Blackboard, chalk, pencil, and telescope.
Blackboard, made of wood and painted black, used for indoor and outdoor teaching.
Chalk and raw gypsum were heated, mixed with water and irrigated to form, and then baked and dried. It was not only used in the official schools of the three major imperial courts, but also, like blackboard, was developed throughout the entire Song Dynasty.
As for the pencil, it is mixed with graphite and clay, extruded and wrapped with wooden strips. When the pencil came out, it was already popular in Lin'an. For a while, "pens" in Lin'an became expensive.
On the blackboard, chalk is written from left to right and from top to bottom. Although it was not enforced in all regions of the Song Dynasty, it was a golden rule in the three major government-run schools, and it seemed to be much more convenient to write.
Although many teachers complained privately that chalk writing was unsightly and ugly, school rules were military rules and they had to enforce them.
When drawing with a pencil, the handwriting is clear and the lines are thin and smooth, but it is also not as beautiful as calligraphy with a brush.
Every little thing is an epoch-making progress, moistening things silently. Every change, bit by bit, starts in the classroom of Jinling Martial Arts Hall.
"Students, today we are going to learn how to draw maps."
Xu Sheng used chalk to write five big characters on the blackboard: map drawing.
Cao Youwen listened carefully, but frowned slightly when he saw the fonts on the blackboard.
This word looks like a dog scratching, but luckily I can still recognize it.
"Students, the three elements of a map refer to scale, direction, legend and annotation. Next, let me tell you the specific content of the three elements of a map."
The three Arabic numerals 1, 2, and 3 are clear and the students are accustomed to them. From the first math class in the Jinling Martial Arts Hall, they were required to use Arabic numerals for numbers.
For example, writing eleven thousand one hundred and eleven in Chinese characters is far less convenient than using Arabic numerals "11111".
Of course, Chinese characters are the soul of Chinese civilization and will neither be simplified nor discarded.
The words "scale" are written on the blackboard, from left to right, top to bottom.
In fact, Xu Sheng is not used to this kind of writing, but this is the rule of the martial arts hall and he must abide by it.
For example, the punctuation marks added to textbooks, like Arabic numerals, have been around since ancient times, but they have not yet been applied to articles. The Jinling Military Academy and the other two major government-run schools were the first to adopt it, and it was bound to be popularized throughout the Song Dynasty.
"The scale bar represents the ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the actual length of the corresponding line segment on the ground. The formula is that the scale bar is equal to the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance."
"Instructor Xu, what is the formula? What is the distance?"
A student below asked.
"Raise your hand first, then say "report to instructor"!"
Xu Sheng's face was stern, and he knocked on the table with the pointer in his hand.
"Report to the instructor!"
The students quickly raised their hands again and asked questions.
"I will tell you about formulas and distances again. A formula is an expression that expresses changes in the relationship between several things, such as..."
Xu Sheng picked up the chalk and wrote several formulas on the blackboard:
Formula for circle circumference; L= 2πr,
Circle area formula; S=πr2,
Pythagorean theorem; a2+b2=c2.
Ancient Chinese also had these mathematical formulas. For example, the Pythagorean theorem of three strands, four strings and five is represented by solstice²=sunlow²+sunhigh², but there is no substitute letter abc.
As for Zhao Hong, the emperor of the Song Dynasty, because of his experience as a teacher, he introduced mathematical formulas such as Arabic numerals and letters into mathematics and used them in mathematics textbooks.
"See, this is called a formula. An expression that expresses the relationship between several variables is a formula."
Xu Sheng taught everything he learned from Zhao Hong.
"Instructor, what is a variable?"
Another student asked.
"A variable is the amount of change. How do you learn it? You learn it in the past and forget it later. Let's go to class today, then go down and review it by yourself!"
Xu Sheng said angrily and started to explain again.
Most students can keep up, but there are always a few guys who don't complain when they are exposed to the sun and practice. The only one who takes the cultural class is ten years old.
"Instructor, I think that when it comes to drawing a map, the most important thing is measurement. The three elements come next."
Cao Youwen raised his hand and asked his doubts.
"Cao Youwen, what you said is right, but it is equally important and one cannot exist without the other. You must know that any small omission may cause unpredictable losses on the battlefield. Therefore, being serious is the most important!"
Xu Sheng estimated and said based on his own understanding.
As a bodyguard of Zhao Hong when he was the prince, Xu Sheng was appointed by Zhao Hong as a mathematics instructor at Jinling Martial Arts Hall because of his bright mind and reading.
Just like Tian Yi holds the important position of chief firearms instructor of Jiangwu Hall, Li Tang holds the position of queue and physical training instructor, former East Palace guard Hu Datou holds the position of stabbing instructor, Zhang Hong holds the position of sword and shield hand instructor, etc., the guards each perform their duties , everyone shares.
Also serving as mathematics "instructors" were the Southern Song Dynasty mathematics master Yang Hui and several of his disciples. These people are the most outstanding mathematical talents of this era, and they are more than enough to teach these most basic things.
Mathematics is the foundation of natural science, and Zhao Hong particularly values it. Although he knew that these words should be spoken in the Jinling University Hall, he couldn't help but talk about them in the class of the Martial Arts Hall.
"You may know the importance of steel and know that it can be used to make weapons, armor, shovels and farming tools, but you will never realize the huge changes brought about by steel. Among other things, the firearms that will be equipped in the army are Made entirely of steel. The more steel a country has, the stronger it becomes!"
Zhao Hong was eloquent and eloquent, completely astonishing the dazzled students below.
"You have seen water vapor lift up the lid of a pot. Have you ever thought about what if there is enough water vapor, what can it bring? It can bring steam engines, boats can be rowed without people, and cars can be pulled without people. It can bring a An unprecedented industrial revolution."
Under the adoring eyes of the students, Zhao Hong drew simple schematic diagrams of steam engines, railways, trains, and ships on the blackboard, showing the students infinite possibilities and a prototype of an ideal country in the future.
Immediately afterwards, he drew pistols, rifles, metal bullets, breech-loading guns, etc. Of course, he only drew rough appearances to inspire these young contemporary elites.
He raised his head and found many instructors from the martial arts hall outside the window listening. Zhao Hong waved to them all to come in and listen to the class.
At this moment, both the instructors and students of the Jiangwu Hall were his loyal listeners and students.
"For example, a breech-loading rifled gun can use a bolt-shaped wedge breech to solve the problem of deflation. Loading shells is simpler and faster, and because there are riflings in the barrel, the shelling is more accurate and has a longer range."
"Another example is the pull-tube thunder. It does not need to be ignited. It is pulled down directly and ignites by friction. It is convenient, fast and more lethal."
"Principal, since better artillery and firearms are possible, then don't hesitate and go ahead and do it."
With Zhao Hong's pictures in his eyes and his words in his ears, Zhen Zhidao raised his hand and spoke boldly.
These novel things immediately aroused his interest.
And in his opinion, these new things are completely operable
"You think I don't want to. Everything is planned, but it takes time. Zhenshidao, don't look down on yourself. If you want, you can also become a part of firearms manufacturing and machine manufacturing in the future."
Zhao Hong nodded and motioned for Zhen Zhidao, who was blushing, to sit down.
"Students, have you ever thought about it? The development of these things that are crucial to the future of our Song Dynasty requires a stable court situation. Now that the Tatar army in the north is at its peak, our Song Dynasty is always facing the threat of war. Once foreign enemies If you invade, everything will be in vain. The country needs you to study hard, train well, and don't be afraid of hardship or fatigue. In the future, you will pass on your skills one step at a time, and your troops will be well-trained and well-educated. You have a heavy responsibility on your shoulders! "
Mentioning the Mongolian cavalry that was unmatched in history, Zhao Hong's heart felt a little heavy.
"Principal, our Song and Jin dynasties have been fighting for years, the people's livelihood is in decline, and the national treasury is empty. Does the imperial court have so much money to train troops and prepare for war?"
Meng Gong’s question goes straight to the root.
"Training troops and good governance are all about money and food. I implemented the New Deal on Jiangnan East Road and got rid of bad governance. My purpose is to enrich the country and strengthen the army. If it is difficult to implement the New Deal and revive the Song Dynasty, the future is uncertain!"
Zhao Hong looked solemn, nodded and said.
It seems that a history class has become a debate class.
Whether it is training troops or developing businesses, money is needed to promote it. This required him to carry out the New Deal boldly and recklessly, from Jiangnan East Road to the entire Song Dynasty.
"Principal, Jiangnan East Road is implementing the new policy. We are willing to serve as the principal's vanguard and do our best!"
Zhao Hong frowned, and Du Shu's blood boiled and he expressed his loyalty to Zhao Hong.
"I will do my best to implement the New Deal on Jiangnan East Road. You and I, teachers and students, are of one mind and will do our best."
The implementation of the New Deal on Jiangnan East Road must succeed and cannot fail. Otherwise, he would not be able to enrich the country and strengthen the army to resist foreign aggression, and the revival of the Song Dynasty would only come to nothing.
"However, I can still use my strength to implement the New Deal. As for rectifying the border troops and resisting foreign aggression, it depends on you young people in the martial arts hall!"
Zhao Hong said seriously to the students.
The Jinling Martial Arts Hall rested all his hopes. With so many famous generals in history, it is indeed up to them to make achievements and serve the country.
"Principal, as long as our troops are well-trained and equipped with firearms, students will have confidence and be able to keep the enemy at bay."
Wang Jian raised his hand to answer, full of confidence.
"Wang Jian, it's good to have confidence. But the best offense is defense. Once the Tatar cavalry attacks, life will be ruined. And the shortage of cavalry has always been a close concern of the Song Dynasty."
"Principal, if we have a good army and a large number of firearms, we can seize a horse-raising land in the northwest. The four counties of Hexi and Hehuang are all my hometown in China. We can seize it openly and with a clear conscience!"
Cao Youwen was from the northwest frontier, and he got to the point as soon as he opened his mouth.
Isn’t the horse farm in Zhangye, Hexi Province, a natural place for raising horses?
"Cao Youwen, what you said is good! Then you must study harder and lead by example, to organize the border army and make contributions to our Song Dynasty!"
A famous general is a famous general, and he can see the pasture needed to develop the cavalry at a glance.
If the Song Dynasty did not deal with side affairs, it might be possible to "reduce talents in any way" and push famous historical generals such as Cao Youwen and Yu Jie to more important positions. It doesn't matter if they take a risk.
"Students, the border situation is urgent. Maybe some of you may graduate early and go to the frontier to prepare for border affairs and train sergeants. Therefore, you must train well and study hard. Don't let me down or let down the hope of the entire country. .”
Zhao Hong's words not only moved Cao Youwen's heart, but also inspired the students.
The principal's meaning couldn't be more clear. Foreign enemies were eyeing them, the country was busy with affairs, and they had many opportunities to get ahead.
I just don’t know what kind of war the principal is referring to? Where will it be on the battlefield again?
The bell rang, the drawings on the blackboard were messy, and before I knew it, it was time to finish class.
"get out of class is over! If you like, we can find time to sit down and talk together."
Zhao Hong had no choice but to end a different history lesson.
