace. It mainly depends on the time when the mausoleum is completed. It can be as short as a few months or as long as a few years. A lot of preparation work needs to be done before the burial, such as repairing the roads and bridges from the capital to the mausoleum, and setting up curtain cities and reed halls for overnight stays along the way. Dongling is more than 200 miles away from the capital, and it usually takes six or seven days to walk there. For such a long distance, the huge coffin cannot be transported by car and must be carried by people. There are usually thousands of coffin bearers, divided into 60 classes, with 128 people in each class. In addition, each class must have 4 people as substitutes.
There are so many barbers, of course, they cannot be professional barbers. Except for the captains of the first and last two classes, the rest were all selected from the young men and women in the counties on the outskirts of Beijing. Before burial, they should be gathered in the open space outside Deshengmen to conduct drills, which are called "exercise exercises". There are many rules for performing the kong. The kung fu performer must use many criss-crossed wooden poles to carry a wooden plank with the same weight as the coffin. A bowl filled with water must be placed in the center of the wooden plank so that the water cannot splash out of the bowl while walking. Considered qualified.
In addition, envoys from foreign vassals, princes from Mongolia, and Burkes from Xinjiang all have to organize groups to come to Beijing. With this gap period, it is also convenient to express condolences.
In another history, Qianlong's coffin stayed in Guande Hall for six months before being buried and enshrined.
However, just as the court was busy with work, Lifan Yuan Shangshu Liubao made a statement, saying that this time more than half of the eighteen vassal states would not be able to come to Beijing to express their condolences to Emperor Daxing. Jiaqing immediately became anxious. Even the envoys from foreign vassals were not here. What kind of celestial dynasty could this be?
But after he summoned Liu Baosheng, he soon understood what was going on. It’s so embarrassing!
Let alone Ryukyu, the emperor and his ministers only followed the lead of Beihai, and the sea trade in the northern and southern oceans was booming. They said they would go east and never go west. The Li Dynasty had just signed an alliance under the city not long ago, and suffered heavy losses. It didn't give Li Zou ten courages. Don't dare to cling to the Manchus anymore. Moreover, the Northern Navy is attacking the Liaodong Peninsula, and the road to the Li Dynasty is blocked, making it impossible for envoys to pass; there is no problem in Myanmar, but if He Lin raises the flag and goes against the court, the tribute route will be cut off.
Then there are the six vassal states in the west of Xinjiang, including Aiwuhan, Bukhara, Kokand, Badakshan, Bulut and Kazakh Khanate. Now that Haohan has invaded, southern Xinjiang has become a mess. The Northern Navy has also occupied Xinjiang East Road and Urumqi, cutting off the road to Yumenguan, which is probably going to be quite annoying.
There was no hope for the east or the west, and in the end only eight vassal states were left in the south. Because Gorkha was annexed by the Qing Dynasty, those who could come were Annan's Xishan Dynasty, Nanzhang, Siam, Sulu, Chemengxiong, Kanjuti, Lukba and Ladakh.
In addition, in Khalkha, except for a few great lamas who live in the capital for a long time, other princes and princes are "guests" in Beihai Town. There is definitely plenty of money for two tables of mahjong; the Burkes from Xinjiang can't come, let alone be taken to Beihai Town. He suppressed Hami King Erdesir who was under house arrest.
The Qing court didn't know yet that Beihai Town was going to send troops to Guangdong and Guangxi to capture Nanning Prefecture. By then, Xishan Chao, Nanzhang and Siam will probably not come either. Although they could disembark from Guangzhou by boat, the Central Plains dynasty was about to change its owner so obviously, who would rush to embrace the lap of a dying dynasty? !
But the bad news doesn't end there. Entering the seventh month of the lunar calendar, the four regiments of the Northern Navy from Shandong, after capturing Laizhou Fucheng and Pingduzhou City, crossed the Jiao Lai River to the west, heading toward the Wei River from the northeast and southeast like a pair of giant pincers. Changyi on the west bank surrounded them. As for the 40,000-strong regiment led by Liu Yong, they have just arrived in Changle due to food and grass problems. They are stationed on the west bank of the Dahe River.
On the sixth day of July, a messenger for help sent by Shengjing General Shu Liang arrived in Guangning after going through hardships and dangers. Because the post road leading to Fengtian had been cut off by the Beihai Navy, he had to take Xinmin, then pass through Xiaosanjiazi and Wuliangdian, and then take Yiwulu Mountain to bypass the Beihai Navy's blockade. Late at night two days later, the courier arrived in the capital, bringing news that shocked the government and the public. Tens of thousands of Northern navy troops had surrounded Fengtian Mansion, and Fuling and Zhaoling had fallen into enemy hands.
After Jiaqing succeeded to the throne, he issued an order to wake him up no matter how late it was, as long as it was related to military affairs. When he saw Shu Liang's blood letter, he was in great grief, and immediately asked the eunuch to tell several military ministers to come to the Yangxin Hall. Because Qianlong's period of spiritual suspension had not yet ended, several military ministers could not return home, so they stayed in the huts inside Longzongmen at night. Although the conditions were worse, they did not have to travel to and from the Forbidden City.
Not long after, when the exhausted Wang Jie, Qing Gui, and Dong Gao followed the eunuch who delivered the order to the West Nuan Pavilion of the Yangxin Hall, they saw Jiaqing with a flushed face standing in front of the desk, writing something with a pen.
The three of them wiped off their horseshoe sleeves and were about to kneel down and kowtow in greeting when they heard Jiaqing say: "Without courtesy, I will grant you a seat. You read the booklet first, and I will finish writing before I speak."
"嗻!"
Several people bowed, took the fold from the eunuch, and sat tremblingly on the carved porcelain pier to watch. Wang Jie is the oldest among the three. He is also the bachelor of Dongge University and the crown prince's Taibao. He has the highest status, so he has the first look.
Those who could be ministers of military affairs were all thoughtful people. The three of them were silent after reading the memorial. From time to time they stared at the emperor who was concentrating on writing. The palace was so quiet that only the monotonous clicking sound of the self-ringing pendulum was heard.
After a while, Jiaqing put down his pen, took the towel handed by the eunuch, wiped his hands, and asked, "Wang Jie, is your foot disease better?"
"Go back to your Majesty!" Wang Jie cleared his throat and said, "The ailments that I have suffered from dogs and horses are all old illnesses, and they are not cured in a short time! Thanks to the blessing of the Emperor, I have used the frankincense given by the Emperor, and I am much better."
By the way, the "foot disease" often referred to by the ancients actually refers to the difficulty in walking caused by gout. In the medicine for treating gout, frankincense is a very important flavor.
Jiaqing nodded and said to Qinggui: "You don't look very good. Don't be reluctant to part with the ginseng I sent yesterday. We still have it in the Royal Pharmacy."
Qinggui coughed a few times and replied: "I feel so ashamed that the emperor cares about me even though I have a minor illness! I have nothing else to think about. I just want to do my best."
Jiaqing sighed: "Don't say that. In the final analysis, your illness is caused by the battle with Zhao Ni."
After that, he asked the eunuch to hold up the piece of paper he had just written on to the three of them, and said: "After reading the memorial, I felt something in my heart, so I wrote this poem. The three of you are all great scholars in the world. , see if what I wrote is acceptable?"
The three of them looked at it carefully, and saw what was written on the paper: "The civil and military officials of the entire dynasty wear brocade robes, and I have nothing to do with them. A cup of fine wine will bring the blood of thousands of people, and several bowls of fat soup will bring thousands of surnames. When people shed tears, the sky sheds tears, and smiles Where the voice is louder, the cry is louder; the cattle and sheep are given to the wolves to herd, and the emperor's kindness is fulfilled to serve as your cao."
I wipe it! This poem is definitely more embarrassing than a full-blown curse. Every sentence is full of vicious rebuke and sarcasm, whipping people's hearts hard like a whip, leaving bloody traces. Before the three ministers could finish reading, they all blushed and could no longer sit still. "Papa" hit the horseshoe sleeves and knelt down on the ground, saying in unison: "I (minions) are guilty! Please punish me severely, Your Majesty!"
Jiaqing waved his hands and said: "This matter has nothing to do with the three of you. I am still not virtuous enough, so please get up!"
Having said that, how dare Wang Jie and the other three get up! They also wear brocade robes, and they are also military ministers who assist in managing Yin and Yang. At present, the imperial court cannot even protect Fengtian Mansion, and no one can escape this responsibility.
"It has been more than 150 years since the founding of the Qing Dynasty. Since the founding of the Central Plains, our ancestors have been deeply benevolent, loved the people like sons, and had saintly virtues and benevolent hearts. How can they be compared to those of the previous Ming Dynasty? Huang Kao admires the ancestors of the Holy Ancestors I entrusted you with decades of hard work and no time to hesitate. Although there are people like He Shen who are arrogant and lawless, greedy and have delayed important military and state affairs, there has never been any cruelty by the emperor to harm the people. Why is it now that even our ancestors started to prosper? The land is not protected either?!”
Jiaqing spoke with tears streaming down his face, and his words contained helplessness, grievance, and sadness. Can the Qing Dynasty still be considered a "Qing Dynasty" without Shengjing?
The Dajin Kingdom established by the Jurchens died in Mongolia in the north in the 119th year of its founding. Now, 158 years after the founding of the Qing Dynasty, it is also about to die in Beihai Town in the north. Is this the curse of the Jurchen clan?
On August 9, 1794, the siege of Shengjing City entered its eighth day.
Since the Northern Navy captured Tieling and took control of Juliuhe Station, the Qing army, led by General Shu Liang of Shengjing, fought repeatedly with the Northern Navy in the Puhe area. Their purpose is to open a post road to Guangning. Otherwise, even if they want to hold on, they will be exhausted sooner or later if they cannot keep up with the food, grass and military supplies.
The Northern Navy responsible for blocking only had more than 2,000 people, while the Qing army had 15,000 troops. But facing the Northern Navy's hedgehog-like circular position and the airtight rain of bullets, Shu Liang pinched his teeth and decided Fighting at night.
Although he had long heard that the Beihai Navy had a "magic weapon" that could make the night as bright as day, he had never seen it with his own eyes, so he was still unwilling to accept it. Furthermore, according to reports from the outpost, although there was bright light at the Beihai Navy's position at night, the brightness was not high enough to be seen several miles away.
So just like the Qing generals who had faced off against the Northern Navy in the past, Shu Liang selected more than 2,000 men who were brave and fearless of death from among his troops, and each of them had their horses wrapped in hooves and held their titles from the southeast. At the same time, he sent more than 3,000 people to launch feint attacks on the north and northeast sides of the position. They greeted each other with cannons, cannons, muskets, and raised guns, and even beat gongs and drums loudly. This was considered the ultimate achievement.
However, when the sneak attack troops entered three to four hundred meters away from the position, a dozen dazzling white lights immediately lit up on the Beihai Navy's side, followed by a hail of bullets and bullets. It was too late for the Qing army to launch an attack. In the end, only more than 400 people of more than 2,000 people escaped.
The most capable and daring warriors of the Eight Banners were almost dead, and Shu Liang no longer had the courage to fight against Bei Haijun. He simply withdrew into the city and blocked all the city gates except the small south gate, trying to save the lives of more than 100,000 Han and banner people in the city to be buried with him.
One hundred and fifty years ago, when millions of Manchus entered the customs, the population of Shengjing dropped sharply. At its lowest point, there were only more than 1,000 households and more than 4,000 people in the city. In the days that followed, with the implementation of the policy of Han people fleeing the country to escape famine, being exiled, and resettling banner people back home to cultivate land, by 1771, the population of Shengjing exceeded 100,000. Now, in this eighteenth-century city covering an area of nearly 12 square kilometers, the total number of soldiers and civilians has exceeded 160,000.
Shu Liang's abacus is to let the Beihai Navy use the weapon as a deterrent, and it will be delayed as long as it lasts. Aren’t you preaching about caring for the people? Aren't you bragging about not getting a needle and a thread? OK! Then I will let the old, weak, women and children stay on the city wall, and you can shoot them if you can.
In addition, he also asked his men to lead the Han people in the city out of the small south gate every day, demolish the houses and shops outside the city, transport wood and bricks back to the city, and even take back the grass on the roofs to use as horse feed.
Faced with this situation, Zhao Xin and Deng Fei decided to besiege instead of attacking for the time being after discussion. In a big city with a population of 160,000 people, even if the city wall is blown down and the troops rush in, it may become a pot of uncooked rice. There are two key nodes at present. First, capture Jinzhou and cut off the Qing army's retreat outside the Pass. The second is to wait for the arrival of follow-up troops and a political team of more than 2,000 people, and then launch a general attack on Fengtian City. In this way, the work of taking over the city will be difficult. It will be much smoother.
There are three post roads connecting Shengjing City with the outside world, namely from Shengjing to Shanhaiguan, from Shengjing to Xingjing - Hetuala, and from Shengjing to Jilin. So the Beihai Navy set up clips on these three post roads, and extended along the clips to both wings, building trench fortifications that stretched for nearly 20 miles.
Between the fortifications and the moat, there is an irregular vacuum zone, with an average depth of three or four miles; except for two water fences more than ten feet wide at the southeast wall, which leads directly to the Hun River. In the vacuum area, there are eight city gates, residences, shops, temples, vegetable fields, groves, sorghum fields, etc. Although there are some relatively intact houses among them, many people who fled to the city and were unable to enter the city had to live in houses without roofs.
During this period, the Beihai Navy outside the city used loudspeakers to repeatedly broadcast announcements urging the Qing army to surrender every day. The Manchu version and the Mandarin version were played three times in the morning, noon and evening. The most critical thing is that the Beihai Navy did not set up loudspeakers on the position, but stretched the wires to a position four to five hundred meters away from the Shengjing city wall, and then set up the loudspeakers on trees or on roofs to clear the city. The army is extremely annoyed.
At the beginning, the Qing army even organized a sneak attack team to descend on the city at night in an attempt to destroy the annoying loudspeaker. Unexpectedly, the people in the Northern Navy Reconnaissance Battalion had already prepared, and the drones hovering in the sky were really real. Basically, as long as the Qing troops left the city, nine out of ten would not be able to go back, and would obediently become prisoners. After two times, even a fool understands that this is a trap waiting for him to get in, no matter how much money the reward is, no one will take it.
1. There is an example of "stopping pregnancy in national mourning". When Prince Gong died, because his merits were too high, it was treated as a national funeral. Unexpectedly, his second son Zaiying's side Fujin happened to be pregnant. Because it was already full term, giving birth to side Fujin would be life-threatening, so he gave birth secretly during the mourning period and gave it to a distant clan member. He was raised by an old lady and became a "black household" in Prince Gong's palace. He couldn't even be written in the family tree. 2. A piece of cloth in the Qing Dynasty measured four feet, 13.33 meters. 3. Does this poem by Jiaqing look familiar? In the 20th chapter of "Chunxiang Biography", the author borrowed Li Menglong's words and wrote: "Golden bottles of fine wine bring the blood of thousands of people, and jade plates of delicacies bring a lot of blood; when the candles fall, people shed tears, and where the singing is high, the complaints are high." The similarities between the two poems are similar. Such a high degree cannot be a coincidence. That's right, it was copied from Jiaqing.
(End of chapter)
