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The experimental group's experiment on adrenal gland extract is still in progress, and it is impossible to talk about the so-called clinical experiments conducted by modern pharmaceutical companies.
In fact, based on Kawei’s understanding of adrenal hormones, a large part of the experiments can be deleted. For almost all doctors in the 19th century, whether a drug was poisonous or effective was a binary metaphysical question of God's gift or divine punishment, which was far from requiring experimental verification.
Just look at the self-dispensing pharmacies in big cities to get a glimpse of this.
Even if someone is really willing to do so-called experiments, it will only be one or two small-scale animal experiments, and then they can be applied clinically. If the drug works, doctors and pharmacists will be successful and will be well-known; if it doesn't, patients won't actually have much of a problem.
After all, the periodic table of elements has a high degree of overlap with the pharmacopoeia at that time.
The reason why these "medicines" can continue to be used is because the original drugs were basically taken orally, and intravenous administration routes were not discovered, so many poisons can only produce chronic effects.
For truly toxic substances such as arsenic, the dosage can be controlled to achieve what doctors call various "curative effects." Update without error@
The reason why Kawei asked Savarin and others to conduct as many animal experiments as possible was definitely not because of toxicity, but because it was difficult to control the concentration of the extract.
Intramuscular injection is okay and not very dangerous, but in critical situations, especially when dealing with trauma in field hospitals, intramuscular injection of such an impure extract may not be able to achieve clinical use.
At that time, an intravenous drip or a more severe intravenous push is needed. Unlike the pituitary gland extract, indiscriminately injecting epinephrine into the blood vessel without knowing the purpose is not only fatal but also meaningless. 【1】
The main problems are drug sensitivity, main effects, and too single a detection method.
Pituitary extracts, namely vasopressin and oxytocin, have a narrow range of use and a very direct form of expression. They are only used for cesarean section. Their function is to increase the heart rate and uterine contractions. The hormones in other pituitary extracts have a great impact on the changes in the patient's vital signs. limited.
Adrenal gland extract is different because it is also mixed with corticosteroids, making it more widely used than modern times.
Kavit can detect the safe range of medication only by monitoring heart rate, but it cannot detect its biggest function - increasing blood pressure. If the effect of the drug cannot be measured, the effective dose cannot be determined, so at first Kawei only used it as his last trump card.
Even though Savarin had always said that he had basically calculated the safe concentration through experiments, after several days, Kawei had no plans to use it on patients. Because it is useless if used, and it may even be due to individual differences that a patient's conclusion after using it may mislead Kawei's judgment when the actual patient uses it.
But whether it was good luck or some other unspeakable reason, Fernan and the blood pressure monitor appeared in front of him one after another.
Fernand suffered from upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and the amount of bleeding was not small. Blood transfusion alone would eventually lead to the risk of transfusion reaction and wound infection. At this time, it was very important to have a dose of epinephrine.
And he was a death row prisoner, so even if something happened to him, Kawei wouldn't be thrown into prison like the doctor who gave strange treatments that led to the patient's death.
In fact, had it not been for the adrenal extract the night before, it would have been difficult for Fernan to survive even if he had survived. He might have died from ether stimulation, bleeding during surgery, incision infection, or any other cause of death as soon as he went on stage tomorrow. .
"I'm sorry, Mr. Fernand. You should have some discomfort next, such as nausea, vomiting, palpitation, or... forget it, it's not your first time..."
Kawi asked Savarin to prepare the calculated dosage of the extract, and he sat in front of Fernand's bed and said: "We have mastered the approximate dosage of intramuscular injection, and now we will choose intravenous infusion. Your blood pressure will be monitored during the procedure."
Looking at the blood pressure monitor that he had never seen before, Fernand felt like a prey for the first time. This was an experience he had never had after killing his wife and Albert: "You won't kill me now, will you?" ..."
"This machine is very safe." Kawei comforted him as he saw what he was more worried about.
Fernand looked at him and took the syringe. (This chapter is not finished yet!)
189.Crazy
Savarin walked over by himself and snorted softly: "Whether it's a noose, a guillotine, your scalpel, or an inexplicable injection of drugs, my end is death. I'll go to the Place Saint-Michel tomorrow and take a look. Looking at those angry crowds, I have to go see God...Oh no, God will definitely not want me, I only deserve to go to hell."
"Who knows what will happen tomorrow." Kawei sighed, "But you have to know that I am a doctor and my job is to save people."
"Save someone? Isn't this surgery going to cost me my life?"
"It's just that the mortality rate is relatively high. There is a 95% chance that you will die on the operating table." Kawei said, "I have explained it to you before."
"What about the remaining 10%?"
"You have to judge based on the condition in your stomach, but the vast majority of these 10% will die on the same day, and it is almost impossible to survive until the next day."
Fernan has already noticed his fate: "Isn't this still the death penalty? It may be more torture than the death penalty!"
"There was no choice in the crime you committed."
Kawei didn't take his words seriously: "I still have to thank His Majesty the King. If it were Britain or France, you might have been tortured into human form. If time went forward for a while, you might have been tortured in the basement. If someone is beaten to death with sticks, there is no chance of going to the execution stand."
"Hahaha~~~" Fernan laughed a few times, "You are right..."
Kawei watched the drug being slowly injected into his body, and asked Mattik to start monitoring his heart rate, and then continued to explain: "But even so, this is still different from the death penalty."
"They're all dead, what's the difference?"
"A simple death penalty will only destroy you. It may calm the anger of many people, but to the human race you are just an insignificant butcher and it doesn't mean much."
Kawei looked at the blood pressure monitor in Koch's hand and the stethoscope in Mattick's hand, and said: "But this public surgery is different. Your life at least atones for your sins and also slightly promotes the development of surgery."
Adrenaline reacted immediately after entering his blood. Fernand could feel his heartbeat speeding up, but he had no reaction to Kawei's words: "..."
"Maybe in my opinion, this can be regarded as a kind of "rescue"." Kawei asked the two Xiang, "How is your heart rate and blood pressure?"
"The heart rate has increased from 95 to 115. The change is very obvious."
"The blood pressure came out, the upper pressure was 113, and the lower pressure was... 60." Koch took off the stethoscope on his ear and felt a little strange, "The lower pressure didn't seem to change much."
Kawei was not surprised, because this is a normal reaction of adrenaline [2]: "Monitor for a while, and wait half an hour to see the situation before deciding whether to increase the dose."
"good."
Fernand had killed many people and knew the state he was in, but he couldn't find this in Kavi and his team. It seems that they are working just for medicine and never consider taking their own lives.
"You can definitely find other people to test the medicine, or find other patients who are vomiting blood, why bother looking for me?"
"Who told you to be my patient before?" Kawei sighed, realizing that the other party seemed to have misunderstood, and quickly explained, "Don't get me wrong, I'm just regretting my skills. What if you were so inexplicable?" If you die on the street, all the skills I used on you will be in vain!"
...
This experiment was successful. Fernan's physical tolerance was higher than Kawei imagined, allowing him to collect a lot of useful data, including a single effective therapeutic dose and a slight overdose.
By finding the boundaries of medication, Kawei felt confident during the operation.
Soon, the time came to the day of the open-air surgery, May 10 at 1 pm. @精品\/书馆*First update~~
I have to say that the Laszlo construction team is really awesome. In less than three days, the open space around the fountain in the center of Saint-Michel Square was turned into an open surgical theater with layers of wooden fences and seats. .
An open-air carnival square that can accommodate thousands of people, similar to a scaled-down version of the ancient Roman economic arena, rose from the ground.
It was indeed a bold attempt, at least in Europe's recorded history, only one. (This chapter is not finished yet!)
189.Crazy
This kind of battle has only occurred in the autopsy of dead people. The combination of living death row inmates + serious illness + surgery is really rare.
Because of its rarity, even if there is no obvious place for money to be spent, money will pour into it regardless of the cost.
The sales of tickets for the infield of this operation are handled by four temporary ticket booths, located in the four directions of east, west, north and south at the intersection of Saint-Michel Square. A limited number of 20 tickets will be sold from these locations every hour, and seating will be completely random while supplies last.
However, the original ticket price of 1 kronor was simply unsustainable, and not long after it went on sale, it went up in the hands of some people.
The newspaper published the news on the morning of May 8. The ticket booth opened at noon that day and began selling tickets for 1 kronor. However, the fares in some channels rose to more than 10 kronor in the first hour.
The price alone has shut out many poor people. They can only stand on the outermost side of the square to catch a glimpse of the king and the French ambassador.
Or work as a porter, staying up all night waiting for the ticket booth to sell tickets.
This situation resulted in a large number of verbal quarrels and physical conflicts, and the police station had to deploy additional manpower to maintain public order. But things didn't end there, because the uniqueness of the surgery attracted many upper-class audiences, so the price continued to rise at an incredible speed in the next 24 hours.
At 1 o'clock in the afternoon, the notes circulating secretly were only 12 kronor, and at 2 o'clock they were sold for 20, and at 3 o'clock they were sold for 40...
Immediately afterwards, tickets were quoted from hourly to half-hourly. By 9 p.m., when the ticket booth closed, the ticket price in the hands of scalpers had doubled several times, reaching 160 kronor.
And this is just one day of market changes on May 8.
On the next day, May 9, the price change was even more exaggerated, with the starting price in the morning being 240 kronor. Many people said they were crazy, but reality slapped them in the face, because the increase on this day alone reached an astonishing 500 kronor.
The closing price was 740 kroner per seat.
This is still the outermost position of the infield. In fact, it is not much different from the ordinary people outside the infield. The first-row seats that actually leaked out were firmly in the hands of the nobles, because the seemingly random ticket sales process had already changed in the process of crazy bidding. Update without error@
As the conductor watched the scalpers make money, he himself became a higher-level scalper.
The ticket price for the first row of seats has already exceeded four digits, and the only people who get it are some wealthy nobles and entrepreneurs. They may not be interested in surgery, but in the face of this carnival, they have no reason not to join in the fun.
And in the evening of that day, this kind of bidding and price increase was not limited to tickets, but spread to the buildings and apartments around the square.
Because of a good visual distance and angle, a small apartment can be rented out for only 500 kronor for a short afternoon. By the morning of the surgery, the tickets were sold out and all the rooms in the surrounding area were rented out. The warm-up activities before the carnival were finally over.
Franz seems to have given no restrictions to this crazy move, because this is the effect he wants.
Relying on the operation proposed by Kawei, the government did not get much income on the surface, but a large number of "scalpers" who were released behind the scenes formed a tight organization and speculated on the tickets at sky-high prices, which can be regarded as a sign of the recent future. a supplement to huge military spending.
"Your Majesty is really calculating." Edward entered the surgery square early and enjoyed the tension and excitement brought by the dark crowd in front of him. "How can he still make so much money from a death row prisoner?"
"War is just fighting for money, and I can't help it..."
Franz did not hide it, and there was no need to hide it. Anyway, for him, it was taken from the "people" and used for the people, without any psychological burden: "And the construction of this open-air square is not free. It only depends on the 1 kroner." How is it possible to do that at a fare of 100,000 yuan?”
Edward nodded and did not continue the conversation. Instead, he turned around and took today's host speech from the clerk's hand and lowered his head to read it.
Seeing how hard he worked, Franz couldn't help but joked: "The ambassador is also very calculating. He actually prepared such a long section. There is always a sense of overestimating the host."
"To take over the host's place?"
Edward was stunned for a moment. (This chapter is not finished yet!)
189.Crazy
Only then did he realize that no matter how long the surgery host talked, he could not change the status of the surgeon: "I didn't expect that besides the two of us, that kid is also very calculating. All the extravagances turned out to be for him."
"This calculation is not for nothing, it requires solid surgical skills. @精\/书馆*First update~~" Franz said something fair, "At least other surgeons don't have the ability to get involved."
"It doesn't matter." Edward actually had no interest in the operation itself and didn't take it seriously. "I should be able to imitate the host of the ancient Roman Coliseum and take the dual roles of victim and host from His Majesty at any time. The power to impose sentences...right?"
Franz didn't expect him to say that, but he couldn't think of any reason to refute: "Of course.".
189.Crazy
