Qiying, Guiliang and others arrived in Tianjin and contacted the four envoys. Qiying was familiar with the road and smiled and said that you gentlemen have worked hard.
Elgin slapped the table and stood up, saying: In the Yamen of Guangdong Province, Mr. Qi's Zhangzou mostly conceals the truth, makes empty excuses, and lies one after another, saying that we are all subhumans. It is a lifelong shame for us to meet my husband here today. All the treaties we proposed to your country must be agreed to immediately, otherwise we will march to Beijing and Tianjin.
The senior citizen was so ashamed that he retreated angrily and returned to Beijing.
Guiliang and Huanasha were not familiar with barbarian affairs and were extremely anxious.
The Russian Minister Putiyating met Guiliang and Huashana privately and said: Britain and France, if they disagree on a word, start fighting against each other, what a shame! Previously, our country and Britain and France were engaged in a fierce battle over Kashmir, with rivers of blood flowing... Britain and France are the common enemies of Russia and China. I have received the Tsar's order to supply your country with equipment to resist the British and French externally and to suppress banditry internally. Russia and China are dependent on each other and will always be good to each other.
Guiliang said: Thank you very much for your help. If you ask for anything, we will not hesitate even to the death!
The face of Putiya's court was filled with joy, and he held out a piece of paper and said: "You two, please wait and see. I will go to Elgin to find out the British people's thoughts, and we will negotiate later."
Twelve Articles of the Covenant: 1. The Great Emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the Great Emperor of the Great Russian Empire will now renew the peace treaty based on their former reconciliation. In the future, the subjects of the two countries will not harm or invade each other, but will always protect and consolidate the peace.
2. The exchanges and notes between the plenipotentiary ministers of Russia and the great scholars of the Qing Dynasty and the governors of the coastal areas shall be treated as equals. Notes exchanged between the two countries' border ministers and stationed officials are also treated as equals.
3. From now on, in addition to the land route between the two countries for trade in the previously designated border areas, it is now agreed that seven trade ports will be established by sea route: Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Tainan, and Qiongzhou. If other countries add ports along the coast, Russia will definitely do so.
4. Russian merchant ships sailing into China shall be handled in accordance with the General Regulations on Trade between Foreign Countries and China. If prohibited goods are carried, all the goods on the merchant ship will be confiscated and brought to the authorities.
5. Russia established a consulate in China’s trading port. In order to check the living rules of merchant ships stationed at each seaport, military ships were sent to anchor there for support. Russia and China will discuss the purchase of land and the responsibilities of the consulates, and all matters should be handled in accordance with the General Trade Regulations established by China and foreign countries.
6. If Russian soldiers or merchant ships are damaged along the coast of China, the Chinese local government will rescue the victims and the ships carrying cargo. All public expenses for the rescue will be reimbursed by Russia. Russian soldiers and merchant ships that encounter repairs or damage on the coast of China and those who want to take sweets or buy food are allowed to enter the unopened seaports near China and buy them at fair market prices. The local officials cannot stop them.
7. If there is an accident between people belonging to Russia and China in the trading place, Chinese officials and Russian consular officials must handle the matter together.
8. Catholicism is originally a charity. If there are Russians who go to the mainland from trading places to preach, the consul officer and the local magistrate in the mainland will check the license according to the quota. If they are good citizens, they will be released under the seal for inspection.
9. China and Russia will no longer have a clearly defined border. The two countries will send trusted officials to conduct impartial inspections and ensure that border clearance is included in this contract. After the boundary is established, it is recorded in the land register, drawn on the map, and established as evidence, so that the two countries will never have a dispute over this boundary and the other...
12. In the future, if the Qing Dynasty attaches great importance to foreign trade and other matters, wherever there is benefit, it will be implemented with Russia without further discussion.
Since the above twelve articles were agreed upon, two copies of the peace treaty will be written. After the ruling of the Holy Lord Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the ruling of the Holy Lord Emperor of the Great Russian Empire, he issued an edict to establish a peace treaty, which stipulated that the two countries would exchange exchanges in Beijing within one year, and they would abide by it forever and not violate it. Today, the two countries and their books are copied in Russian, Qing and Chinese characters, with the Qing characters being the main ones. It is handwritten and signed by the imperial envoys of the two countries and sealed with seals. It can be exchanged. The terms discussed are expected to be handled in accordance with the Chinese Qing Dynasty.
Great Scholar Guiliang, Imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Qing Dynasty
The Imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister of the Qing Dynasty, Shangshu Huashana
Imperial Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister of the Great Russian State Putyatyn
The third day of May in the eighth year of Xianfeng
The first day of the first month of Yiyun, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight years
Guiliang thought for a long time and said to Huashana: "My emperor has issued an order to show favor to the Russians and the barbarians, and to use the barbarians to control the barbarians." The articles and paragraphs are not very new, they are just business and missionary. He had the power and promised to use Russia's hand to check and balance Britain and France.
Hua Sha Na said: Yes.
Not long ago, Putiyating sent a note to Guiliang: Britain, France and the United States had made concessions, and the treaty could be signed immediately.
Guiliang and Huashana then met with Elgin and others to resume the five-party talks. Elgin still insisted on the contract and would not make any concessions.
Guiliang scolded Long Hair for being shameless and taking millet from the fire.
Huashana said: Except for compensation, the British and French payments are no different from Changmao, and a certain section of Changmao is even more stringent.
Guiliang sighed: "The most poisonous thing is the hairy heart. The spear is already at the throat, that's it, it's just a sign!"
Starting from June 13, 1858, China, Britain, France and the United States successively signed the "Treaty of Tianjin" with seven appendices. 1. The minister is permanently stationed in Beijing. Second, add Yingkou, Yantai, Tainan, Tamsui, Shantou, Qiongzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Nanjing, and Zhenjiang as treaty ports. 3. Foreign missionaries can freely preach in the mainland. Fourth, foreigners can travel in the mainland. 5. Foreign merchant ships can travel between ports on the Yangtze River. Sixth, modify the tax rules and reduce the tonnage tax on merchant ships. 7. Compensation of 4 million taels of silver to Britain and 2 million taels of silver to France, which will be returned to Guangzhou after payment.
Zhou Peizu, the Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, burst into tears: Foreign barbarians have been stationed in the capital for a long time, so every move must be known carefully, quickly and accurately, and the move can be controlled. The barbarians set up halls to preach and confuse people's hearts. If there is a fight between the people and the barbarians, how can they be judged? There may be treacherous people, who are lured by huge profits, take advantage of barbarians, and run rampant in the city, which will cause untold troubles. A people who are well-dressed, courteous, and happy are inferior to beasts. Countries such as Korea and Ryukyu have been under the imperial dynasty for a long time. If they see the barbarians being unruly and remorseful, they will definitely despise the dynasty. What's more worrying is that the barbarians have been domineering for many years and are full of evil. All Chinese people hate them to the core. Now that they are stationed in the capital and close to the palace, if anyone from outside becomes enemies with them, the barbarians will definitely take revenge on the capital. The changes in the elbows and armpits can be For chilling.
Emperor Xianfeng withdrew from the imperial court and retreated to Qianqing Palace. He sighed: As promised by all nations, the emperor only allowed five people to live in the palace and cut off a corner of Oak Harbor. Now, foreign barbarians are stationed under the chariots, rivers are open to navigation, barbarian boats are cruising, and the country is open. I am really incompetent, and I am ashamed of my ancestors and ancestors.
Concubine Yi said: "The Yi troops are approaching Jingu. If they refuse again, the troops will rise again, and Tianjin and Beijing will be difficult to protect." The alliance under the city can only be allowed temporarily; we will gather troops and gather strength in the future to plan it slowly.
Guiliangzou: Long live my emperor, the peace treaty with the barbarians must not be used as real evidence. However, if we use this paper, we will temporarily withdraw the warships from Haikou. If you want to betray your alliance in the future, you only need to punish the slaves and others for the crime of bad deeds. This promise can only be made with a few pieces of paper.
Yi Xin reported: According to the treaty in Tianjin, if Qiying harms the country, he will be severely punished immediately and is planned to be hanged and imprisoned.
Sushun, the Minister of Lifanyuan, also wrote: The senior elite retreated in the face of the battle, causing harm to the country and the people, so they should implement the correct method to serve as a warning to others.
Emperor Xianfeng said: "Yixin's original ginseng is too heavy. Even if Su Shun played it, he still planned to practice it, but it was not right." Qiying was afraid that Pei was incompetent and the overall situation was uncertain. He returned to Beijing without waiting for the special order and failed to live up to my kindness. People are bound to die, and there is no balance between love and law, so Te En Qiying took his own life. Seng Gelinqin immediately went to Tianjin to arrange coastal defense. Huang Zonghan, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and the governors of the coastal areas immediately trained the people vigorously and actively controlled the barbarians. Huang Qing does not need to be tempted to throw a rat-averse weapon just because there are still officials in the city. However, in the campaign to suppress the barbarians, the officials and the people were separated in appearance but merged in spirit. There was no need for the officials to be enemies with each other, but only to make the people become enemies. We should use the people's moral indignation as our words, and do not show our military bravery in order to control the enemy. The public opinion is strong and powerful, like the rolling water of a river. The barbarians may retreat when they realize the difficulty, and they may also fade away.
One month later, in accordance with Article 6 of the Treaty of Tianjin, all parties negotiated in Shanghai to revise the tariffs. Emperor Xianfeng decreed that all taxes on imported and exported goods would be exempted in exchange for Articles 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the Treaty.
He Guiqing, the governor of Liangjiang, said: Yi merchants and Yi chiefs are two kinds of goods. Taxes are exempted, and Yi merchants are happy to obey; but Yi chiefs will insist on being arrogant. A lot of the money for suppressing bandits comes from here, and all taxes are exempted. I use a bamboo basket to fetch water, and the consequences are endless.
Guiliang, the great scholar, and Huanasha, the official minister, also wrote: The barbarians are very arrogant. All matters other than the treaty can be discussed; the treaty has been established and must not be changed. We are full of excuses, none of which are practical. Even if all taxes are waived, the barbarians will not give in.
He Guiqing did not wait for the order to arrive. Within three days, he signed the "Trade and Tax Settlement Treaty" with Britain, France and the United States.
There are six clauses: 1. The opium trade is legal; barbarian merchants are only allowed to sell at treaty ports. Once exported, it is considered Chinese goods; the import tax of opium is thirty taels of silver for every one hundred kilograms. When it enters the mainland, it will be levied by various places. Barbarian merchants are not allowed to interfere. 2. All imported and exported goods are taxed according to the current price. 3. When foreign goods are sold to the mainland, only 2.5% of the export tax is paid. 4. Hire British people to help with customs and taxation. 5. The minister is stationed in Shanghai, but he can enter Beijing at any time. 6. The detailed rules will come into effect upon formal exchange of letters on the first anniversary of the conclusion of the Treaty of Tianjin.
Emperor Xianfeng angrily rebuked: Looking at this, I feel angry and depressed, especially hateful! This trip of yours not only cannot be eliminated, but is not as good as the original promise. He Guiqing, in handling the barbarian affairs this time, had his own prejudices and did not allow others to get involved. He was extremely bold. Therefore, he regarded my decree as Bianmao and was guilty of being more frivolous than the senior elite.
He Guiqingshu said: This agreement is only a plan to retreat the troops. If you want to break the agreement, you can't argue with words, but fight with each other. This should be done with emptiness and resignation, so that the snake can retreat happily. The day when the contract is exchanged next year will be the time when Tu Qiong and his dagger meet.
Emperor Xianfeng issued an edict: Apart from suppressing and killing the Cantonese bandits, there is no one else who can consolidate the coastal defense of Dagu, Tianjin. Prince Seng Gelinqin of Boduole Gatai must make the best use of people's talents and resources, and I must make the defense of Daku impregnable. I can't take care of the Russian barbarians in Heilongjiang for the time being. I will wait until the British and French are pacified before plotting with Russia!
Before the Qing Dynasty could care about it, the Russian governor of Eastern Siberia, Muraviev, led two gunboats and arrived at Aihui City to meet with Heilongjiang General Yishan.
Muraviev said: Britain and France are sending troops to invade China. If Russia and China use the Heilongjiang and Ussuri Rivers as their boundaries, we can calmly send troops to help China defend against the British.
Yi Shandao: The British and French barbarians invaded China, and I will defend myself. The boundary between China and Russia has been agreed upon in accordance with the Treaty of Nerchinsk and has not been changed for hundreds of years. Now if it goes as planned by you and others, it will be difficult to accommodate.
Muraviv said: There is a saying in your country: Time flies like an arrow, and there are no people or things that remain unchanged. This is a draft of the border between Russia and China. You will be limited to reply tomorrow.
The next day, Yishan returned the draft treaty to Russia and firmly refused to allow Muraviv outside Aihui City.
Muraviev was angry, fired guns and fired artillery, saying: If the deadline is six days, he will send 20,000 troops to cross the river south to support Britain and France. This is an ultimatum.
Fearing that the war would spread to Beijing and Tianjin, Yishan suffered for six days and signed the "Aihui Treaty".
The treaty stipulates that the left bank of Heilongjiang and Songhua River, from the Ergun River to the mouth of Songhua River, shall be the territory of the Russian state. The right bank flows along the river to the Wusuli River, which is the land of the Qing Dynasty. The land east of the Ussuri River is jointly managed by the two countries. On the left bank of the Heilongjiang River, opposite Aihui City, in the Sixty-Four Tunnels east of the Yangtze River, the original Manchus and others are allowed to live permanently in their respective villages as usual. They are still managed by the ministers and officials of the Qing Dynasty. The Russians, etc., regardless of whether they are officials or civilians, are not allowed to invade. .
Tsar Alexander II howled wildly when he heard the news: Muraviv, the governor of Eastern Siberia, had made outstanding achievements. Without firing a shot, he obtained a territory of 600,000 square kilometers and a river like the Danube. The lunatic in the madhouse, Chadayev once said: Love for the motherland is a beautiful feeling that will create heroes. Nikolai Nikolayevich Muraviv Amursky is our Russian hero.
Muraviv laughed when he heard this and said: His Majesty the Tsar took it out of context. Chadayev once said: Love for the motherland is a beautiful emotion, but there is a more beautiful emotion than this, which is the love of truth. . Love for the motherland will create heroes, and love for truth will create wise men and benefactors of mankind. Love for the motherland will divide nations, cause national hatred, and will immediately clothe the earth in mourning; love for truth will spread the light of knowledge, create spiritual enjoyment, and bring people closer to God. The road to heaven passes not through the motherland, but through the truth. Chadayev's argument is really the defense of a madman. If there is only truth and no motherland, without the land and food under the rule of the motherland, where can we live and make a living? However, the Qing Dynasty obtained 600,000 fertile lands with empty gloves. If the Qing people launched a nationwide crusade, everyone on both sides of the Heilongjiang River would be in mourning! Chadayev, Philosophical Letters, benefited a lot.
When Emperor Xianfeng heard about Aihui's treaty, he angrily accused Yishan of being traitorous and ordered: Anyone who crosses undiscussed territory at will is a breach of the treaty. The governors and generals of Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hunan must use all their strength to wipe out the Cantonese bandits. When the internal affairs are stable and all the barbarians are pacified, then they can quarrel with the Russian barbarians. The two ministers He Chun and De Xing must attack Jinling vigorously. This is the most important thing. The attack on Xun has been going on for a long time, but it is unlikely to be defeated. Hu Chen, Lin Yi, must continue to supervise.
