1. Analysis of population distribution in the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties
Every division and war in Chinese history directly led to the elimination of a large number of people and the accompanying destruction of huge material wealth. The Three Kingdoms period was a low point for China's population. From the database, we learned that the population of the Eastern Han Dynasty reached more than 56 million in 157 AD. From 260 to 280 AD after the Great Depression, the possible total population of Wei, Shu, and Wu was only more than 7.6 million, which was less than One-seventh of the original. However, some people believe that although the population dropped sharply during the Three Kingdoms period, it should not be less than 10 million because there are many "communities" that are not included in the official census.
Historical records admit that Cao Cao killed tens of thousands of refugees from the Jianghuai River alone when he conquered Xuzhou, so much so that "the Jianghuai area was completely empty and the people were eating each other."
In 192, Dong Zhuo's generals Li Ye and Guo Si captured Chang'an. "At that time, there were still hundreds of thousands of households in Sanfu. Ye and others sent troops to plunder and capture the cities. The people were hungry and destitute. In two years, they ate all the food." In two years, the bustling area where hundreds of thousands of people lived together was reduced to desolation. After the young emperor Liu Xie escaped from Chang'an, his residence was made of thorns. The palace maids lacked food and clothing, and many of them starved to death on the way. When the officials accompanying them went out to collect firewood, they often fell dead on the roadside. Yuan Shao's army in Hebei sometimes relied on mulberry trees for food. Yuan Shujun found himself in the Jianghuai area and had to eat clams to satisfy his hunger. What's more, Kong Rong once created a theoretical basis for cannibalism. He said that eating people you don’t know is like eating a gorilla or a parrot. The military rations Cheng Yu provided to Cao Cao contained a lot of dried human meat. All over the country, ten rooms are empty.
The following is a summary of the population of the Han Dynasty:
During the Han Dynasty, the population surveys of the Han Dynasty all listed the number of households and the number of people. The oral tax (money counting) is the main income of the country, and the household tax is designated as the income of the princes and princes.
"Hanshu Geography" records that the total number of registered households in 103 counties in the second year of Yuanshi at the end of the Western Han Dynasty was 123,564.9 million households and 576,714,010 people. For example, if the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River are used as the north-south boundary, the population in the north accounts for 4/5, and the population in the south accounts for 1/5.
For example, according to the 14 supervisory areas established during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, those with more than one million households and more than 5 million people include Sili and the five prefectures of Henan, Hebei, Yan, Qing, and Xu. They are all in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, roughly equivalent to today's Shaanxi The Guanzhong Plain and the areas north of the Huaihe River in Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Anhui and Su in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The total population accounts for 55% of the country. The most concentrated population in the Guanzhong Plain is near Chang'an, with a density of approximately one thousand people per square kilometer, the highest in the country. Next is the plain area east of the Taihang Mountains. In addition to the mountains in central Shandong, the Jiaodong Peninsula and the coastal areas, the population density is estimated to be more than 100 people per square kilometer. As a result, two relatively densely populated strip areas were formed. The east-west direction is from Jingzhao (Chang'an-Henan (Luoyang-Chenliu-Jiyin) (Dingtao-Shanyang-Donghai); the north-south direction is from Qinghe-Weijun-Hanoi, Hedong-Henan-Yingchuan-Runan .This distribution is obviously related to the transportation routes. The population of the Yangtze River Basin is concentrated in the Chengdu Plain, Nanyang Basin and Taihu Plain, which is undoubtedly promoted by the superior natural environment.
During the wars in the late Western Han Dynasty, people from the Central Plains began to migrate to the Yangtze River Basin, and even further to the Lingnan region. At the same time, the southern economy was further developed and the population increased significantly.
According to the records of the fifth year of Yonghe Period (AD 140) recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, there were 93,366,650 households and 47,892,413 people in the country. The population north of the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains accounted for 3/5, and to the south accounted for 2/5. The number of households exceeded one million. , Yuzhou, Jing, Yang, and Yi prefectures have a population of over 5 million. Except for Yuzhou, the other three prefectures are all in the Yangtze River Basin. Their number of households accounts for 422% of the country's total, and their population accounts for 3726% of the country's total. It can be seen that after 138 In 2000, the distribution of the population in the north and south changed significantly.
Compared with the population at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the population of Yangzhou increased by 1/4, and that of Jingzhou and Yizhou doubled. Among them, Nanyang County (Nanyang Basin) has the most significant increase. The population has increased from 1.94 million (excluding the last part) to 2.44 million. Lingling County (Xiang, Zi and Xiaoshui Basin in southern Hunan has increased from 140,000 to 1 million). Changsha County (Xiang, Zi) has increased from 140,000 to 1 million. The number in the lower reaches of the water basin increased from 230,000 to 1.05 million, Yuzhang County (now Jiangxi Province) increased from 350,000 to 1.66 million, and Bajun (eastern Sichuan Province increased from 700,000 to 1.08 million. It can be seen that the increase in the southern population is in addition to the southward migration of the northern population. , also due to the in-depth development of areas where the Central Plains dynasty was originally out of reach. Except for a few counties in the Yellow River Basin, the population has generally decreased. According to materials collected from various places, the population is as follows:
AD 105 (5325, the first year of Yongxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty)
AD 122 (4869, the fourth year of Yanguang in the Eastern Han Dynasty)
AD 140 (4915, the fifth year of Yonghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty)
In 156 AD (the second year of Yongshou in the Eastern Han Dynasty), 56.49 million
Beginning in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, China entered a period of long-term division and war. The Yellow River Basin experienced wars many times, and the Guanzhong area experienced Dong Zhuo's rebellion. "The city of Chang'an was completely empty and scattered, and no one returned to Guanzhong for two or three years." "Near Luoyang, there are countless innocent people who died." On the Huanghuai Plain from Luoyang to Pengcheng (now Xuzhou), after the war between Cao Cao and Tao Qian, "no one returned to the market." In addition to those who died in the war, a large number of Central Plains people migrated to relatively stable areas. Sanfu, Nanyang Most of the people moved to Yizhou. Most of the people in the Xuzhou area fled to the east of the Yangtze River. More than 100,000 households between the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers crossed the river to the east. "Jiangxi was empty, and only Wancheng was left south of Hefei." Many scholar-bureaucrats even crossed the sea and moved far away Jiaozhou. Many of the people who served in the Shu Han and Soochow regimes were scholar-bureaucrats who moved from the Yellow River Basin.
In addition, many people from the Central Plains fled to Youzhou, Liaodong, and even to Xianbei. For example, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Yu was the shepherd of Youzhou. "There were more than a million people who escaped from the Yellow Turban and returned to Yu" ("Book of the Later Han·Biography of Liu Yu").
After the situation of the Three Kingdoms became stable, those who moved to Liaodong often returned to their hometown, while most of those who moved to the south settled down. Later, in order to enhance the strength of their respective ruling areas, the three families of Wei, Shu and Wu used political means to force people to move around their ruling centers. For example, at the end of Jian'an, Cao Cao conquered Zhang Lu and entered Badong and Brazil counties (today's eastern Sichuan), and persuaded more than 80,000 local people to move to Ye and Luoyang; then Cao Jiping defeated Zhang Lu and moved tens of thousands of Hanzhong people to consolidate Chang'an and Sanfu. .Cao Pi established the capital in Luoyang and recruited 50,000 scholar families in Jizhou to establish Henan Province. After the Wei Dynasty destroyed Shu, 30,000 Shu people moved to Luoyang and Guanzhong. During the Jian'an period, Sun Quan of the Eastern Wu Dynasty continued to conquer the west of the Jiangxia prefect who lived in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Huang Zu captured tens of thousands of men and women and moved them to Jiangdong. Liu Bei brought a large number of people from Jingzhou with him when he entered Shu. After several northern and southern expeditions, he also moved people to the Chengdu Plain. In addition, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuhuan and Xianbei from the north gradually settled in the Central Plains. , scattered in the counties along the border. More than 30,000 Xiongnu people settled in the Fenshui River Basin. After Soochow conquered Shanyue, they also moved the Yue people from the mountainous areas to the plains, with a total of about 100,000 people.
After years of war during the Three Kingdoms period, the number of people dying, fleeing, and hiding was quite high. Therefore, according to the household registration in the early years of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (1980s), there were only 2.46 million households and 16.16 million people in the country. The Yellow River Basin still accounted for 56.72%, and the Yangtze River Basin accounted for 34%. The Yellow River Basin is concentrated in Ke and Hebei, accounting for about 3212% of the national population. The first county-level population distribution in the country is Henan County, which is the seat of Luoyang, the capital of Cao Wei's regime, with 110,000 households. The following are Hanoi County, which borders Henan County, and the seat of Jianye, the old capital of Soochow. The number of households in Danyang County, present-day Yangping County on the border between southern Hebei and Shandong, and Shu County where Chengdu, the old capital of the Shu Han Dynasty, are all more than 50,000. It can be seen that they are the result of population migration during the Three Kingdoms era.
Further analysis shows that if calculated based on the number of people who died in Shu, there were about 940,000 people in Shu and 4.43 million people in Wei. The ratio between Shu and Wei was about 21%. Calculating the population that swallowed up Wu, Wu has about 2.3 million people. If it is assumed that the population of Wei and Shu remains unchanged (due to lack of historical data, it is slightly assumed that the population of the Three Kingdoms has zero growth), the ratio between Wu and Wei is 5%. 16. The total population during the Three Kingdoms period was approximately 7.67 million, which was not much different from the above value.
2. Population in the fifth year of Yonghe (AD 140)
Sili
Henan (Luoyang population 1 million
Hanoi, population 800,000
Hedong, population 570,000
Hongnong has a population of 190,000
Jingzhao (Chang'an has a population of 280,000
Feng Yi, population 140,000
Fufeng (Chencang is in Fufeng, with a population of 90,000
Yuzhou
Yingchuan (Xuchang was originally a county in Yingchuan with a population of 430,000
Runan, population 2.1 million
Liang State, population 430,000
Peiguo (Qiao is the administrative seat of Peiguo, Xiaopei is a county in Peiguo with a population of 250,000. When Cao Cao appointed Liu Bei as the pastor of Yuzhou, it was because Liu Bei was in Peiguo in Yuzhou. Qiao was the administrative seat of Peiguo, and Liu Bei once again The troops are stationed in Pei, so that we can understand why Zhang Fei snatched away the girl from Xiahou's family.
Chen State, population 1.54 million
Lu State, population 410,000
Jizhou
Wei Jun (Yecheng and Liyang both had a population of 690,000 in Wei Jun). After Cao Cao defeated the Yuan family, he made Ye his main base camp. Later, he was granted the title of Duke of Wei, King of Wei, and finally proclaimed the emperor. This is where the country's name came from.
Julu has a population of 600,000
Changshan has a population of 630,000
Zhongshan (Beiping belongs to Zhongshan with a population of 650,000
Anping has a population of 650,000
Hejian has a population of 630,000
Qinghe has a population of 670,000
Zhao State has a population of 180,000
Bohai (governing Nanpi, population 1.1 million)
Yanzhou
Chenliu, population about 870,000
Dongjun (the administrative seat of Puyang has a population of 600,000
Dongping, population 450,000
Rencheng, population 200,000
Taishan, population 440,000
Jibei, population 230,000
Shanyang, population 600,000
Jiyin (the administrative seat of Dingtao has a population of 650,000
Xuzhou
Donghai (governing Tan, where Tao Qian was the governor when he was the governor, later moved to Pengcheng with a population of 700,000
Langye, with a population of 570,000 (after Cao Cao defeated Lu Bu, he separated the three counties of Chengyang, Licheng, and Changlu from Langye, Donghai, and Beihai in Qingzhou, and resettled Zang Ba and other Taishan bandits.
Pengcheng, population 500,000
Guangling, population 410,000
Xiapi, population 610,000
Qingzhou
Jinan has a population of 450,000
Plain population 1 million
Le'an has a population of 420,000
Beihai has a population of 150,000
Dongnae has a population of 480,000
Qi State (governing Linyi, population 490,000
Jingzhou
Nanyang (Wan, Xinye, and Bowang are all in Nanyang, with a population of 2.43 million
Nanjun (Jiangling, Zigui, Dangyang, Huarong, Baidi City, Xiangyang, and Yiling were all located in this county, which were later divided by the three kingdoms respectively. Liu Bei changed Baidi City into Yongan County with a population of 740,000
Jiangxia has a population of 260,000
Lingling has a population of 1 million
Guiyang has a population of 550,000
Wuling has a population of 250,000
Changsha, population 1.05 million
Yangzhou
Jiujiang (Shouchun and Hefei are both in this county with a population of 430,000
Danyang (Moling is in Danyang County, later Jianye has a population of 630,000
Lujiang has a population of 430,000
Kuaiji had a population of 480,000, and later Wu divided it into Jian'an County.
Wujun has a population of 700,000
Yuzhang, with a population of 1.66 million, was later divided into Luling and Poyang counties by Sun Ce.
Yizhou
Among them were Hanzhong (Shangyong and Xicheng) with 260,000 people. Liu Bei built Shangyong County. After Mengda surrendered to Wei, in order to accommodate the surrendered generals, Wei established Xincheng County and Xicheng County. In fact, these counties were only one county in size.
Bajun (Jiangzhou, Langzhong and Fuling all belong to this county 1.08 million
Guanghan (Mianzhu, Zitong, Jiameng) all belonged to the county with 500,000 people. Later Liu Bei established Zitong, Jiangyou and other counties. Yinping was also separated from Guanghan.
Shu County (governing Chengdu 350,000
Jianwei, 610,000, and was divided into Jiangyang County under Liu Zhang
260,000 yuan
Yue 620,000
Yizhou County: 110,000, governed by Dianchi Lake
Yongchang 1.89 million, Liu Bei divided Yunnan County
Liangzhou
Longxi (Didao and Lintao are both in this county with a population of 30,000
Hanyang (Ji, Shanggui and Xixian are all in this county with 130,000
Wudu 80,000
Jincheng 80,000
Stable 30,000
Northland 180,000
Wuwei 340,000
Zhangye 260,000
Jiuquan 120,000
Dunhuang 290,000
Bingzhou
Shangdang (Huguan is located in Shangdang) 120,000
Taiyuan 200,000
Shangjun 280,000
Xihe 20,000
Wuyuan (Jiuyuan also belongs to Wuyuan) 230,000
In the cloud, 260,000
Dingxiang 130,000
Yanmen 250,000
Shuofang 070,000
Youzhou
Zhuojun 630,000
Guangyang (Ji, that is, Beijing, in this county) 280,000
Daijun 120,000
Shanggu 510,000
Yuyang 430,000
Right Beiping 50,000
Liaoxi 80,000
Liaodong, 80,000
Xuantu 430,000
Lelang, 250,000
Jiaozhou (Sun Quan divided Jiaozhou into two states: Jiaozhou and Guangzhou)
South China Sea 250,000
Cangwu 460,000
Yulin
Hepu 80,000
Cochin
Jiuzhen 200,000
Yuenan, 100,000
The above figures are the population figures during the reign of Emperor Shun, with a total population of 49.15 million, which increased to 56.48 million under Emperor Huan. From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period, there were successive wars, and the population dropped sharply. By the end of the Three Kingdoms period, the population of Wei was 4.43 million, and that of Shu was 940,000. Wu's population was 2.3 million, which increased to 16.16 million in the early Jin Dynasty, which was far less than the population when the Han Dynasty was conquered. m.
