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"Okay. [Read the latest chapter] It's just a coincidence."
Lin Hanlong pointed to a half-assembled machine and said, "Surface grinder. It can be installed and tested next week."
Qian Shuiting turned his head back and forth and compared the flat grinder with the spherical grinder next to it. "It feels like the structure is very similar."
"It's basically the same design. However, there are slight differences in the plane movement of the grinding tools."
"You said these are for making binoculars for the Navy? I remember that binoculars were not equipped until the Battle of Tsushima, right? They are very expensive. How much do your binoculars cost?"
In answer, Lin Hanlong walked to the workbench aside and picked up a monocular telescope and handed it to Qian Shuiting. From a modern perspective, the workmanship of this telescope is relatively rough. The lens barrel is made of bright and shiny brass, but scratches from processing can be seen everywhere on the barrel. There is a protective ring on the eyepiece, and the mō looks like it is made of leather. There's no noticeable blockage when pulling the lens barrel back and forth, but it's not very smooth either.
"This one is for the army. It's the cheapest. It takes five man-hours to make one." Lin Hanlong smiled bitterly. "But it took a lot of litigation to get this bit of brass. There is no way, there is nothing better than brass at the moment. Materials are needed to make lens tubes.”
Qian Shuiting calculated silently. "It's less than three yuan in circulation coupons, which can be converted into cash silver at most three cents. It would be great if this thing could be taken out. It sells for fifty taels of silver each. It's absolutely crazy."
"You can get takeout. I have better ones." Lin Hanlong said and handed over a monocular binoculars.
This new telescope looks very different. Although the brass lens barrel is also full of scratches...
There are no marks, but the shape is relatively flat and suitable for hand grasping, which obviously has ergonomic considerations. There is a large knob in the middle of the lens barrel. Turn it and you will see the lens barrel expand and contract on its own.
"This takes fifteen man-hours to make."
"Oh, it's so expensive. What's the benefit?"
Lin Hanlong led Qian Shuiting out of a side door and pointed to the chimney in the distance for him to compare. In the light of the gas street lamp, the five-hour bargain can only barely see the shape of the chimney in a shadow, the edges blurred. The fifteen-hour high-end product can clearly distinguish the brick cracks on the chimney and the wisps of white smoke. The difference between the two is clear at a glance. "This is exactly what we brought. It's definitely worth the money."
Lin Hanlong shook his head: "There is still a big difference in level. This is just for training, no one wants it."
Lin Hanlong explained. The embarrassing thing about this kind of thing is that it is neither up nor down. The Army likes cheap products because they can be equipped in large numbers with indigenous grassroots officers, scouts and gunners, and loss and damage are not a problem. The Navy only wanted binoculars, but although the quality of the monoculars was good, they were not interested in them. As for the veteran officers, in any case, they have a few authentic military products brought from the old time and space, and the effect is naturally higher.
As for the price of the binoculars, it took a week to hand-grind the prisms and silver-plating them, and nearly a week to process the lens barrels. Lin Hanlong took two people to assemble and adjust them for more than three days, and finally got three finished products. Coupled with the cost of the lens, this translates into more than sixty man-hours for a pair of binoculars. However, this is the current labor time for manual trial production. Once the surface is ground and adjusted and the lens barrel technology matures, the labor hours are expected to be greatly reduced. On the other hand, non-combat ships of the Navy will not be equipped with binoculars. If there are veteran officers on the main battleship, they will also have telescopes brought by the old time and space. So what is really needed is just some combat and patrol ships with only naturalized civilian personnel. Lin Hanlong estimated that more than a hundred or two hundred would be enough.
"This is the power of industry." Qian Shuiting sighed. In other parts of the world, the most primitive telescopes are also rare and rare high-end military products. In Lingao, the binoculars that are nearly a year ahead of the world are just mass products that require at most 60 working hours.
Putting down the telescope, Qian Shuiting put on his sunglasses again and watched with interest as Lin Hanlong demonstrated to him how to make an aspherical lens. This kind of aspherical lens is simply a drop of molten glass.
Because of surface tension, molten glass will naturally form a curved surface. If they are glass blanks of the same diameter and weight, it can be expected that the curved surfaces they form after melting will be basically the same. This method is suitable for making lenses with small diameter and small focal length, such as microscope objectives. Historically, Leeuwenhoek used molten glass rods as objective lenses and built more than a hundred microscopes.
His technique was lost after his death and was not rediscovered until more than a hundred years later.
Here at Linhan Trail, the blanks are cut off from the glass rods one by one. After making sure that they have the same weight, they are placed on a tin plate and then heated and melted with a gas blowtorch. As long as the heat is well controlled, it is easy to make products with high consistency and good finish. After that it just needs a little polishing and it's the finished product.
Qian Shuiting suddenly asked excitedly: "Old Lin, how about making a color changing mirror? It will definitely be fashionable and worth wearing." He saw Lin Hanlong smiled awkwardly, and the question was abrupt. I quickly asked what the key was.
The principle of achromatic lenses is actually relatively simple, that is, fine particles of silver bromide and copper oxide are added to the lens glass. Silver bromide decomposes into bromine and silver under strong light, and the color becomes darker. In places with weak light, copper oxide catalyzes the recombination of bromine and silver to become transparent. However, this is easier said than done. There is currently no mass-produced silver bromide in Lingao, and it is also difficult to turn solid chemicals into fine particles. Therefore, the color-changing mirror cannot yet be made. However, once the daguerreotype technology breaks through, the same process can be used to produce the necessary raw materials for photochromic lenses. At this stage, it is not a big problem for Lingao to make this colored sunglasses.
"If we can get natural crystals on a large scale, we can make tea-colored sunglasses and the like." Lin Hanlong remembered that many of the crystals in Donghai County were tea-colored.
Lin Hanlong said and led Qian Shuiting to a row of wooden shelves. The wooden shelves are filled with boxes. When you open the box, you will find a pile of glass in different colors and shapes. There is a table affixed to the lid of the box, densely filled with data such as formulas and processing procedures. These are all samples made based on mass-produced glass raw materials and adding various minerals that Lingao can obtain.
"Oh, you just found out the formula?"
Lin Hanlong smiled bitterly. "No. Such a match is basically a blind man's image and misses the point."
He struggled with the veterans of the Ministry of Chemical Industry for almost a month, trying to prepare optical glass in small crucibles, but the final results were not good. Without quantitative analysis, not only is the color of the glass produced difficult to remove, but more importantly, each batch is different. In the end, there was no other way. After much hard work, I asked the executive committee to give special approval and used an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to measure a batch of selected samples. This modern analytical equipment can be described as a cheating artifact like a gold medal. It can figure out the precise composition of various elements in the sample within two hours. On this basis, referring to the optical glass process manual they brought, the Chemical Industry Department quickly came up with decent optical glass samples. Now we can make four or five brands of glass with relative confidence, including the most common crown glass and flint glass. However, the quantity of this batch of glass is limited, which is a concern in the future.
Looking at the stunned Qian Shuiting, Lin Hanlong further explained that in order to ensure the consistency of the product, the Ministry of Chemical Industry specially set aside twenty tons of glass raw materials. After crushing and mixing them evenly, they were sealed and reserved specifically for optical glass to determine the composition. It was also done on samples of these twenty tons of raw materials.
Nowadays, the output of ordinary glass is very large. The original ore sources have been dug out, and quartz sand produced in Changhua is now used. The quality of Changhua's quartz sand is very good, but it goes without saying that the composition of the new product will not be exactly the same as before.
"However, when these twenty tons are used up, I estimate that it will be in the late second half of the Second Five-Year Plan." Lin Hanlong said with confidence, "When I finish this period, I will make a Bunsen spectrometer. By then, I will not have to rely entirely on modern equipment. "
After walking around the optical workshop, Qian Shuiting felt a little exhausted. He was about to say goodbye when he saw Lin Hanlong slap his head, "Ah, your laser has been repaired, just in time for you to take a look."
Lin Hanlong led Qian Shuiting out of the workshop, walked half a circle and then walked a short distance. There is a row of bungalows in front, but the doors and windows are closed in the summer. Lin Hanlong opened a door and signaled Qian Shuiting to go in. There was another door inside. Qian Shuiting noticed that the door was covered with thick insulation material. Lin Hanlong followed in, closed the door behind him, and opened the door in front.
The room was dimly lit, but there was a cool breeze blowing against my face.
"The temperature in the optical assembly workshop is somewhat controlled," Lin Hanlong said. Bronze pipes are luxuriously arranged on the walls.
"This is a ground-energy air conditioner. It was installed not long ago. Lin Hanlong explained on the side that the use of air supply for cooling here can no longer meet the demand. Using ice cubes will increase the humidity in the air, so the ground-energy air conditioner was specially installed. Can be air-conditioned.
The temperature control effect of ground energy air conditioners is remarkable. It can maintain a relatively constant temperature in winter and summer without increasing the air humidity, but it requires a large amount of copper materials. Therefore, only a few units in Lingao can install this kind of air conditioner.
Temperature control during assembly is mainly to prevent unnecessary errors caused by thermal expansion and contraction. Although many of the optical equipment currently manufactured by Lingao do not require high precision, Lin Hanlong has always believed that it is much better to set strict standards from the beginning than to tighten them later if they are lax.
Qian Shuiting noticed that there were several workers in the room who were concentrating on operating instruments. He said nothing and followed Lin Hanlong quietly around several workbenches and walked into another room. There was no one else in this room, there were only a few work tables, and there were some instruments that were obviously brought by the Travelers. Lin Hanlong walked to a workbench. There was a vise on the workbench, holding a cylindrical object.
He reached out and moved it, and a red spot appeared on the far wall. Lin Hanlong motioned Qian Shuiting to walk to the light spot and pointed: "The light spot is five meters away, and the error will not exceed one millimeter."
Qian Shuiting leaned over and looked at the light spot, which happened to hit the center of a small crosshair. He nodded.
Lin Hanlong walked back to the workbench, turned off the laser, took it off the vise, and handed it to Qian Shuiting. "The epoxy resin applied yesterday should be completely dry now."
Qian Shuiting thanked him hurriedly. This small laser is Qianshui Association's laser pistol sight. During training a few days ago, it accidentally fell from a height and hit a rock. The shell is flattened,
The jī light is no longer collimated. Now the shell seems to have been completely restored, and the shot looks accurate.
"One thing is, this thing is heavier than before." Lin Hanlong picked up a broken part on the table. "Your center positioning sleeve is made of engineering plastic and has cracked. I made one for you out of copper. It has the same effect, but it is heavier."
Qian Shuiting suddenly remembered, "You mean epoxy resin? Isn't that a modern product we brought?"
Lin Hanlong sighed.
"Yes. But this thing has an expiration date, and it will become useless if you leave it alone."
Qian Shuiting took the sight, tossed it in his palm, and put it away in his pocket. Then take your leave. On his way out of the assembly workshop, Lin Hanlonghong met a naturalized migrant worker who looked at him for help. Lin Hanlong nodded to the worker, then opened the door and sent Qian Shuiting out.
Qian Shuiting felt that his trip was not in vain. It not only deepened my friendship among technical geeks but also gained a deeper understanding of optics. He said to Lin Hanlong with great ambition: "Old Lin! Everyone respects me and elects me to be the Speaker. To be honest, even though I am elected, I have no confidence in my heart. But since I, Qian, have been elected, I will do something for everyone." Just a little thing. Don't worry, I will take action in the near future. I want to speak for our frontline veterans and let everyone see the importance of us people."
Lin Hanzhao nodded. "Then just wait for the good news."
After sending Qian Shuiting away, Lin Hanlong returned to the assembly workshop. The worker who just asked for help was operating a knife-edge instrument to inspect the newly ground lenses, and it seemed that he was not sure about the results.
Lin Hanlong sat down and looked behind the knife edge, reached out and turned the turntable in front of the knife edge, looked again, and then pulled the knife edge left and right.
"This is virtual light. The hole is too big and the reflection is too strong, so it looks bright and covers up the real image." Lin Hanlong raised his head and looked at the worker. "Adjust it like this, change it to a smaller pinhole and you can see it."
Seeing the worker's submissive attitude, Lin Hanlong sighed secretly in his heart.
Originally, he wanted to go on to explain the principle of the knife-edge instrument, but no matter how he explained it, it seemed impossible to make the worker who had held a hoe all his life and was still taking adult literacy classes understand the principles of physical optics. We can only let them gradually accumulate experience in practice and hope that they will make fewer low-level mistakes in the future.
Lin Hanlong waited for a while, watching the indigenous workers operate, and then walked away after confirming that the other party had got it. He walked to the other end of the room, where someone was assembling a telescope. He stood behind the assembler for a moment, then tapped his shoulder to get out of the way. He sat down and glanced at the starlight mirror placed in the distance. The sodium gas lamp is very bright and there is no problem with the light spots coming out of the starlight mirror.
The telescope lens has been fixed on the brass mounting ring with glue. He stretched out his hand to turn the ring and carefully observed the light spots refracted from the lens. After a few turns, he turned back to the assembler and asked, "What do you think?"
"Report to the chief! I think this side needs to be sharpened again!" The middle-aged assembler reached out from the side and pointed to a marked spot on the ring.
Lin Hanlong hummed and nodded to let him continue working. Nowadays, there is a lack of precision processing methods that can be mass-produced, and there are no easy-to-use adhesives or adjustment screws. The only way to do optical assembly is to grind and assemble. In other words, the mechanical parts used for installation are trimmed with knives, whetstones and sandpaper to achieve the best possible precision. Needless to say, this is inefficient and the parts are not interchangeable, but it is still many times better than other places in the world that are still figuring out the principles of optics.
Lin Hanlong came out of the assembly workshop and returned to his office to drink a few sips of tea, then went out to inspect the workshop a few times. Time passed quickly, and it was already evening. It’s time to break for “lunch”. Lin Hanlong whispered a few words to his apprentice, who hurried to the workshop supervisor on duty and bit his ear. Lin Hanlong stood next to a grinder and took out his watch.
Dang Dang Dang Dang Dang The bell suddenly rang in the workshop. It was the workshop supervisor who was ringing the emergency bell. Different bells represent different meanings, and two short bells are fire alarms.
The workers in the workshop started whispering among themselves. Fire alarm! It's a fire alarm! Everyone pulled the parking wrench of the machine one after another, and after a quick inventory, they began to walk out. Lin Hanlong stopped the worker who wanted to turn off the grinder.
"This is a drill. Don't move this machine, let it run." The worker agreed, bowed and went out.
Within a minute, all the machinery and equipment in the workshop stopped, and almost everyone left. The workshop supervisor led two people around the workshop and finally walked to Lin Hanlong.
"Chief! Everyone has finished leaving, and everything has been checked according to the regulations. Everything is in order!"
Lin Hanlong nodded with satisfaction: "One minute and twenty seconds, not bad. Go out and count the heads."
All the indigenous workers have lined up outside the workshop. Each team leader on duty reported the number of personnel to the supervisor, who in turn reported to Lin Hanlong that all personnel were present.
Lin Hanlong waved his hand: "You did a good job today. Let's eat."
There were already several people waiting outside the workshop door carrying food boxes and two sets of burdens. They all had bamboo passes hanging on ropes around their necks. When they heard Lin Hanlong give way to the meal, they immediately relieved themselves of their burdens. On one side of the load is a large rice bucket, and on the other side are two layers of smaller vegetable buckets, stacked like a steamer. They set up a small wooden table, put the vegetable bucket on the table, and put the rice bucket aside. Rice spoons, vegetable spoons, etc. were also placed on the table. Another set of burdens was also removed and placed. On one side was a bucket of soup, and on the other side there were layers of small drawers like the tool cabinets of later generations. All tableware that comes into direct contact with food is made of tin or galvanized iron and is equipped with lids to ensure adequate hygiene. ! .
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