There is a theory that the use of "exile" punishment in ancient China began in the Qin and Han Dynasties. By the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the rulers established "pardon the death and follow the exile" as the sentencing principle, and exile became one of the five feudal punishments.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the five-penalty system of flogging, rod, imprisonment, exile and death was formally established with "exile" as the center; exile ranked second, being a severe punishment below the death penalty and above imprisonment, and was still used until the Qing Dynasty. generation.
In the early and mid-Qing Dynasty, the government exiled prisoners to the Northeast mainly for three purposes: punishing criminals, resisting the invasion of Tsarist Russia, and maintaining rule. It was a forced military or political immigration.
For example, Lu Liuliang's family was exiled to Ningguta due to the Literary Prison, such as Lu Shoushan and the Xu brothers who were involved in the Yizhulou Poetry Case. These are all political prisoners. In addition, there are also a large number of robbers, fraudsters, and thieves. Criminals, people suing officials (previously Qianlong stipulated that if the people sued officials and won, they would be exiled for three thousand miles), dismissed officials and their families, and even criminal eunuchs and bannermen.
The establishment of places of exile such as Ningguta, Sanxing Yamen, Dashengwula, Shangyangbao, Fengtian, and Heilongjiang were determined based on different crimes.
For example, in Shangyang Fort (forty miles east of Kaiyuan County, Liaoning Province), in the 14th year of Shunzhi, the Qing government stipulated that anyone who minted copper coins privately would be beheaded by the first offender and the money-casting craftsman, and the accomplices and insiders would be hanged in jail while helping to sell the coins. Money middlemen, merchants, hawkers, etc. were responsible for the forty bans and fled to Shangyang Fort.
Another example is Ning Guta. In the 18th year of Shunzhi, it was stipulated that all prisoners involved in treacherous crimes would be sent to Ning Guta. In the fifth year of Kangxi, the Qing government stipulated that all corrupt government officials who were sentenced to exile would be sent to Ning Guta. In the 20th year of Kangxi's reign, In the second and twenty-third years, all domestic slaves who have escaped three times and been caught, who have committed three or more thefts, who are exempt from death and have a reduced crime of one degree, who are abducting people, who are drugged and abducted people, and who are accomplices who have knowledge of the crime, will all be issued with Ningguta and armored men. People are slaves.
Even bannermen who defraud and murder civilians will eventually be sentenced to exile in Ningguta.
As for those sent to Heilongjiang, they are all serious criminals or those who have repeatedly been punished. In other words, if prisoners who are sent to Jilin and Fengtian commit crimes again in the penal colony, they will die and be sent to Heilongjiang, which is farther away.
This still needs to use the descendants of Lu Liuliang as an example.
In the first year of Qianlong's reign (1736), the Qing government issued new regulations that exempted all Manchu and Han slaves from slavery if anyone in their family had ever been an official or had served as a judge, tribute student, or supervisor. That is to say, at the garrison, he was assigned to the banner and camp and ordered to go out to work as a errand. This is a shift from political exile to military immigration border guarding.
Because of this regulation, some slave prisoners tried their best to obtain the title of prisoner in order to avoid being a slave. In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign, Lu Liuliang's grandson Lu Yijian asked someone to secretly become a supervisor in the capital. As a result, his nephew Lu Fu first wanted to do something about Shi Dongchuang, and the nephew accused his uncle of privately organizing a prison donation. Finally, the uncle, nephew and their families were sent to Heilongjiang again.
When Zhao Xin talked about this, he changed the topic and said: "Are any of these slave Han people wronged in literary prison? Needless to say, the Xu family brothers, Lu Shoushan, and Pan Xiucheng are the best proof! But are there any big traitors? Evil people? There must be some! Corrupt officials, thieves, human traffickers, drugged charmers, etc.
Do we need to be open-minded and warmly welcome these people? Can we not interrogate it clearly? Maybe some people will become time bombs here! "
Liu Zheng fell silent, but Hong Tao continued to ask: "Mr. Zhao, thank you for teaching us a lesson. But like you said, what should we do if there are really evil ones among these people?"
Zhao Xin smiled and said: "Reform through labor! We are not the Manchus. Basic human rights will always be guaranteed. There is no problem in having enough food and clothing."
The shooting training range on the east bank of the Xila River was temporarily turned into a prisoner camp. The new shooting training range will be moved to the east side of Zhao Liang's workshop.
At this time, more than a thousand recruits were busy erecting walls and watchtowers around the prisoner camp; while the prisoners were closely guarded by two companies of gun-wielding soldiers. As for the captured "Ouchi master", he was sent to Katayama Kanbei police station and held in solitary confinement.
After the meeting, a group of time travellers, headed by six people from the security department, ran to the police station to see what was going on.
What a master of living!
Everyone has seen living giant pandas; the Manchu masters have only been seen on TV and movies before, and no one has seen them in real life! So a group of people stood outside the cage, looking at the prisoner.
Wang Yuanfang took the record handed over by Katayama Kanbingwei, which read: Li Dagang, courtesy name Gongjian, from Xinhui County, Guangdong, forty-five years old.
"Hey! Still a Han?" Wang Yuanfang blurted out.
Li Dagang was discovered while cleaning the battlefield. He had a big bruise on his forehead from the butt of the gun, and was shot in the thigh. He lost too much blood and fainted. If Liu Siting hadn't discovered that this man was still breathing and treated his wounds urgently, he would have been buried in a mass grave.
Li Dagang, who woke up halfway, was recognized by several prisoners, so when he returned to Beihai Town, he was imprisoned and sent to the police station alone. At this moment, he was sitting in the wooden cage without saying a word, looking at the group of people in front of him in surprise.
"Didn't you say they are Orosi people? Why are these people all Han Chinese?! These people don't even have pigtails, they are a bunch of rebels!"
Li Dagang quickly noticed that among the people who came in, they all had southern and northern accents. The voices of several people sounded like they were bannermen! Who are these people? !
Li Dagang was completely confused. At this time Liu Siting and Director Liu Da opened the door and came in.
"Where is the master inside? Let me take a look. This is it. He looks quite strong. Huh? This man seems..." Director Liu looked at the captives in the cage and kept talking. .
Li Dagang had never seen such a scene before, and a woman actually dared to show her face. The angry blood surged up in his big face, turning from red to purple, and then from purple to black.
"Ouch, there's something wrong with his expression. Does he have high blood pressure?" Zhang Bo said suddenly.
Li Dagang sneered and said: "What a thief! Kill me when you have the ability! You can't afford to let a woman insult me!"
"Who are you talking about? What happened to the woman?! I was the one who took care of that wound on your leg! Without me, you would have died long ago!"
Li Dagang was stunned for a moment. Is this woman still a doctor?
"I'm so angry that a woman is allowed to be a doctor!"
In ancient China, women were very excluded from the profession of doctors, let alone going to the battlefield. In the Qing Dynasty, there were records of sending women to the battlefield by sending brothel girls to take off their clothes on the city wall to break the enemy's spells...
Liu Sheng asked Li Dagang with a cold face: "You are a Han, why do you want to be the dog leg of the Manchus?!"
Li Dagang sneered. He didn't want to talk to the mess of people in front of him at all. I feel free to kill or behead him, but it is a pity that I can no longer serve the imperial court.
I feel sorry for my two daughters. The eldest has married into the Liang family in Xinhui, which is fine, but what about the younger daughter?
At this time, Zhao Xin said to everyone: "Okay, you have all seen the living Ouchi masters. There is nothing strange, just go and get busy."
After saying that, he winked at everyone. When everyone took a look, they didn't know what Mr. Zhao was holding back, so they all went out.
At this time, only Zhao Xin, Katayama Kanbei and two armed security policemen were left in the room.
Zhao Xin carried a chair and sat down two meters in front of the wooden cage. He smiled and said to Li Dagang, "Brother Li, I'm sorry. None of us have ever been to Guan Nei, so we knew that a Da Nei expert was here. A little excited. Forgive me."
"..." Li Dagang lowered his head and ignored Zhao Xin at all.
"Asshole! The master is talking to you!" Katayama Kanbei was furious and reached out to draw his sword, but Zhao Xin raised his hand to stop him.
"Brother Li, you, a Cantonese, can be a second-class guard. I guess you are a martial arts scholar, right? What year were you born in? Which palace gate were you guarding before?"
Zhao Xin's words shocked Li Dagang! This man spoke fluent banner mandarin, and actually knew about the imperial military examinations. He decided to test it out to see what the leader-looking person in front of him was like.
So Li Dagang said proudly: "Yes, Li was a martial arts examiner in the 39th year of Qianlong's reign. In the 46th year of the Emperor's reign, he was appointed by the emperor and won the third place in the Xinchou Kewu Jinshi. He was awarded the second-class shrimp."
Li Dagang had the capital to be proud, because the Qing Dynasty's military Jinshi examination was actually more difficult than the civilian Jinshi examination. Martial Arts, like liberal arts, competes every three years.
First, there is the children's examination, which is held in counties and prefectures, and those who pass the examination are called martial arts scholars; then they go to the provincial capital, and those who pass the examination are called martial arts examinations; finally, they go to the capital to take part in the military examination; and finally, the palace examination.
In addition to being proficient in bow and horse, strong in strength, and good in martial arts, those who enter Beijing for the martial arts examination must also take a test on policy theory. For example, in the third written test, the first question uses "The Analects" and "Mencius", and the second question uses "Sun Tzu", "Wu Zi", and "Sima Fa".
In ancient times, there was a saying that "the poor learn literature, the rich learn martial arts." A person who has hired famous teachers to teach martial arts and studied from a young age to finally being admitted as a martial arts scholar cannot do this unless he comes from a rich and gentry family. The average middle-class family simply cannot afford it.
"Oh. The second-class guard, that should be the fourth-class one? Are you guarding Jingyun Gate? Is it just east of Qianqing Gate? Then you must see the princes and ministers every day? Have you seen Heshen and Zhongtang? No?"
"Ah?!" Zhao Xin's series of questions completely confused Li Dagang. Who is this person?
In the Qing Dynasty, imperial guards were divided into three classes. Since the Yongzheng period, it has been stipulated that the first-class guard in front of the imperial court will be awarded to the first-class guard; the second-class guard will be awarded to the second-ranked military officer and Tanhua; and the top ten will be selected from the remaining people to be awarded the third-class guard.
The second-class guards are usually sent to guard the Jingyun Gate in the Forbidden City. This place is located on the east side of the square in front of Qianqing Gate, facing east, opposite Longzong Gate on the west side. There are slow passages inside and outside the doorway to facilitate the entry and exit of vehicles. On the north side of the door are the duty rooms for Mongolian princes and ministers and the nine ministers, and on the south side is the place for waiting for the duty to be performed. Outside the gate is Fengxian Hall to the east and Yuqing Palace to the north.
Jingyun Gate is an important gateway into the square in front of Qianqing Gate, and can lead to Waichao Middle Road and Neiting Middle Road, so it is also called the "Forbidden Gate". From the prince down, officials of the third rank of civil service, second rank of military service and above, as well as the entourage of officials traveling in the inner court, are only allowed to stand twenty steps away from the steps outside the door. Unauthorized entry is strictly prohibited.
Li Dagang was shocked by Zhao Xin's question, and Zhao Xin was still nagging deliberately.
"He Shen is thirty-four this year, right? Is their Liu Quan'er still alive? But I heard that He Shen doesn't have a beard. Tsk tsk. Men in their thirties don't have beards. Maybe that old man Qianlong has some hobbies. Right? Doting on him so much... By the way, how many people are there in your Li family? By the way, does Eighth Prince still play chess? Is the problem with his leg cured? Where does your family live in Xinhui? You must be very rich, right? Fifteen Is my brother still fucking alive..."
Katayama Kanbei was also stunned by Zhao Xin's "buzz buzz". He thought to himself, "Master, what are you doing?" It's like chanting sutras.
Li Dagang was so dizzy by Zhao Xinwen that he felt a group of flies coming outside the cage, buzzing around his ears. If it was just ordinary chattering, it would be fine, but Zhao Xindong kept asking about things in the officialdom or the palace, and occasionally asked about the situation of his own family.
At this moment, he just wanted to cover his ears, but his hands were cuffed behind his back and he couldn't break free.
"Stop! Stop talking!" Li Dagang finally couldn't stand it anymore and interrupted Zhao Xin's "babble".
Zhao Xin smiled slightly and said: "Brother Li, what are you so anxious about? I haven't asked you a lot yet!"
"Before I answer your question, I want to ask you a question first!" Li Dagang had veins on his forehead and stared at the people outside the cage with blood-red eyes.
"Brother Li, what do you want to ask?"
Li Dagang hesitated for a while, and then said with some difficulty: "You, you...are you a bannerman?"
Zhao Xin shook his head.
"Really? You swear!"
Zhao Xinxin said who did I offend with my mouthful of Beijing movies? People often ask themselves if they are bannermen. Make me swear, why? !
"I swear... sneeze!... shit."
Li Dagang didn't hear Zhao Xin's last two words. When he saw Zhao Xin swear an oath, he began to answer Zhao Xin's subsequent questions.
At this time, Shen Jingdan and Lao Huang were leading people to inspect the seized materials in Zhao Xin's wooden office not far away. The two of them had already counted the seized silver, and the total was twenty-three thousand five hundred and sixty-one taels.
Zhao Xin had said before asking them for help that the money would be reintegrated and given to Shen and Huang to take back to buy people and antiques. Otherwise, Lao Huang wouldn't be so desperate!
Lao Huang stretched tiredly, got up and walked around the room twice. He walked to the corner of the room where the Qing army flags were piled up, bent down and pulled them a few times, and suddenly screamed "Yeah".
From a pile of flags of various colors, Lao Huang reached out and picked up a large flag that was obviously different from the others, and unfolded it with his hands.
This is a large triangular flag made of yellow satin with moire patterns. The edge of the flag is embroidered with flame patterns, and in the center is a four-clawed gold-pinned cloud python. The top of the flagpole is a gilt iron top, with red knots under the iron plate. In the velvet, a long flame-patterned yellow satin ribbon fluttered in the wind.
"This is the dragon flag!" Lao Huang shouted in surprise.
When Shen Jingdan heard Lao Huang's exclamation, he quickly put down the account book in his hand, stood up and took the flag, looked at it carefully before explaining: "The five claws are dragons, and the four claws are pythons. This is the python flag!"
"Then this is..."
"I guess this is Marshal Fu's flag!"
"Ah?!" Lao Huang suddenly looked around nervously, then walked to the outhouse to take a look.
Several soldiers were on duty inside the house, and there were about twenty more standing guard around the wooden ridge outside the door.
Lao Huang walked back to the big room inside and closed the door. He whispered to Shen Jingdan: "Brother Shen, I didn't believe you when you told me that Mr. Zhao wanted to become a king. Now even Marshal Fu has been in bad luck. I heard that he even killed a minister who was leading the bodyguard. ?”
Shen Jingdan smiled and said, "I heard about it too, but I don't know who it is."
Old Huang said: "Then what do you think we will do in the future?"
Shen Jingdan said: "Brother Huang, you are overthinking. Let's just continue to be our businessmen and make money."
Lao Huang asked strangely: "Brother, what do you mean by this?"
"This time the imperial court has suffered such a big setback. Do you think Emperor Qianlong can let it go?"
"What do you mean?"
"It's true that we can make more money by running back and forth a few more times before the imperial army comes. I can see that Mr. Zhao is not short of money!"
"What about your A Quan and Lu Yun? Are they going to follow you this time?"
Shen Jingdan frowned, remembering what Hong Tao and Liu Siting had said to him. The baby in Luyun's belly was in an abnormal position, and neither of them suggested that Shen Jingdan take her back.
As for Ah Quan, Shen Jingdan felt that he needed to have a good talk with Zhao Xin.
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