Tushe Tuhan Cheden Dorji has been sending people to contact Kyaktu's Northern Navy privately almost half a year ago.
The person who came forward was named Jiangbula, a distant relative of the palace steward. He was conducting smuggling business with Beihai Navy through Tian Tongzhou, the shopkeeper of "Mei Gong Yu Ji". The transaction volume was not large and it was in the trial stage.
However, after two or three transactions, Fan Tong felt that Jiangbula was not an ordinary smuggler. He estimated that the person behind him was either Prince Zasak or Taiji Beile.
Judging from the types of goods he wanted, they were not within the reach of ordinary herdsmen. There are only three most urgent needs for herdsmen these days, food, salt and tea bricks. However, Jiangbula didn't want any of them. Instead, he bought matches, cigarettes, liquor, aluminum pots, and even perfume, silk scarves and glass. Some.
The "currency" popular in Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty was not so much silver and copper coins as tea bricks. In the past, when Kyaktu and Maisheng did business with the Russians, they would pay with bricks of tea. However, since Zhao Xin put a large amount of tea into the Irkutsk market, Fan Tong did not need tea bricks, so Zhambula's payment method was not only silver but also gold; pain.
But Bei Haijun’s products are really good, and the transparent glass bottles for liquor are very popular. Even if this thing is accidentally broken and the pieces are polished to make jewelry, who dares to say that it is not a good thing?
As for the trading city, Tian Tonghe, the shopkeeper of "Heyu'anji", colluded with Tsarist Russia to kidnap Fan Tong, Ushiha and Boniya the year before last. After the incident was failed and they were arrested, in order to save his younger brother's life, "Mei Gong" Tian Tongzhou, the shopkeeper of "Yuji", began to contact Bei Haijun privately, and provided regular information on the trading city and Cullen in exchange for Tian Tonghe not being sent to dig coal in Ezo.
Tian Tonghe was later sent to Irkutsk as a teacher, responsible for teaching newly arrived immigrants to read and read.
The private smuggling channel that originally transported Fan Tong and others has become the largest smuggling channel for goods entering and leaving Beihai Trading City after being widened and reinforced. Fan Tong even asked Zhao Xin for help to install a monorail transportation system using electric motors in the secret passage, which was very convenient for transporting goods and people.
For Beihai Town, it is not enough to develop a few Shanxi merchants as insiders in the trading city. After all, only the Mongols themselves know the internal situation of the Khalkha ministries best. So Fan Tong recently met with Jiangbula through a secret passage, and this led to the conversation between Chedendorji and his son.
The reason why Chedendorzi, the Prince of Zasak, did this was that he first saw that Beihai Town was about to sweep the world, so he wanted to take advantage of this opportunity to restore the Tushetu Khan Department's external Baikal Tab. The Nut tribe, that is, the rule of the Buryat people; secondly, he also hopes to take this opportunity to regain the religious governance of Mobei.
The matter of the Buryats was actually an old grudge between Khalkha and Tsarist Russia, which lasted for 150 years.
It is said that the relationship between Khalkha and Tsarist Russia was first established in the 40th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Mobei Mongolia was eager to develop border trade with Russian merchants in order to obtain the daily necessities that they could not produce in their nomadic social economy. For this reason, at that time, headed by the Zasak Tuhan tribe and the Tushetu Khan tribe, they tried to maintain horse and livestock trade with the Russians, and opened a mutual market in Khovd.
For the Tsarist Russian authorities, what they dreamed of at that time was to open up commercial roads to the Central Plains through the Mongols and then establish trade relations with the Central Plains dynasties. Therefore, Tsarist Russia tried its best to establish economic relations with the three Khans of Khalkha. As Tsarist Russia extends its tentacles into the Lake Baikal region, exchanges between the two sides have become increasingly active.
In the first half of the seventeenth century, Tsarist Russia took the initiative to communicate with Altan Khan and Chechen Khan. Not only did they conduct frequent trade, but they also tried their best to persuade them to submit to Russia. However, the ministries of Khalkha were aware of Tsarist Russia's coveting of Mobei Mongolia, and sternly rejected its repeated actions.
By 1640, the nature of Mongolian-Russian relations finally changed. The Cossack leader Ma. Perfiliev led a Russian army to expand to the east of Lake Baikal. After dozens of armed invasions, they finally occupied the area east of Lake Baikal in 1666, the fifth year of Kangxi's reign. Riat Mongolian nomadic land.
At the same time, Tsarist Russia also directly invaded the areas under the jurisdiction of Tushetu Khan in the Selenge River Basin, and successively established many strongholds such as Irkutsk, Selengesk (Ulan-Ude), Chita, and Nerchinsk. They forcibly levied fur taxes and plundered local people and livestock in the euphemistic name of "protecting the Buryat people from the Mongols."
Yes, Irkutsk was once the territory of Tushetu Khan in a strict sense, and another name of the Buryat people is "Tabnut Mongolians"!
In the face of Tsarist Russia's aggressive behavior, Tushetu Khan sent envoys to negotiate many times, severely condemned Tsarist Russia's aggressive crimes, and demanded that Russia withdraw from the occupied territories. In the following ten years, hostilities between the Tushetu Khan tribe and the Chechen Khan tribe and Tsarist Russia continued to occur and became increasingly frequent.
In the third year of Kangxi's reign, Tushetu Khan and the Chechen Khan sent troops to attack Nerchinsk; in the sixth year of Kangxi's reign, Tushetu Khan sent Kuryuk Zaisang to Moscow to negotiate to protest against Tsarist Russia's illegal establishment of the city of Selengesk on the territory of the ministry; In the seventh year of Kangxi's reign, Tushetu Khan Chahu Dorji sent troops to attack some Tsarist Russian fortresses west of Lake Baikal. In the twenty-first year of Kangxi's reign, the Mongols near Selengesk rose up in resistance, killing and wounding many Tsarist Russian invading troops and recapturing a large number of Stolen livestock.
In the 23rd year of Kangxi's reign, Tushetu Khan Chakhdorzi once again sternly warned the Russian army to withdraw from Transbaikal and demanded that the Russian side release and return the Tabnut people. Otherwise, the past exchanges between the two sides would be wiped out, and there would be no peace at all. It can be seen that the issue of "Buryats" is of great significance to Khalkha Mongolia.
In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi's reign, the conflict between Tuxietu Khan's tribe and Tsarist Russia finally intensified. In January of that year, nearly 10,000 Mongolian cavalry, led by Batur Hutaiji, the younger brother of Tushetu Khan, surrounded the city of Selengesk.
However, at this time, Galdan of the Junggar tribe, driven by Tsarist Russia's instigation and past disputes, mobilized all his troops to cross the Hangai Mountains and invade Khalkha Mongolia. They first captured Harahorin, burned the Erdenizhao Temple, and destroyed classics and Buddhist statues in retaliation for the first Jebtsundamba. This forced Tushetu Khan's tribe to give up the siege of Selengesk City and return to fight Galdan.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Khalkha Mongols were still three tribes. The Sanyinnuoyan tribe located in the west was later separated from the Tuxie Tuhan tribe. Therefore, the Tushetu Khan tribe at that time was the leader of Khalkha and the most powerful.
As a result, with Tsarist Golovin in the east and Galdan in the west, Tushetu Khan's tribe rushed to the battle, suffered enemies from both sides, and lost many battles. Eventually, the Khalkha Mongolian tribes moved south.
Because the Junggar tribe colluded with Tsarist Russia and invaded Khalkha, which had surrendered to the Manchu Qing Dynasty, Kangxi could no longer tolerate it. Two years later, the "Qing-Zhun War", which lasted for seventy years and lasted for three generations of Manchu emperors, officially broke out.
However, although the Qing Dynasty destroyed the Junggar tribe, the Khalkha Mongolia still lost the territory of Transbaikal and the Buryat people. This became a lingering problem for Tushetu Khan in the past generations.
Counting from the second generation Tuxie Tuhan Chahu Dorji to Cheden Dorji, it was already the ninth generation. I originally thought that there would be no hope of restoring the old land, but who would have thought that a few years ago, a man who was closely related to the Manchu and Qing Dynasties suddenly appeared. The Northern Navy, which did the right thing, actually pursued and killed Tsarist Russia all the way along the Heilongjiang River without any effort, with lightning speed, and completely drove Tsarist Russia out of Eastern Siberia. This suddenly rekindled Chedendorji's extinguished thoughts. stand up.
Moreover, after the Northern Navy drove away Tsarist Russia, it treated all ethnic groups under its rule equally; although a large number of new immigrants were brought in to open up wasteland and farm, there was no discrimination against the Buryat herdsmen, and there was even a lot of support.
Beihai trading companies set up in Irkutsk, Kyaktu, Ulan-Ude, Chita, Nerchinsk and other places not only provide cheap salt, grain, cloth and other products to the Buryats within their jurisdiction To provide daily necessities, the Ministry of Civil Affairs of Beihai Town also specially sent people to go north to teach the herdsmen advanced livestock breeding techniques.
Since last year, Beihai Town has promoted the planting of feed beet in various places under its jurisdiction. Under the guidance of civil affairs personnel, some Buryat people began to give up their nomadic life of "living for water and grass" and settled outside the towns of Transbaikal. .
Due to the cold climate of Transbaikal and the difficulty of development, Beihai Town will allocate 100 acres of land to each immigrant family who settles here. With the help and guidance of the civil administration, the settled Buryats can not only grow sugar beet crops, but also build farms to raise livestock.
At present, the life of the Buryat people in Transbaikal has become better and better. There is neither the pain of being drafted by the Manchus, nor the fur tax and poll tax of the Tsarist Russians. As long as they are hardworking and willing to work, basically they will not Worry about food and clothing.
Beihai Town launched the "Hunchun Campaign" last year, and after capturing Dashou Ula, it cut off the water and land connections between Jilin Ula and Qiqihar, thus forming an oppression of Outer Mongolia from the north and east.
In order to prevent the Northern Navy from going south into Outer Mongolia, the Qing government's control and oppression of the four Khalkha tribes, especially the Tushetu Khan tribe and the Chechen Khan tribe, became increasingly obvious.
For example, in addition to the 7,800 assistants and soldiers used in combat, the Tushetu Khan Department also sent hundreds of post officers to be responsible for the Karen station in the entire Outer Mongolia region together with the other three departments. If there were private households that did not bear the debt, a debt offset fee of 80 taels of silver per household would be levied. This money would have to be turned over to the court and would not fall into the pockets of the nobles. For Outer Mongolia, where a pot and a few tea bricks can be exchanged for a few sheep, 80 taels of silver is really not a small sum of money.
Since the beginning of this spring, about a few hundred families of Khalkha Mongolians who lived near the border and had suffered from Manchu policemen for many years fled to Transbaikal; they either crossed the Kyaktu River or crossed the Sayan Go north of the mountain and enter Beihai Town to survive. As for the archers who guarded Karen in the northern part of the Tuxie Tuhan tribe and the Chechen Khan tribe, they were even more envious. If it weren't for the fact that their families were not around, they would have gone to Beihai Town long ago.
In view of this, on the one hand, Chedendorji stepped up inspections of the border areas to prevent his herdsmen from fleeing, and on the other hand, he also started private contacts with the North Navy.
After talking about the Buryats, let’s talk about religious governance. To put it simply, this matter is actually centered around the reincarnation of Jebtsundamba Hutuktu and the management of religious affairs in Khalkha Mongolia.
Religious affairs in the Mongolian region during the Qing Dynasty were never isolated; they were often combined with governance. As the largest religious leader in Outer Mongolia, a word from Jebzundamba was much more effective than an order from the Manchus or Prince Zasak.
Jebtsundamba Hutuktu is the largest living Buddha lineage in northern Mongolia. Together with Zhangjia Hutuktu in Monan, they are known as the two major living Buddhas in the Mongolian area. Together with two other famous ones, they are The four living Buddhas of the entire Mongolian and Tibetan Buddhist system.
"Kutuktu" is Mongolian, meaning immortality. Of course, there were many Hutuktu who were officially canonized and issued seals by the Qing court; by the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 243 Hutuktu registered in the Lifan Yuan.
Although Jebtsundamba had to be canonized and granted a seal by the Qing court, and accepted the management of the Qing court, there was a big problem that always worried the Manchu emperor.
It is said that the first generation Jebtsundamba is the son of the first generation Tushetu Khan Gunbu, which is also the younger brother of the second generation Tushetu Khan Chahu Dorji mentioned earlier; and the second generation Jebtsundamba They are the great-nephews and grandsons of the first generation. To put it bluntly, they are all members of Tuxie Tuhan's family.
In this way, the Tushetu Khan family not only controls the governance of Khalkha, but also controls the religious affairs of Khalkha. This means that the words of the great emperor will not work in Khalkha Mongolia!
The various tribes in Khalkha apparently respected the Qing court, but in fact they still respected the Tuxietu Khan tribe. This situation would be fine in normal times, but once there is war in the northwest, it will impose constraints on the Qing court. The most obvious example is the "Removal of Posts" that occurred in the twelfth year of Qianlong's reign.
The "Qing-Zhun War" lasted for seventy years. The heirs of the Junggar tribe jumped out one after another to split the Western Region and Outer Mongolia, and then one after another they were pinned to the ground by the Qing army, rubbed and ravaged.
After Galdan died, his nephew Cewang Alabutan continued; after Cewang Alabutan died, Galdan Celing continued his efforts. After that, Wudoljin Namzhar, Lama Darzha, and Dawaqi came to the forefront one after another, and then quickly fell. The last one to emerge was Amulsana, who was canonized as Huite Khan by the Qing court.
It was precisely because of Amursana's bewitchment and Qinggun Zabu's ambition that eventually led to the "Removal of Posts".
As a digression here, there are articles from later generations saying that the "Removal of Yi Rebellion" launched by Qinggun Zabu was an uprising of the Khalkha people against the Qing Dynasty. They also compared him with Yue Fei and called him a "national hero." Stop talking nonsense, do you still want to show off?
As the prince and Dorobele of the Zhasak Khan tribe, and as the deputy general of Dingbian Zuo of the first rank of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, can he resist the oppression of the lower class herdsmen by the Qing Dynasty? Who believes it? ! Even the butt is not straight!
This guy colluded with Amursana to split Mongolia and Xinjiang. He received a salary from the Qing government but had an affair with the Junggar tribe, and committed the scourge of "taking someone else's bowl and smashing someone else's pot." What kind of hero is this? ! It is estimated that those who have split the territory of "Begonia China" and those who try to continue to split are the "heroes".
At that time, Qinggun Zabu was in charge of the Hetuohite tribe, which was subordinate to Zasak, the central left-wing left banner of the Zasak Tuhan tribe. Such a low status made Qinggun Zabu, the prince of Dingbian and the tribe's left deputy general, extremely unbalanced. He had to be in charge of a Khan tribe to be worthy of his status!
In the eighteenth year of Qianlong's reign, Qinggun Zabu was appointed as the counselor and minister, and accompanied Bandi, the Dingbian general, from Altai to conquer Junggar. However, Amursana was a very good talker, so Qinggun Zabu was persuaded by him, his ambitions expanded, and he decided to launch a massive rebellion.
In the 19th year of Qianlong's reign, General Dingbian's squadron reported to the court that Amursana was ambitious and ready to act, and asked Qianlong to take action against him. Qianlong then sent an order to Bandi, urging Amursana to come to Beijing as soon as possible to pay homage, hoping to cut him off after he arrived in the interior.
Unexpectedly, it is difficult to guard against domestic thieves. Qinggun Zabu notified Amursana as soon as he learned of the situation, causing the latter to openly rebel against the Qing Dynasty and launch an early attack, which caused several officials of the Qing court in Ili to All the members died for the country, causing the situation in the Western Regions to deteriorate.
At this time, Qianlong didn't know that Qinggun Zabu was colluding with Amursana, and stabbed the court several times secretly, and asked him to go with Hadaha to conquer the Junggar rebels in Amursana. However, Qinggun Zabu informed Amursana during this period, which caused the Qing army to make no progress in the pursuit and suppression for nearly a year. He even openly disobeyed orders and requested to postpone the dispatch of troops for one year on the grounds of insufficient troops.
However, not long after, the affair between a close associate of the Qinggun Zabu sect and Amursana was discovered and reported directly to Qianlong, so the "Two and Five Boys" Qinggun Zabu was captured.
However, Qianlong did not punish him immediately, but responded with emotion and reason, in order to deal with Amursana as soon as possible. Qianlong said, "I know that you were bewitched by Amursana. You are a loyal general. Don't I know about you?" Continue to serve me well.
However, before Qinggun Zabu could be happy for two days, in order to frighten those turbulent princes of Khalkha, Qianlong ordered the execution of Prince Erlinqindolji of Zasak and Shuo who had let Amursana go. This made Outer Mongolia The princes exploded immediately.
You must know that the four tribes of Khalkha are all descendants of Genghis Khan. There has always been a saying that "the golden family does not punish crimes." But to Qianlong, even the descendants of the Aisin Gioro family could be killed if they were guilty, so who did the Golden family count? !
At this time, the second generation Jebu Zundamba jumped out. As a member of the Tushe Tuhan family, he expressed his support for Qinggun Zabu's rebellion. When the other Khalkha princes saw that the "Living Buddha" had expressed their stance, they all jumped out to join the team and decided to teach the Manchus a lesson!
Seeing that he had so many supporters, Qinggun Zabu directly issued a withdrawal notice in the name of the Qing court, and evacuated all Qing soldiers from all Kalun stations in the Altai area on the North Road without leaving a single one behind. Military communications were disrupted and logistics were ineffective.
Next, Qinggun Zanbu led his men to attack towns such as Uliasutai Military Camp, Dakulun and Kyaktu in separate groups. However, the rebellion got bigger and bigger, and even developed to the point where herdsmen robbed Han merchants and attacked the government offices. Qinggun Zabu could not control the situation at all.
After this, the third Zhangjia Hutuktu, who was in charge of Inner Mongolia, was ordered to send an envoy to Khalkha, with the purpose of persuading Jebtsundamba not to support Qinggun Zabu. Qianlong knew very well that as long as Jebzundamba, as a religious leader, stood on his side, the chaos in Outer Mongolia could be quickly settled.
Seeing that the rebellion was out of control, Jebtsundamba, who had once sworn to support Qinggun Zabu, became a weakling again. He told Zhangjia Living Buddha that he absolutely supported Qingqing, and he had no choice but to do so at the beginning. With his statement, other Khalkha Khans and Beletaijis switched sides one after another.
Seeing that something was not going well, Qinggun Zabu wanted to flee to Tsarist Russia to save his life. But as soon as he ran to Hangha Shengasi on the border, he was captured by Counselor Namuzal with two hundred people. Because of his merit, Namuzhar was ordered by Qianlong to be painted in Ziguang Pavilion.
In view of the behavior of the second Jebtsundamba and a group of Khalkha princes and nobles who jumped up and down in this rebellion, Qianlong, who was in his forties at the time, was determined to completely solve this problem and never let Jebtsundamba The reincarnation appeared in Khalkha.
So three years later, the second Jebzundamba, who was born in the Tushe Tuhan family, died of smallpox in Kulun at the age of 34.
What is going on? The Khalkha Mongolian princes all know in their hearts that facing the mighty Manchu Qing Dynasty, everyone can only be a grandson. You must know that in ancient times, if you want to make a person who has never had a flower get smallpox, the method is very simple. Get a few belongings of the person who has the flower, and then put them on the bedside of the target, and everything will come alive... ..
From then on, Qianlong ordered that the successor of Jebzundamba must and could only be found in the snow area, thereby eliminating the situation where the Tushetu Khan family was in charge of both religion and Khalkha.
In order to consolidate his position, Jebzundamba, who was born in the snowy area, will definitely not stand with the Khalkha nobles. He will help the Qing court win over and supervise them.
For Prince Zhasak Chedendorji, the emergence of Beihai Town may be an opportunity. Since Emperor Qianlong can do the first grade of junior high school, the various ministries in Khalkha can also do the fifteenth grade. As long as I can help the Northern Navy fight away the Manchus, then I can find another one from Tuxie Tuhan's family, that's all.
To put it bluntly, the ambition of these descendants of the Golden Family to become the co-lords of the Mongols has never faded. But because the Manchu Qing Dynasty was too strong, they could only swallow their anger before.
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Set a small goal first, such as remembering in 1 second: Shukeju
